delivered the opinion of the Court:
Without regard to any question of irregularity in the proceeding's of the court-martial, subsequent to the judgment of acquittal rendered and reported, or of the invalidity of the conviction and sentence thereafter for the same offense, the judgment dismissing the relator’s petition must be affirmed.
Any one of the following grounds are, in our opinion,, sufficient:
1. The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the army. By his authority Brigadier-General Wood was in command of the department of Santiago, Cuba.. The war with Spain had not ended when the conviction and dismissal of relator from the sendee occurred.
*242Whether, notwithstanding the final action of the court-martial and of the general in immediate command, the relator was entitled to be treated as still in the service and to be mustered out with his regiment and honorably discharged at the close of the war, was a question for the President to determine, in accordance with his duty. The Secretary of War, no matter what powers he may in fact exercise in such matters, is the representative and agent of the President, whose will is executed. As was said of the duties of the Secretary of State, under analogous circumstances, in Mar-bury v. Madison: “ He is the mere organ by whom that will is communicated. The acts of .such an officer, as an officer, can never be examinable by the courts.” 1 Or. 137, 167.
2. Whether justíy or unjustly, the relator was actually dismissed from the army of the United States, in time of war, by the order of the general in immediate command of the army in the department of Santiago, whose official action in such cases must be regarded as that of the President until disapproved and set aside by him. Independently, therefore, of the proceedings of the court-martial, the relator’s dismissal from the service was within the powers of the President; for it is well settled that, in time of war, the President has the authority, under the Constitution and-laws, to dismiss an officer of the army and navy from the service for any cause which, in his judgment, either renders the officer unsuitable for, or whose dismissal would promote, the public service. Blake v. United States, 103 U. S. 227, 235; Mullan v. United States, 140 U. S. 240, 245; Quackenbush v. United States, 177 U. S. 20, 25. Por reasons heretofore given, the grounds of the exercise of this authority, by the President, are not matters of judicial inquiry. As was said in Quackenbush v. United States, supra: “When through mistake, or misapprehension, or for any other reason, injustice has been done, Congress has the power to accord relief; but the courts cannot of their own motion review the grounds of action taken in the constitutional exercise of executive power.”
3. Assuming that the relator’s conviction, after the first *243judgment of acquittal, was beyond the power of tbe court-martial, and tbat his dismissal from tbe army in tbe execution of tbe sentence was likewise unauthorized, yet there seems to be no substantial right of person or property in controversy under tbe allegations of bis petition and bis prayer for judgment. He has neither been restrained of bis liberty nor deprived of any right of property over which tbe court has jurisdiction. He has been dismissed from tbe army; but tbe special term of service for which bis regiment was enlisted and be and bis fellow officers were commissioned has expired, it seems, by operation of law, or by executive authority under tbe law. His prayer is tbat be be honorably discharged as of tbe date upon which be could have been discharged, along with tbe others, bad be then been recognized as being in tbe service under bis former commission.
As has been said by tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States in enouncing tbe governing principle: “ Tbe duty of this court, as of every judicial tribunal, is limited to determining rights of persons or of property, which are actually controverted in tbe particular case before it. When, in determining such rights, it becomes necessary to give an opinion upon a question of law, tbat opinion may have weight as a precedent for future decisions. But tbe court is not empowered to decide moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare for tbe government of future cases, principles or rules of law which cannot affect tbe result as to tbe thing in issue in tbe case before it.” California v. San Pablo, etc., RR. Co., 149 U. S. 308, 314; Donaldson v. Wright, 7 App. D. C. 45, 63.
It is true, relator charges as a grievance tbat be has been unable to obtain pay for bis services because of bis unauthorized dimissal. This is upon tbe assumption necessarily, tbat not having been lawfully dismissed tbe service, bis salary continued to run until bis regiment was actually mustered out. But this court could not take jurisdiction of an action either to compel tbe payment of bis salary or to ascertain tbe validity of bis claim thereto. Tbe United States cannot be sued save by their own consent and then only in tbe par*244ticnlar court that they may designate for the purpose. Recognizing this familiar principle, no such relief has been asked..
All that could be accomplished'by a judgment in relator’s-favor, as prayed for, would be the expression of an opinion that his dismissal from the service, in disgrace, was not within the power of Ms commanding general at the time. .Such a judgment, compelling a certificate of honorable discharge, might, as claimed, have the effect of vindicating thecharaeter of the relator.
But courts do not sit for the vindication of character-save to the extent that the same may be involved in, or incidental to the enforcement of some remedy for the protection- or vindication of rights of person or property.
The United States Court of Claims would, probably, have-jurisdiction of an action by the relator to establish the validity of his claim to salary accruing after the date of his dismissal.
The maintenance of such an action would necessarily involve the decision of the single question sought to be adjudicated here.
Assuming that such jurisdiction exists would furnish another reason for refusal of relief by way of mandamus, for-that writ lies only in plain cases and where there is no other legal remedy.
Without intimating any opinion in respect of the validity of the proceeding of the court-martial, and for the reasons-given above, the judgment appealed from will be affirmed’, with costs. It is so ordered. Affirmed.