[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 96-2827
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 95-03089-30/RV
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JEFFERY JEROME TOLER, DUANE ROSHELL,
JOHN THOMAS WILLIAMS, REUBEN
BERNARD AVERHART, VICTOR MOORER,
KEITH COLEMAN, CHRISTOPHER GULLEY,
URSULA STRONG, TRACI MATHIS, MELODY
DIANNE FONTENOT,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
_________________________
(June 30, 1998)
Before BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.
BARKETT, Circuit Judge:
Ten appellants -- Reuben Averhart, Keith Coleman, Melody Fontenot, Christopher
Gulley, Traci Mathis, Victor Moorer, Duane Roshell, Ursula Strong, Jeffrey Jerome Toler, and
John Williams -- appeal their convictions for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute
cocaine and cocaine base.1 We find no reversible error in the numerous claims raised by
appellants Averhart, Coleman, Fontenot, Gulley, Moorer, Roshell, Toler, and Williams and,
therefore, affirm their convictions without further discussion. See 11th Cir. Rule 36-1.2 As
Traci Mathis and Ursula Strong’s challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting their
convictions for conspiracy present more difficult cases, we address their claims in greater detail
below. For the reasons that follow, we affirm Strong’s conviction but reverse Mathis’
conviction.
I. DISCUSSION
“Conspiracy is an inchoate offense, the essence of which is an agreement to commit an
unlawful act.” Ianelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770, 777 (1975). The agreement is the
“essential evil at which the crime of conspiracy is directed,” and “agreement remains the
essential element of the crime.” Id. at 777 n.10.
We note that in some instances, our caselaw has used a shorthand analytic template: a
three-prong test which asks whether “(1) an agreement existed among two or more persons; (2)
... the defendant knew of the general purpose of the agreement; and (3) ... the defendant
knowingly and voluntarily participated in the agreement.” United States v. High, 117 F.3d 464,
468 (11th Cir. 1997).3 Approaching the offense of conspiracy in this fashion may be helpful in
1
Melody Fontenot was also convicted of one substantive count of possession with intent
to distribute cocaine and cocaine base.
2
They allege, in various combinations, that their convictions should be vacated based
on: (1) fatal variance, (2) juror misconduct, (3) violation of Batson v. Kentucky, (4) omission of
a buyer-seller jury instruction, (5) sufficiency of the evidence, (6) prosecutorial misconduct, and
(7) prejudicial joinder. Several appellants also challenges their sentences.
3
This test seems to have its origin in this circuit in Causey v. United States, 352 F.2d
203, 207 (5th Cir. 1965). Sometimes the test is recited differently, and, in somewhat circular
2
multi-defendant conspiracy cases -- where there exists an initial core group of conspirators and
the government seeks to link peripheral players’ subsequent joinder in the scheme -- but it is
somewhat redundant and incomplete. It is axiomatic that the existence of an agreement
necessarily implies knowledge of the object of the agreement and the voluntary expression of
assent to participate in its objectives. Moreover, the second and third “prongs” of the test really
speak to the type of evidence that might be used to infer the defendant’s agreement, that is,
evidence of the defendant’s knowledge of the alleged scheme and evidence of the defendant’s
participation in the scheme. Additionally, the test does not mention the essential element of a
conspiracy that the object of the agreement must be illegal.
Thus, the elements of the offense of conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. § 846 are: (1) an
agreement between the defendant and one or more persons, (2) the object of which is to do either
an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful means. See United States v. Parrado, 911 F.2d 1567,
1570 (11th Cir. 1990) (“To support a conspiracy conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 846, the
government must prove that there is an agreement by two or more persons to violate the
narcotics laws.”); 2 Wayne R. La Fave & Austin W. Scott, Jr., Substantive Criminal Law § 6.4 at
fashion, uses the term “conspiracy” to define the components of a conspiracy. See, e.g., United
States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d. 1314, 1326 (11th Cir. 1997) (requiring proof that “(1) a conspiracy
existed; (2) appellants knew of the essential objectives of the conspiracy; and (3) appellants
knowingly and voluntarily participated in the conspiracy”); United States v. Mejia, 97 F.3d
1391, 1392 (11th Cir. 1996) (same), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S. Ct. 1016 (1997); United
States v. Kelly, 888 F.2d 732, 740 (11th Cir. 1989) (same). However, it is clear that this
formulation employs the term “conspiracy” interchangeably with “agreement” and is not meant
to efface the centrality of the agreement element of conspiracy.
This tripartite formulation has become so commonplace that we have, on occasion,
lapsed into misbranding its three prongs “elements” of the crime of conspiracy. See, e.g., United
States v. Harris, 20 F.3d 445, 452 (11th Cir. 1994); United States v. Hernandez, 896 F.2d 513,
518 (11th Cir. 1990); United States v. Vera, 701 F.2d 1349, 1357 (11th Cir. 1983); United States
v. Malatesta, 590 F.2d 1379, 1381 (5th Cir. 1979) (en banc).
