Crawford v. Babbitt

PUBLISH

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 97-8299 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ 2/19/03
THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 1:96-CV-00102-WLH

SYLVIA CRAWFORD,

Plaintiff-Appellant

versus

BRUCE BABBITT, SECRETARY
of the DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR,

Defendant-Appellee.

_______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_______________________

Before CARNES, Circuit Judge, KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge, and
MILLS*, Senior District Judge.

__________________
*Honorable Richard Mills, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Central District
of Illinois, sitting by designation.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:
 In 1993, Sylvia Crawford, a former employee at the Fish and Wildlife

Service, a Division of the Department of the Interior (the “Agency”), was

sexually harassed by her supervisors and then retaliated against when she

complained about it. After Crawford filed an administrative complaint, the

Agency issued a final decision finding it had discriminated against her and

awarding injunctive relief. Crawford subsequently brought suit in federal

district court seeking compensatory damages. The court dismissed her claim at

the summary judgment stage of the proceedings. For the reasons set forth

below, we reverse.

I. BACKGROUND

Crawford worked for the Agency during the latter part of 1993. On

November 8, 1993 and December 28, 1993, she filed Equal Employment

Opportunity (“EEO”) discrimination claims with the Agency’s Office for Equal

Opportunity alleging that her supervisors had sexually harassed her and then

retaliated against her when she complained. An investigator for the Agency’s

Office of Human Resources investigated the claims. Among other things,

Crawford informed the investigator that she had developed physical and

emotional problems from the stress of the sexual harassment. The investigator

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issued a Report of Investigation in February 1995. By letter dated February 23,

1995, the Agency’s Office of Human Resources sent Crawford the report and

informed her that she could request a final decision on her claims from the

Agency, with or without an administrative hearing before an Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) administrative judge. On March 29, 1995,

Crawford requested an administrative hearing.

On May 30, 1995, Judge Davi, the EEOC administrative judge, informed

Crawford and the Agency that he had scheduled a pre-hearing conference on

July 17, 1995 and a hearing on July 25, 1995. At the pre-hearing conference,

the parties discussed their settlement negotiations. The Agency stated that it

would not consider monetary settlement for compensatory damages without

objective evidence of damages and sufficient causal connection between the

alleged discriminatory acts and Crawford’s alleged injuries. In addition, the

Agency requested Crawford’s medical records and any other documents she

intended to use at the July 25, 1995 hearing to support her claim for

compensatory damages. Crawford’s counsel did not provide the Agency with

the medical records, but did indicate that two doctors would testify at the

hearing to substantiate her claim for compensatory damages.

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 On July 25, 1995, Crawford’s counsel requested a continuance of the

hearing. Judge Davi denied the request and proceeded to renew settlement

discussions between the parties. The Agency again took the position that it

would not pay Crawford compensatory damages without objective evidence of

damages and causation. Judge Davi asked Crawford’s counsel whether the two

doctors he mentioned at the pre-hearing conference would be testifying at the

hearing. After learning that they would not be testifying, Judge Davi informed

Crawford that the hearing would proceed, but that without substantiating

evidence of damages, no compensatory damages would be awarded. Crawford

then elected to waive the hearing and requested a final decision from the Agency

on her claims. Prior to the issuance of its final decision, the Agency did not

request and Crawford did not submit any additional evidence.

The Agency issued its final decision on October 20, 1995. In the decision,

the Agency found it had subjected Crawford to sexual harassment and retaliation

in violation of Title VII and awarded her injunctive relief, costs, and attorney’s

fees. However, the decision was silent with regard to compensatory damages.

While acknowledging that Crawford stated that she “developed physical

problems from the stress of [her] supervisor’s sexual harassment,” the decision

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did not discuss whether she was entitled to compensatory damages for those

injuries. The decision also informed Crawford that if she was dissatisfied, she

had the choice of filing an appeal with the EEOC or filing a civil action in

United States District Court. She chose the latter option.

