NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0197n.06
No. 09-3061
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
KELLY MENDENHALL, Individually and as a Class Mar 29, 2010
Representative for all Persons Similarly Situated, LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. On Appeal from the United
States District Court for the
CITY OF AKRON; NESTOR TRAFFIC SYSTEMS, Northern District of Ohio at
INC., Akron
Defendants-Appellees,
AMERICAN TRAFFIC SOLUTIONS, INC.,
Intervenor.
/
Before: GUY, CLAY, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Kelly Mendenhall appeals from the
entry of judgment against her, arguing (1) that the district court erred in rejecting her federal
due process challenge to the city ordinance authorizing civil penalties for speeding violations
captured by automated cameras; and (2) that the district court erred in denying her motion
for remand to state court on the grounds that the removal was improper. We affirm.1
1
Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed with prejudice the individual defendants, all Akron City Council
Members sued in their official capacities, leaving the City of Akron, Ohio, and Nestor Traffic Systems, Inc.,
as defendants. This court granted the motion of American Traffic Solutions, Inc., to intervene as a substitute
party for Nestor Traffic Systems with respect to certain claims subject to an Asset Purchase Agreement.
No. 09-3061 2
Plaintiff received a civil citation under Akron City Code § 79.01, as the owner of a
car that was recorded speeding in a school zone. Plaintiff, represented by her attorney-
husband, exercised her right to have an administrative hearing, and succeeded in having the
citation dismissed on the grounds that the speed-limit sign had been vandalized or was
missing at the time that her car was photographed. No civil penalty was assessed.
The complaint, filed in December 2005, sought declaratory and injunctive relief
invalidating the ordinance in its entirety as violative of both the federal and state
constitutions. Defendants removed the action to federal court on the basis of federal question
jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and plaintiff moved for remand on the grounds that
declaratory judgment was a state law claim. As the district court observed, plaintiff’s
complaint alleged, inter alia, that the ordinance violated Due Process and Fifth Amendment
rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Whether a claim arises under federal
law is determined by examining the “well pleaded” allegations of the complaint and ignoring
potential defenses. Beneficial Nat’l Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 6 (2003). Moreover,
under the substantial-federal-question doctrine, there is jurisdiction where “the vindication
of a right under state law necessarily turn[s] on some construction of federal law.” Franchise
Tax Bd. v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Trust, 463 U.S. 1, 9 (1983). We find that the district
court did not err in denying the motion for remand.2
With respect to the merits, there is no quarrel concerning the facts, as the parties
2
The plaintiff’s home-rule challenge under the Ohio Constitution was rejected by the Ohio Supreme
Court, after the question was certified for decision by the district court. Mendenhall v. City of Akron, 881
N.E.2d 255 (Ohio 2008).
No. 09-3061 3
entered into extensive stipulations and the due process claim at issue was resolved on the
basis of competing motions for judgment on the record. As for the law, there is also no
dispute that the district court accurately set forth the two-part test for determining whether
the enforcement scheme is civil or criminal, see Smith v. John Doe, 538 U.S. 84, 92 (2003),
including the seven factors to be considered under the second step to determine whether,
notwithstanding the express intention to impose a nonpunitive civil scheme, the effects are
so punitive as to negate that legislative intent, see Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S.
144, 168-69 (1963). Notwithstanding plaintiff’s reiteration of the arguments made in the
district court, we find that the district court properly applied the law and ably articulated the
reasons supporting the conclusion that this enforcement scheme is civil in nature. Accord
Kilper v. City of Arnold, No. 08-cv-0267-TCM, 2009 WL 2208404 (E.D. Mo. Jul. 23, 2009).
Finally, plaintiff argues that even so, the ordinance did not provide constitutionally
adequate due process when the competing interests of the government and the individual are
balanced. See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976). As the district court found,
the ordinance provides for notice of the citation, an opportunity for a hearing, provision for
a record of the hearing decision, and the right to appeal an adverse decision. We agree with
the district court that the ordinance and its implementation, as detailed in the stipulations,
satisfy due process, and reject plaintiff’s assertion that it violates due process to impose civil
penalties for speeding violations irrespective of whether the owner was, in fact, driving the
vehicle when the violation was recorded. See, e.g., Idris v. City of Chicago, No. 06-C-6085,
2008 WL 182248 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 16, 2008), aff’d, 552 F.3d 564, 566-68 (7th Cir. 2009); City
No. 09-3061 4
of Knoxville v. Brown, 284 S.W.3d 330, 338-39 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008); Gardner v. City of
Columbus, 841 F.2d 1272, 1280 (6th Cir. 1988) (civil penalties for parking violations).