3
60 (1986).
Because the crime of conspiracy is “predominantly mental in composition,” United States
v. Shabani, 513 U.S. 10, 16 (1994), it is frequently necessary to resort to circumstantial evidence
to prove its elements. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942) (“Participation in a
criminal conspiracy need not be proved by direct evidence; a common purpose and plan may be
inferred from a ‘development and collocation of circumstances.’”); United States v. Gold, 743
F.2d 800, 824 (11th Cir. 1984) (“‘The very nature of conspiracy frequently requires that the
existence of an agreement be proved by inferences from the conduct of the alleged participants
or from circumstantial evidence of a scheme.’”) (quoting United States v. Ayala, 643 F.2d 244,
248 (5th Cir. Unit A 1981)) (brackets omitted). Consequently, the government need not
demonstrate the existence of a “formal agreement,” Gold, 743 F.2d at 824, but may instead
demonstrate by circumstantial evidence “‘a meeting of the minds to commit an unlawful act.’”
United States v. Awan, 966 F.2d 1415, 1434 (11th Cir. 1992) (quoting United States v. Parker,
839 F.2d 1473, 1478 (11th Cir. 1988)).4
4
It is this requirement of an agreement to participate in a criminal scheme that
distinguishes conspiracy from the related offense, aiding and abetting. See Ianelli, 420 U.S. at
777 n.10 (noting that “agreement remains the essential element of the crime [of conspiracy], and
serves to distinguish conspiracy from aiding and abetting which, although often based on
agreement, does not require proof of that fact”). As we have explained in the past,
[t]he essence of conspiracy is proof of a conspiratorial agreement while aiding
and abetting requires there be a “community of unlawful intent” between the aider
and abettor and the principal. While a community of unlawful intent is similar to
an agreement, it is not the same. Thus, a defendant may wittingly aid a criminal
act and be liable as an aider and abettor, but not be liable for conspiracy, which
requires knowledge of and voluntary participation in an agreement to do an illegal
act.
United States v. Bright, 630 F.2d 804, 813 (5th Cir. 1980) (citation omitted).
4
In addition, the government must prove the conspiracy it charged in the indictment rather
than some other conspiracy. The government must show an “interdependence” among the
alleged co-conspirators in order to prove that the indicted conspiracy was a single unified
conspiracy as opposed to a series of smaller, uncoordinated conspiracies. United States v. Coy,
19 F.3d 629, 634 (11th Cir. 1994) (citing United States v. Harrison, 942 F.2d 751, 756-57 (10th
Cir. 1991)).
Moreover, the government’s proof must be beyond reasonable doubt. This means that
“when the sufficiency of the evidence to support any criminal conviction, including conspiracies,
is challenged on appeal, the correct standard of review is substantial evidence ... viewed in the
light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Malatesta, 590 F.2d 1379, 1382 (5th
Cir. 1979) (en banc) (emphasis in original).5 In Malatesta, our en banc Court addressed the
misperception from prior caselaw that the government only needed “slight evidence” to support
a conspiracy conviction:
The “slight evidence” rule as used and applied on appeal in conspiracy
cases since 1969 should not have been allowed to worm its way into the
jurisprudence of the Fifth Circuit. It is accordingly banished as to all
appeals hereafter to be decided by this Court.
Id. (emphasis in original).
After Malatesta, several panels have again used the term “slight evidence” in conspiracy
cases. See United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1324, 1326 (11th Cir. 1997) (stating that
“‘once the government establishes the existence of the underlying conspiracy, it only needs to
5
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior
to October 1, 1981.
5
come forward with slight evidence to connect a particular defendant to the conspiracy’” but also
that a reasonable guilty verdict must stand “if there is substantial evidence to support it”)
(quoting United States v. Harris, 20 F.3d 445, 452 (11th Cir. 1994)) (brackets omitted); United
States v. Gates, 967 F.2d 497, 499 (11th Cir. 1992) (stating that “[o]nce the existence of a
conspiracy is established, only slight evidence is necessary to connect a particular defendant to
the conspiracy” while recognizing that “[t]he evidence is sufficient when there is substantial
evidence to support the conviction”); United States v. Clavis, 956 F.2d 1079, 1085 (11th Cir.
1992) (stating that “[o]nce the existence of a conspiracy is established, only slight evidence is
necessary to connect a particular defendant to the conspiracy”), modified, 977 F.2d 538, 539
(11th Cir. 1992); United States v. Orr, 825 F.2d 1537, 1542 (11th Cir. 1987) (same). However,
in Clavis, the panel later withdrew the reference to the “slight evidence” standard, recognizing
that it is inconsistent with the dictate in Malatesta that there must be “‘substantial evidence’
connecting an appellant to a conspiracy.” United States v. Clavis, 977 F.2d 538, 539 (11th Cir.