On January 12, 1996, Crawford filed this lawsuit against Bruce Babbitt in

his official capacity as Secretary of the Interior. (For simplicity, we will refer

to Babbitt as the Agency). Crawford’s complaint referred to the Agency’s final

decision and alleged that as a result of the Agency’s discrimination, she had

suffered hospitalization and physical, mental, and emotional distress. The

complaint requested that the court (1) enter a declaratory judgment stating that

the Agency had discriminated against her in violation of Title VII, and (2) “enter

a judgment against the [Agency] for compensatory damages associated with the

undue stress suffered by Plaintiff as a result of the unlawful employment

practices of Defendant.”

After the parties consented to having the case tried before a magistrate

judge, Crawford moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability.

She argued that the Agency’s final decision conclusively established the

Agency’s liability under Title VII and requested that the issue of compensatory

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damages for her alleged physical and emotional injuries proceed to a jury trial.

The Agency responded that since compensatory damages were not awarded as

part of its final decision, Crawford could seek either (1) enforcement of the

Agency’s final decision but forego a claim for compensatory damages, or (2) a

de novo review of the entire dispute, including liability and damages.

On March 11, 1997, the magistrate judge granted Crawford’s motion for

partial summary judgment as to liability. In addition, although the Agency had

not filed a summary judgment motion, the magistrate judge dismissed

Crawford’s claim for compensatory damages. The court then entered a

judgment which ordered the injunctive relief set out in the Agency's final

decision and dismissed Crawford’s claim for compensatory damages. After

Crawford’s motion for reconsideration of that order was denied, she appealed,

contending that the magistrate judge had erred in dismissing her claim for

compensatory damages. The Agency did not cross-appeal the entry of judgment

in Crawford’s favor on the issue of the Agency’s liability for violating Title VII.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, using the

same legal standard employed by the district court. See, e.g., Fitzpatrick v. City

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of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1117 (11th Cir. 1993). "Summary judgment is

appropriate if the record shows no genuine issue of material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. When deciding whether

summary judgment is appropriate, all evidence and reasonable factual

inferences drawn therefrom are reviewed in a light most favorable to the

non-moving party." Witter v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 138 F.3d 1366, 1369 (11th

Cir. 1998) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

III. ANALYSIS

The crux of Crawford's claim is that she is entitled to compensatory

damages for injuries she suffered as a result of the Agency's sexual harassment

and retaliatiory conduct in violation of Title VII. The issue is whether she can

rely on the Agency’s finding of discrimination to pursue her compensatory

damages claim in court, when the Agency did not award her compensatory

damages. We begin by discussing the statutory scheme and administrative

process which governs a Title VII discrimination claim brought against a federal

agency.

A. The Statutory Scheme and the Administrative Process

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 In 1972, Congress amended Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42

U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., to extend its protection against employment

discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin to most

federal employees. Specifically, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a) provides that "[a]ll

personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment . . . [in

federal agencies and other specifically listed areas of federal employment] shall

be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or

national origin." A covered federal employee who has been the victim of an

unlawful employment practice under Title VII may file suit against her employer

in federal district court. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). However, before

bringing suit, the aggrieved employee must exhaust her administrative remedies.

See Brown v. General Servs. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 832-33, 96 S. Ct. 1961,

1967-68 (1976).

In 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(b), the EEOC is granted the authority to enforce

§ 2000e-16(a)'s prohibition of discrimination in federal employment "through

appropriate remedies, including reinstatement or hiring of employees with or

without back pay, as will effectuate the policies of this section." In addition, the

EEOC is given the power to "issue such rules, regulations, orders, and

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instructions as it deems necessary and appropriate to carry out its responsibilities

under this section." Id. Acting under this grant of authority, the EEOC has

promulgated regulations designed to resolve claims of discrimination in federal

employment. Under those regulations, the procedures which a federal employee

must follow in order to pursue a charge of discrimination against a federal

agency are as follows.

A federal employee who believes she has been discriminated against in

violation of Title VII must first consult an EEO counselor within the employing

agency to try to resolve the matter informally. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a). If

that is unsuccessful, the EEO counselor notifies the employee of her right to file

a formal administrative complaint with the employing agency itself. See 29

C.F.R. § 1614.105(d).

Upon receiving the complaint, the employing agency conducts an

investigation in order to "develop a complete and impartial factual record upon

which to make findings on the matters raised by the . . . complaint." 29 C.F.R.