Accordingly, agreeing with the district court’s well-reasoned opinion and finding that
the issuance of a detailed written opinion would be duplicative and serve no useful purpose,
we AFFIRM the entry of judgment in favor of defendants for the reasons set forth in the
district court’s opinion entered on December 19, 2008. Mendenhall v. City of Akron, No. 06-
cv-139, 2008 WL 7484179 (N.D. Ohio Dec. 19, 2008) (unpublished).3
3
Janice Sipes and two other plaintiffs brought a similar action that proceeded together with this case
and was resolved in the same order, but no appeal was taken from the judgment entered against them. (No.
06-cv-154).
No. 09-3061 5
CLAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Akron’s civil speed enforcement scheme violates
due process by failing to provide vehicle owners with an opportunity to avoid liability by
proving that they did not commit the infraction.1 Therefore, I would invalidate the ordinance.
When the City of Akron sends the owner of an offending vehicle a notice of liability,
the owner has three options: (1) to pay the amount due; (2) to sign an affidavit that the cited
vehicle was leased or stolen; or (3) to exercise the right to an administrative appeal. The
registered owner of a vehicle is held civilly liable regardless of whether the owner was
driving at the time the vehicle was photographed exceeding the speed limit. An owner may
avoid liability on the basis that he or she was not the operator only if (1) the owner reported
the vehicle stolen before it was photographed, or (2) the owner had leased the vehicle to
someone else for six months or more. While the owner may request an administrative
hearing at which she can present witnesses, documents, or other evidence relating to the issue
of liability, the ordinance does not indicate that proof that the owner was not in fact driving
the vehicle at the time of the violation can provide a basis for avoiding liability at the
administrative hearing.
The Supreme Court has laid out a three-prong balancing test to determine whether a
state has provided adequate due process procedures in a civil case:
First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the
risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used,
and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural
1
For purposes of this dissent, I assume without deciding that Plaintiff has standing to raise
this claim. There does not appear to be a need to address the issue of whether Plaintiff has standing
to bring this suit, inasmuch as the parties, the district court, and the majority opinion have not
addressed the issue.
No. 09-3061 6
safeguards; and finally, the Government’s interest, including the function
involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or
substitute procedural requirement would entail.
Matthews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 903, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976).
Plaintiff’s private interest at issue in this case is the deprivation of her money–the cost of the
fine. See Herrada v. City of Detroit, 275 F.3d 553, 556 (6th Cir. 2001).
The Akron civil speeding enforcement system fails to satisfy this due process test.
Under Section 79.01, Akron does not provide an owner with a mechanism to avoid an
erroneous deprivation of her property interest by proving that she was not driving at the time
the violation occurred. Rather, Akron holds a driver liable regardless of whether she was the
person who committed the act in question. The ordinance does provide an accused owner
with the right to an administrative appeal, at which the hearing officer must consider all
testimony, documents or other evidence in determining liability and is not limited to whether
the vehicle is leased or stolen. Specifically, Section 79.01 instructs the hearing officer to
consider such issues as “whether the vehicle was speeding, if the vehicle was in the school
zone when it was recorded and photographed, whether the time was correct, whether the
school zone lights were flashing, [and] whether it was recorded during the restricted school
zone hours.” (Stip. Facts ¶ 53). Based on the face of the ordinance, it is clear that the type
of evidence the hearing officer may consider when determining liability concerns whether
a violation occurred in the owner’s car, not whether the owner was the person who
committed the violation. Thus, an owner may be held liable for someone else’s actions.
No. 09-3061 7
To rectify this deficiency in process, all Akron would have to do is allow an owner
to present evidence at an administrative hearing that she was not the driver and provide that
such evidence, if credited, establishes a basis for the hearing administrator to make a finding
of no liability. Since the ordinance already gives an accused violator a right to an
administrative appeal, considering such evidence at the administrative hearing would protect
the owner’s private pecuniary interest from an erroneous deprivation without imposing any
additional burdens on the government.
Therefore, I respectfully dissent.