1992) (quoting United States v. Bulman, 667 F.2d 1374, 1377 (11th Cir. 1982) (in turn
interpreting Malatesta)).6
To the extent that the phrase “slight evidence” suggests that a conviction can be obtained
by less than evidence of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, as recognized in Malatesta, that would
be contrary to the long-established principle of due process that all criminal convictions must be
proved by “evidence necessary to convince a trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt of the
6
A new outgrowth of the “slight evidence” standard is the proposition that the evidence
necessary to link a defendant to a conspiracy is “a ‘minimal threshold’ that may be passed on
either direct or circumstantial evidence.” Calderon, 127 F.3d at 1326 (quoting Harris, 20 F.3d at
452).
6
existence of every element of the offense,” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316 (1979). See
also In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (holding that “the Due Process Clause protects the
accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary
to constitute the crime with which he is charged”).7 Thus, to be constitutional, the phrase “slight
evidence” must be interpreted to refer not to the quantum of evidence necessary to support a
conspiracy conviction but, instead, to the extent of a defendant’s connection to the conspiracy or
to the other conspirators. That is to say, for example, that notwithstanding that there may be a
large number of co-conspirators, a defendant’s guilt can be established if his or her contact
extends to only a few or even one of the co-conspirators so long as the agreement, with its
concomitant knowledge of the general scope and purpose of the conspiracy and the defendant’s
intent to participate in achieving its illegal ends, is proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Likewise,
a defendant can be convicted even if his or her participation in the scheme is “slight” by
comparison to the actions of other co-conspirators. In other words, as with all criminal charges,
each element of a conspiracy must also be proven as to each defendant beyond a reasonable
doubt; the law simply recognizes that all co-conspirators need not play identical roles in
perpetuating the unlawful agreement.
Thus, in reviewing a conviction for sufficiency of the evidence, we examine the evidence
7
Other courts have also cautioned against the misuse of the use of the phrase “slight
evidence” in conspiracy cases. See United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 861-62 (4th Cir. 1996)
(en banc), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S. Ct. 1087 (1997); United States v. Durrive, 902 F.2d
1221, 1225-29 (7th Cir. 1990); United States v. Marsh, 747 F.2d 7, 12-13 (1st Cir. 1984); United
States v. Dunn, 564 F.2d 348, 357 (9th Cir. 1977); see also Jon O. Newman, Beyond
“Reasonable Doubt”, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 979, 994-95 (1993); Note, Connecting Defendants to
Conspiracies: The Slight Evidence Rule and the Federal Courts, 64 Va. L. Rev. 881, 893-95
(1978).
7
de novo in the light most favorable to the government, to determine whether a reasonable jury
could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of the crimes
charged. United States v. Lopez-Ramirez, 68 F.3d 438, 440 (11th Cir. 1995). A verdict of guilty
must stand if there is substantial evidence to support it “unless no trier of fact could have found
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Lyons, 53 F.3d 1198, 1202 (11th Cir. 1995).
A. The Conspiracy in This Case
The proven conspiracy in this case involved the purchase of cocaine by five Pensacola
men and several assistants from primary suppliers in Miami and Texas and the conversion of that
cocaine into cocaine base (“crack”) for the ultimate purpose of distributing crack on the streets
of Pensacola through a loosely organized network of lower level buyer-sellers. Rod Savage, a
co-defendant who pled guilty before trial, was a central figure in the conspiracy, along with his
friends Marcus McCall, Anthony McCall, and Marcus Clark, among others. The government’s
theory of Ursula Strong and Traci Mathis’ involvement in the conspiracy was that Strong,
Savage’s live-in girlfriend, assisted Savage’s drug activities in various ways, including moving
cash hidden in their apartment to another location at his request, and that Mathis permitted
Savage to use her apartment as a place to cook and store crack.
B. Ursula Strong
At the time of trial, Ursula Strong was a nineteen-year-old high school graduate studying
at a local junior college to become a registered nurse. R17:2524-25. Strong met Rod Savage in
1993, when she was seventeen. Savage was twenty-three at the time. Savage and Strong began
dating and eventually became engaged. Id. at 2526. In April 1995, they began living together in
an apartment across the street from the junior college Strong was attending. Id. at 2525-26. The
8
indictment charged that she conspired with Savage and others during this time to possess crack
cocaine with the intent to distribute it.
To prove its case against Strong, the government presented the testimony of two
witnesses, several documents, and over a dozen intercepted telephone conversations,8 primarily
between Strong and Savage. Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence
reflected the following. In one conversation Savage called Strong at home to tell her to get all of
the “trash” in the apartment from a series of hidden places and to take it to her mother’s house.
