[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 96-3542
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D. C. Docket No. 3:96-CR-28-RV
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JEFFREY D. VAN DE WALKER,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
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(May 26, 1998)
Before ANDERSON, and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and COHILL*, Senior District Judge.
ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:
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* Honorable Maurice B. Cohill, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Western
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Appellant Jeffrey D. Van De Walker was convicted by a jury of theft of
government property in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. Van De Walker argues on appeal
that his trial was fundamentally unfair because the district court did not conduct a sua
sponte, on-the-record inquiry into whether he knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
waived his right to testify at trial. Van De Walker did not testify at his trial and did not
assert his right to testify in the district court. He does not contend that his attorney failed
to advise him of his right to testify or prevented him from testifying on his own behalf,
and thus Van De Walker concedes that he is unable to raise an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim. Instead, Van De Walker contends that in order to safeguard a criminal
defendant’s fundamental constitutional right to testify at trial,1 a trial court is
constitutionally required to conduct a sua sponte, on-the-record inquiry into whether a
criminal defendant’s waiver of the right to testify was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.
Purely legal questions relating to a defendant’s claim of a constitutional violation
are reviewed de novo. Agan v. Vaughn, 119 F.3d 1538, 1541 (11th Cir. 1997), cert.
denied, 118 S. Ct. 1305 (1998). In United States v. Teague, 953 F.2d 1525, 1534 (11th
Cir. 1992) (en banc), we recognized that a criminal defendant has a fundamental
constitutional right to testify on his own behalf at trial, but we concluded that “[b]ecause
it is primarily the responsibility of defense counsel to advise the defendant of his right to
testify and thereby to ensure that the right is protected,” an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim is the appropriate vehicle for a criminal defendant to raise an alleged
violation of his right to testify. In reaching this conclusion, we noted that “it would be
1
A criminal defendant’s constitutional right to testify at trial was recognized by
the Supreme Court in Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 49, 107 S. Ct. 2704, 2708 (1987).
2
inappropriate to require the trial court to discuss this choice with the defendant. Such a
requirement would unnecessarily intrude into the attorney-client relationship and could
unintentionally influence the defendant in his or her choice.” Id. at 1533 n.8 (citing
United States v. Wagner, 834 F.2d 1474, 1483 (9th Cir. 1987)). Other federal circuit
courts consistently have held that a trial court has no sua sponte duty to explain to a
criminal defendant that he has a right to testify or to conduct an on-the-record inquiry into
whether a defendant that is not testifying has waived the right knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently. See Brown v. Artuz, 124 F.3d 73, 79 (2d Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct.
1077 (1998); United States v. Ortiz, 82 F.3d 1066, 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1996); United States
v. Pennycooke, 65 F.3d 9, 11 (3rd Cir. 1995); United States v. Brimberry, 961 F.2d 1286,
1289-90 (7th Cir. 1992); United States v. McMeans, 927 F.2d 162, 163 (4th Cir. 1991);
United States v. Edwards, 897 F.2d 445, 446-47 (9th Cir. 1990); Siciliano v. Vose, 834
F.2d 29, 30 (1st Cir. 1987); United States v. Janoe, 720 F.2d 1156, 1161 (10th Cir. 1983).
We conclude that United States v. Teague controls the instant case and we join the other
circuit courts in rejecting Van De Walker’s argument that whenever a criminal defendant
does not testify at trial there is a per se requirement that the district court advise the
defendant of his right to testify and conduct an on-the-record inquiry into whether a non-
testifying defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived the right to testify.2
2
We note that other circuit courts have held that although a trial judge generally is
not required to advise a criminal defendant of the right to testify or to obtain an on-the-
record waiver of such right, “‘judicial interjection through a direct colloquy with the
defendant may be required’ in ‘exceptional, narrowly defined circumstances.’” Artuz, 124
3
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the judgment of the district court
should be affirmed.3
AFFIRMED.
F.3d at 79 n.2 (quoting Pennycooke, 65 F.3d at 12) (noting that this duty might arise if the
trial judge has reason to believe that defense counsel is frustrating the defendant’s desire
to testify, where the defendant has expressed his desire to testify to the court, or where
there appears to be no rational explanation for the defendant’s decision not to testify).
We have no occasion in the instant case to address that issue because Van De Walker did
not allege any exceptional circumstances warranting a departure from the general rule that
a trial judge has no duty to conduct a sua sponte inquiry into the voluntariness of a
defendant’s decision not to testify at trial.
3
Van De Walker also contends that certain questioning of a witness by the district
court was prejudicial and thus prevented him from receiving a fair trial. Van De Walker
concedes that he failed to object to the district court’s questioning at the time the question
was asked or at the next available opportunity when the jury was not present. Because
Van De Walker failed to object to the alleged error during trial, his objection will be
deemed waived unless it constitutes plain error. See Hanson v. Waller, 888 F.2d 806, 813
(11th Cir. 1989). After reviewing the record, we readily conclude that the district court’s
questioning did not constitute plain error.
4