Ex. 63-B-T. During her testimony, Strong explained that “trash” referred to money. R17:2552.
In the conversation, when she asked Savage why he wanted her to do this, he responded that he
had “a bad feeling” and that there were some “crackers” around him all morning. Ex. 63-B-T.
Marcus Clark, an indicted co-conspirator, testified that “crackers” referred to police. R15:1820.
Strong presumably did as Savage instructed because an agent posted outside her residence saw
her leave with two bags shortly after the call. R7:43-44.
Several hours later, Savage called Strong and indicated that the reason he told her to “get
that stuff” to her mother’s house was that he had been busy all day seeing various people about
“business” and that he did not “feel right” after having seen certain people “riding” by the park.
Ex. 63-C-T. Other testimony at trial established that most of the drugs Savage distributed were
sold near a Pensacola park. The jury thus could have inferred that Savage was in fact referring
to his fear that he or his co-conspirators might get caught dealing drugs by police patrolling the
park area. At trial, Strong explained that she thought by “crackers” Savage meant white people,
and that if Savage was so scared by seeing certain white people that he wanted her to take all of
8
We do not recount all of these conversations here.
9
their money from their apartment and move it to her mother’s house, she would “just do what he
told me to.” R17:2578-79.
Another phone call, almost identical to the first one, but nearly a month later, seems to
have involved a similar situation. Ex. 65-A-T. In this call, Savage appears to have been in an
agitated state. He asked Strong for someone’s phone number and instructed her to get money
from underneath some shirts in his closet, inside his tennis shoe, behind his baby picture in the
living room, and under a lamp, and said, “and you know what to do with it.”
In another conversation, Strong reported to Savage that while she was at the beauty salon
frequented by co-defendant Marcus McCall’s wife, someone asked Strong if the rumor was true
that Savage was a “big drug dealer.” Ex. 58-A-T; R17:2589. Strong explained that she told the
woman to mind her own business. Savage responded that gossip like that upset him, and Strong
agreed, saying that she was worried that her aunt and mother might find out. At the end of the
conversation, Savage told Strong that he had warned her to “stay out of the damn hair shops”
because the women there “run[] their ... mouths.” Strong concurred, adding that she would have
to be “crazy” to be “in there talking.”
On another occasion, Strong was recorded commiserating with a girlfriend about not
receiving enough money from their boyfriends. Ex. 43-B-T. After noting that her friends
Makita and Tanya, who was the girlfriend of one of the McCall brothers,9 had the same problem,
Strong complained that their boyfriends should collect what was owed them and boasted that she
9
It is unclear whether Tanya was Marcus McCall’s girlfriend or his brother Anthony
McCall’s girlfriend. Compare R14:1686-87 (testimony of Calvin Avery) with R17:2591-92
(testimony of Ursula Strong). However, both McCalls were participants in the conspiracy and
pled guilty to the charge.
10
would not be scared to confront people who owed money, agreeing with her girlfriend that they
should “hurt ‘em some” to show that they had better pay. Ex. 43-B-T. On another occasion, in
the midst of an argument with Savage about their relationship, Strong said that she was “risking”
herself for him because she was “in the midst of all this” and that he wanted her to be on his side
whenever anything “go[es] down.” Ex. 111-A-T at 5.
In a conversation with another co-conspirator, Marcus Clark, Strong responded in the
affirmative to Clark’s inquiry regarding whether the Lemox Book Store sold “chemistry stuff”
and gave him directions as to its location. Ex. 64-A-T. Finally, in a conversation recorded
between Savage and Clark, Savage asked Strong to “put the chain on that door” while Savage
proceeded to talk to Clark about some “garbage” or “thing” Savage had in a bowl. Ex. 59-A-T.
Cooperating witness Calvin Avery, a convicted drug dealer, testified that on one occasion
when Strong came over to his apartment with the McCall brothers’ wife and girlfriend for a party
and he went upstairs to make a drug sale on two or three occasions, Strong told him that he did
not have to hide what he was doing from her because her “old man does the same thing, sells
dope.” Id. at R14:1668, 1683-89. Strong denied saying this.
The government also introduced documentary evidence against Strong. Strong’s address
book contained some notations of numbers and letters in one location, but Strong denied writing
them or knowing what they meant. R17:2538-39. The government contended in its closing
argument that these notations were “count figures of cash” R19:3267. The government also
introduced the titles and other documents pertaining to several automobiles and a motorcycle
that Savage used. See id. at 2532-33. The titles were held in the names of various people,
including Ursula Strong’s. Id. at 2607. Strong testified that she did not know Savage placed the
11
motorcycle in her name. Id. at 2537.
Strong maintained at trial, and reiterates now, that she had no idea Savage was a drug
dealer. According to her testimony, she thought he earned a living making mailboxes with his
father. While Strong’s version of events finds some support in the testimony of Marcus Clark
and Eric Savage that Rod Savage went to great lengths to shelter Strong from the truth, see
R15:1854; R16:2011, the jury was entitled to disbelieve their testimony and Strong’s
explanations in light of other evidence that could support the opposite conclusion.
We conclude that the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the government,
contains sufficient evidence from which the jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that
Strong agreed to participate with Savage and his co-conspirators, albeit in a minor way, in the
sale of crack cocaine. Her conviction is, therefore, affirmed.
C. Traci Mathis
Unlike the evidence against Strong, a detailed review of the evidence presented against
Traci Mathis, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, fails to show
beyond a reasonable doubt that Mathis agreed to participate in a conspiracy to possess and
distribute crack cocaine.
The evidence at trial revealed the following. Mathis is a certified nurse’s aide and the
single mother of a young girl. Although Mathis rented an apartment on Guidy Lane in Pensacola,
R18:2695-96, she and her daughter spent most of their time at Mathis’ mother’s house on Aaron
Drive because Mathis relied on her mother to help care for her daughter and because Mathis was
afraid to live alone. Id. at 2698-99.
Mathis gave the following uncontradicted testimony about her relationship with Rod
12
Savage. Mathis’ brother, Larry, introduced her to Savage in 1987. R18:2700. Although Mathis
and Savage dated briefly in June 1994, they did not develop a romantic relationship. Id. Until
Larry Mathis got married in April 1995, Savage was in the habit of dropping by the Mathis
residence at Aaron Drive. Id. at 2703. However, after Larry got married, Savage stopped
visiting, and Mathis did not see Savage from April until October 1995, when Savage showed up
at the Aaron Drive residence and asked Mathis if he could stay in her apartment for a few days
because he had had a fight with his girlfriend. R18:2703-04, 2669-70. Mathis acceded to his
request and gave him a key, but told him not to turn on her television or have any guests over
and to pay her electricity bill and turn off her central air and heat when he left. Id. at 2704.
Mathis thought Savage would stay there for two or three days, but after that time passed, Savage
did not return the key. Id. On November 3, Mathis encountered Savage and asked him for the
key back, but he claimed that he had lost it. Id. at 2707. Consequently, she had the locks to her
apartment changed the following day. Id.
The bulk of the government’s evidence against Mathis consisted of five intercepted
conversations between her and Savage, all initiated by Savage, which took place between
November 22 and December 9, 1995. In the first call, on November 22, Savage asked Mathis
why she changed the lock on the door to her apartment and told her that he needed to get
“something” out of the apartment. Ex. 42-B-T at 9. Mathis asked Savage: “What you got in
there?” When Savage responded, “some bowls,” Mathis, obviously angry, repeated three times
that he was not getting them. Id. Mathis then expressed anger at Savage for bringing someone
who was “hot” over to her apartment. Id. at 9-10. Mathis also told Savage to pay the electricity
bill (of about $50.00), and that once he did, she would let him come to the apartment to pick up
13
his “stuff.” Id. at 11. She added that she did not trust him anymore. Id. Mathis also complained
that he had messed up her silverware and kitchen furniture. Id. at 12.
At trial, Mathis testified that the “hot” person to whom she referred in this conversation
was Marcus McCall, whom she knew was a drug dealer. R18:2707. She said that she suspected
that McCall had been in her apartment because one day when she was driving home from work,
she observed Savage and McCall driving on Guidy Lane. Id. at 2704-05.
Savage called Mathis back less than twenty minutes after the first call. Ex. 42-C-T. He
requested that she give him a key to the new locks. Id. at 14. She adamantly refused, adding
that he was “always tryin[g] to use [her].” Id. In the third call, on November 24, Savage called
Mathis at her apartment. Ex. 43-A-T. Mathis informed him that she was over there and that he
could “come get [his] bowls.” He asked her if the bowls had a thick blue ring around them, and
she confirmed that they did. Id.
Mathis testified that on December 6, she went back to her apartment with her friend
Dwight Anderson. They encountered Savage in the apartment.10 Savage explained that he was
looking for something of his that he left in the bedroom. R18:2725. Both Mathis and Anderson
testified that they observed him go over to the refrigerator/freezer and count something inside
before he left. R18:2685-86, 2725.
The fourth call occurred the next day, December 7. Ex. 52-A-T. Savage called Mathis
at her mother’s house in the early afternoon and told Mathis that he was missing one of those
“th[i]ngs.” Id. at 1. She responded that he would not get it back until he brought her “five
hundred dollars.” Id. After confirming that she only had one “thing,” Savage inquired whether
10
It is unclear how Savage gained access to the apartment.
14
she had “mess[ed] with the rest of it.” Mathis responded, “Rest of what?” and then explained
that she had gotten “so mad with [him]” the night before that she went to her apartment and took
“one and brought it” to her mother’s house. Id. at 2. When Savage said he would come by to
retrieve it, she reiterated, “You better bring my five hundred dollars.” Id. Mathis testified that
her threat was merely a bluff designed to get Savage to pay her something because she wanted
him to make good on his earlier promise to buy her daughter a VCR for Christmas. R18:2728.11
The dollar amount she chose, she said, was random. Id.
Five hours later, Savage called Mathis to complain that he was afraid that her cousin,
who Savage evidently thought had overheard something Mathis said, was going to be spreading
word that Savage is “sellin[g].” Ex. 62-A-T. Mathis told him not to worry about her cousin. Id.
Savage then accused Mathis of taking “something” that belonged to him. Mathis disagreed with
him and asked him why he was treating her this way. Id. The conversation then shifted to other
subjects.
The final call, on December 9, 1995, was not transcribed. R18:2972; Gov. Br. at 28
(quoting Ex. TM-114). Savage told Mathis that there were three bags in the refrigerator, but
Mathis maintained that she only saw two. Id. She told him that he knew she did not take “that
shit” and added, “What am I going to do with it?” Id. He repeated that there were “three in the
bag,” and she replied that there were only “two.” Id.
11
Traci’s sister, Debra Mathis, testified to having heard Traci and Savage discuss this VCR
on several occasions. R18:2674-75. She also testified that she was present in the apartment on
December 9, 1995 when Traci and Savage had the phone conversation in which Traci told him to
pay her $500. Id. at 2682. Debra Mathis believed that Traci was referring to money for the
purchase of a VCR. Id. at 2683. Dwight Anderson also testified that he was present during a
conversation between Traci and Savage sometime in November 1995 in which Traci asked
Savage whether he was still going to buy her daughter a VCR for Christmas. Id. at 2687, 2693.
15
In addition to playing recordings of these intercepted calls, the government also
introduced the testimony of co-defendants Marcus McCall and Leroy Coleman. Rod Savage was
never called to testify. McCall testified that he accompanied Savage to Mathis’ apartment on
one occasion in 1995 in order to cook four ounces of cocaine into crack. R14:1601.12 However,
McCall also testified that Mathis was not present at the apartment during any of the twenty
minutes or so that they were there and that he and Savage themselves brought bowls, beakers,
and baking soda with them to accomplish the task. Id. at 1601-03, 1613.
Leroy Coleman testified that he accompanied Savage to Mathis’ apartment on
approximately five occasions “sometime between June and November” 1995 to “check on
cocaine” but that Mathis was never present. Id. at 1618-20.13 He said that he actually went
inside the apartment on only two occasions. Id. at 1618. Coleman testified that in November
1995, Mathis told him to tell Savage that Savage could no longer store his “stuff” at her
apartment. Id. at 1621, 1650. He testified that Mathis told him to tell Savage that if Savage did
not pay her she would change the locks to the apartment. Id. at 1621-22. Coleman then offered
his opinion that Mathis was mad because Savage had not paid her any money for storing cocaine.
Id. However, during cross-examination Coleman acknowledged that he had no facts upon which
to base this opinion. Id. at 1650-51.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the conviction, as we must, it does
12
McCall initially testified that this event occurred in the “early part of [19]95,”
R14:1604, but later admitted on cross-examination that it could have happened in the later part
of 1995 as well. Id. at 1614.
13
Although Coleman testified on direct examination that he went to Mathis’ apartment
on five occasions for the purpose of checking on cocaine, it is unclear from his responses to
questions on cross-examination whether some of those visits involved social gatherings rather
than drug business. See R14:1649, 1663.
16
not demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that Mathis agreed with Savage to let him
manufacture and store crack cocaine in her apartment. In fact, the evidence at trial completely
belied any assertion that Mathis agreed to facilitate the ends of the conspiracy. Mathis gave
Savage a key to her apartment some time in late October. When Savage refused to return the key
on November 3, she had the locks changed the next day. The only way that Mathis’ locking
Savage out of her apartment could be construed as consistent with an ongoing agreement
between the two of them is if Mathis acted in an attempt to force Savage to comply with his end
of some bargain which he had not kept. The only evidence that might conceivably support this
inference is Leroy Coleman’s testimony that Mathis “was mad because Rod hadn’t g[iven] her
any money for storing cocaine over there.” R14:1621. As we have indicated, this testimony
represented Coleman’s gloss on Mathis’ reported statement that she was going to change the
locks on her apartment unless Savage paid her and removed his “stuff.” However, there is no
factual basis for Coleman’s opinion because, as Coleman admitted, Mathis never said anything
about drugs in their conversation, id. at 1650-51, and there is no evidence that she knew, prior to
the time she changed the locks, that Savage kept cocaine in her apartment. Coleman, on the
other hand, had seen drugs at Mathis’ apartment while there with Savage to “check on cocaine,”
but, as he admitted, Mathis was never present on any of those occasions. Moreover, as the
electronic surveillance evidence suggests, the payment Mathis mentioned may have been for the
electricity bill she claimed Savage had agreed to pay. See Ex. 42-B-T. Coleman’s opinion
testimony is also inconsistent with Mathis’ conduct captured in the government’s recordings. If
Mathis were indeed interested in securing payment for allowing Savage to store drugs in her
apartment, one would not expect her to permit Savage to retrieve his belongings without paying
her. However, after initially telling Savage that he could not retrieve his “stuff” until he paid her
17
electricity bill, Mathis eventually invited Savage to come to her apartment to retrieve his
“bowls” without any demand for payment. See Ex. 43-A-T. It was not until two weeks later,
when Mathis encountered Savage in her apartment and he accused her, the following day, of
taking one of his “things,” that she demanded $500 in exchange for its return. In sum,
Coleman’s testimony alone is insufficient to support the inference that Mathis changed the locks
to force compliance with a preexisting agreement because his testimony lacks a factual
foundation and is at odds with the government’s electronic surveillance evidence.
The government’s case against Mathis, then, depends entirely upon her demand that
Savage pay her $500 for the “thing” she took from the refrigerator. Viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the government, we assume that the “thing” she took was cocaine. The
government took the position at trial that Mathis’ act of ransoming the cocaine evidenced, “in
and of itself,” a prior agreement by which Savage would pay Mathis for the use of her apartment.
R19:3261, 3265.
We cannot conclude that the government’s inferential leap suffices to cross the chasm of
proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Mathis agreed to join the conspiracy. Although Mathis’
action might support a conviction for criminal blackmail, unlawful possession of drugs, or
another criminal act, it could hardly be termed to be an act in furtherance of Savage’s
conspiracy. In fact, it would be directly at odds with Savage’s conspiracy. Indeed, even where
the act in question appears to further the objective of a conspiracy, not every such act provides a
sufficient basis to demonstrate the actor’s concurrence in the agreement. As the Supreme Court
explained in a case involving the illegal sale of prescription drugs, “one does not become a party
to a conspiracy by aiding and abetting it, unless he knows of the conspiracy; and the inference of
such knowledge cannot be drawn merely from knowledge the buyer will use the goods illegally.”
18
Direct Sales Co. v. United States, 319 U.S. 703, 709 (1943). The same holds true where the
goods sold are illegal narcotics; “‘the existence of a simple buyer-seller relationship alone does
not furnish the requisite evidence of a conspiratorial agreement.’” United States v. Brown, 872
F.2d 385, 391 (11th Cir. 1989) (quoting United States v. Bascaro, 742 F.2d 1335, 1359 (11th Cir.
1984)); United States v. Solomon, 686 F.2d 863, 877 (11th Cir. 1982). Assuming for the
purpose of discussion that Mathis knew of the essence of Savage’s conspiracy to distribute
drugs, the government would still have had to show that Mathis affirmatively agreed to
participate in that scheme. See Direct Sales Co., 319 U.S. at 713 (permitting the inferential “step
from knowledge to intent and agreement” where the government had proven “more than
knowledge”). This the government has not done in this case.
Although the evidence need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence in
order to sustain a guilty verdict, as we have noted, we cannot sanction a conspiracy conviction
predicated on “conjecture.” See United States v. Hardy, 895 F.2d 1331, 1335 (11th Cir. 1990);
United States v. Kelly, 888 F.2d 732, 741 (11th Cir. 1989). Accordingly, Mathis’ conviction
must be reversed.
II. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the convictions and sentences of Reuben
Averhart, Keith Coleman, Melody Fontenot, Christopher Gulley, Victor Moorer, Duane Roshell,
Ursula Strong, Jeffrey Jerome Toler, and John Williams, and we REVERSE and VACATE the
conviction of Traci Mathis.
AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.
19
HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge, specially concurring:
I concur in the majority opinion authored by Judge Barkett and write separately to
emphasize my concerns about the sufficiency of the evidence against Traci Mathis. This
necessitates a brief summary of the evidence against that particular defendant.
At the time of these events, Mathis was a nurse’s aide and the mother of a young
daughter. While she leased an apartment on Guidy Lane in Pensacola, she and her daughter
spent most of their time at Mathis’ mother’s house on Aaron Drive in the same city. Mathis’
brother had introduced her to Rod Savage, the central figure of this conspiracy, in 1987. Until
her brother married, Savage was in the habit of dropping by the Mathis household on Aaron
Drive. Mathis and Savage apparently dated briefly in 1994 but were never romantically
involved at any time.
In October 1995, Savage went by the Aaron Drive house to seek Mathis’ permission to
stay in her Guidy Lane apartment for a few days because he had had a fight with his girlfriend.
Mathis agreed and gave him a key to the apartment. On November 3, 1995, Mathis encountered
20
Savage and asked for the return of her key. Savage told her that he had lost it. Mathis had the
locks changed the next day.
The bulk of the government’s case against Mathis consisted of five intercepted
conversations between Savage and her, all initiated by Savage, between November 22 and
December 9, 1995. In the first call, Savage protested that she had changed the lock and told her
he needed to get something out of the apartment. Mathis apparently reacted angrily to this news
but said that, after he paid a $50.00 electricity bill, he could get his “bowls.” In a second call
about 20 minutes later, Savage again asked for a key to the apartment but Mathis declined. On
November 24, 1995, Savage called Mathis at the apartment and she told him that he could come
get his bowls.
Mathis testified that she went to her apartment on December 6, 1995 with a friend, where
they encountered Savage. (It is not clear from the evidence how Savage gained access to the
apartment.) She observed Savage go to the refrigerator/freezer and count some of its contents
before he left the apartment. The fourth call came the following day. Savage called Mathis to
complain that he was missing one of his “things.” She responded that he would not get it back
until he paid her $500.00. Mathis and several other witnesses testified that the money was for a
VCR Savage had agreed to buy Mathis’ daughter for Christmas. During the final call on
December 9, 1995, she and Savage disagreed about the number of “bags” in the refrigerator.
Marcus McCall and Leroy Coleman recalled that they went with Savage to Mathis’ apartment on
several occasions to prepare or obtain cocaine. They both testified, however, that Mathis was
never there on any of those occasions and that they had brought all the bowls and other
paraphernalia needed to prepare the drug.
Mathis was charged and convicted for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute
21
crack cocaine. She was not charged with possession of cocaine, although apparently that was the
substance in the bowl belonging to Savage that she took at one point. The government contends
that Mathis’ act of demanding payment for the bowl she removed from the refrigerator is
evidence of a prior agreement that Savage would pay her for the use of her apartment to cook the
crack cocaine. While the majority opinion notes that the government’s evidence might establish
criminal blackmail or unlawful possession of drugs, it does not establish beyond a reasonable
doubt that Mathis joined the unlawful conspiracy charged in the indictment.
In my view, this is a very close case. To support a conviction for conspiracy, the
government must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that a conspiracy existed, that the
defendant knew of the essential objectives of the conspiracy and that the defendant knowingly
and voluntarily participated in the conspiracy. See United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314,
1326 (11th Cir. 1997). Mathis’ conduct over the period of several weeks from late October to
early December 1995 may be said to have shown that she knew of the conspiracy but is not
evidence that she agreed to aid its objectives. Changing the locks immediately after Savage told
her he had lost the key and then refusing to give him a new key certainly can not be viewed as
furthering the objectives of the conspiracy. Moreover, even her demand for payment of the
$500.00 before returning the bowl was not in furtherance of the conspiracy’s objectives. To the
contrary, it seems to constitute only interference with the business of the conspiracy. At some
point after she changed the locks, Mathis may have become aware of what Savage had been
doing in her apartment. That is not proof that her conduct was in pursuit of the objectives of the
conspiracy.
To sustain the conviction, we must examine the evidence de novo in the light most
favorable to the government to determine whether a reasonable jury could have concluded
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beyond a reasonable doubt that Mathis was guilty of conspiring to possess with intent to
distribute cocaine. U.S. v. Lopez-Ramirez, 68 F.3d 438 (11th Cir. 1995). I do not believe the
government’s evidence against Mathis was sufficient to meet that burden.
BLACK, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur except as to Traci Mathis. Upon review of the testimony at trial and the taped
conversations between Savage and Mathis, I believe the Government presented sufficient
evidence to support the jury's verdict against Mathis. Further, the jury was entitled to disbelieve
Mathis' testimony at trial and use that testimony as substantive evidence against her. United
States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314-15 (11th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted). As we stated in
Brown, “when a defendant chooses to testify, [s]he runs the risk that if disbelieved the jury might
conclude the opposite of [her] testimony is true.” Id. at 314 (internal quotations and citations
omitted).
Although the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support Mathis' conviction, I
am sympathetic with the result that the majority would reach because the sentencing guidelines
appear unduly harsh as applied to Mathis in this case.14 It is unfortunate the district court did not
have the discretion it had pre-guidelines.
14
It appears from the judgment that the district court
judge shared this view and departed three levels under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(b) and U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0 to reflect what he described as
Mathis' “marginal guilt” and “lack of participation in
furtherance of the conspiracy.”
23