§ 1614.108(b). After completing the investigation, the agency gives the

complaining employee a copy of the investigative file. At this point, the agency

can make the employee an offer of “full relief.” (We will discuss the definition

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of “full relief” later). If the employee rejects the offer of “full relief,” the agency

is required to dismiss the complaint. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.107(h). The

employee can then appeal to the EEOC or file a civil action in federal district

court. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.401(a).

If an appeal is taken to the EEOC, and the EEOC agrees that the agency’s

offer constituted “full relief,” then it must dismiss the appeal. See 29 C.F.R. §

1614.405. But if the EEOC concludes that the offer did not constitute “full

relief,” it issues a final written decision. See Id. “If the decision contains a

finding of discrimination, appropriate remedy(ies) shall be included." Id.

Although an employing agency has no right of appeal to federal court from an

EEOC final decision, see 29 C.F.R. § 1614.504, the employee, if not satisfied

with the EEOC’s final decision, may file a civil action in federal district court.

See 42 U.S.C. 2000e-16(c).

Alternatively, if the employing agency opts not to make an offer of “full

relief” at the conclusion of its investigation, it must notify the employee that she

has a right to either (1) request a hearing on her claim before an EEOC

administrative judge, or (2) receive a final decision on the claim from the

employing agency. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.108(f).

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 If the employee elects the first option, the administrative judge conducts

a hearing, issues “findings of fact and conclusions of law . . . [and] order[s]

appropriate relief where discrimination is found." 29 C.F.R. § 1614.109(g). The

employing agency then has sixty days to reject or modify those findings or

relief ordered and issue its own “final decision.” See Id. The “final decision”

must “consist of findings by the agency on the merits of each issue in the

complaint and, when discrimination is found, appropriate remedies and relief."

29 C.F.R. § 1614.110. If the employing agency does not issue a final decision,

then the conclusions of the administrative judge and the relief ordered become

the agency’s final decision. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.109(g). On the other hand,

if the employee elects option two, she does not receive a hearing before an

EEOC administrative judge, and the agency must issue a “final decision” within

sixty days. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.110.

Should the employee be dissatisfied with any aspect of the agency's final

decision, she may appeal it to the EEOC or file a civil action in federal district

court. Should she appeal to the EEOC, it must issue a final written decision. 29

C.F.R. § 1614.405. "If the [EEOC’s] decision contains a finding of

discrimination, appropriate remedy(ies) shall be included." Id. Although an

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employing agency is stuck with an EEOC final decision and cannot have it

reviewed in federal court, see 29 C.F.R. § 1614.504, an employee, if not

satisfied with an EEOC final decision, may file a civil action in federal district

court. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.408.

Now, we consider “full relief.” When either the employing agency or the

EEOC find that the agency discriminated against the employee, the agency must

provide the employee "full relief." See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.501(a). According

to the EEOC, full relief “shall include, but need not be limited to,”

nondiscriminatory placement with back pay and interest, elimination of any

discriminatory practices, “cancellation of unwarranted personnel action,” and

full opportunity to participate in [any] employee benefit denied” because of

discrimination. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.501(a),(c).

In addition, in claims where discrimination occurred after the passage of

the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the EEOC requires agencies to award

compensatory damages as part of “full relief,” but only if the employee presents

certain objective evidence of injury. See Jackson v. United States Postal

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Service, EEOC Appeal No. 01923399 (1992).1 The EEOC has issued a policy

guidance statement detailing the type of evidence an employee must present to

establish the injuries for which compensatory damages are awarded. See EEOC

POLICY GUIDANCE No. 915.002 S II(A)(2), at 10 (July 14, 1992). In

particular, the policy guidance statement notes that “[n]onpecuniary losses for

emotional harm are more difficult to prove than pecuniary losses,” and that the

EEOC “will typically require medical evidence of emotional harm to seek

damages for such harm in conciliation negotiations.” Id.

B. The District Court’s Dismissal of Crawford’s Claim
for Compensatory Damages

With that overview of the statutory scheme and administrative process

governing Title VII claims against federal agencies in mind, we turn now to the

issue of whether the magistrate judge erred in dismissing Crawford’s claim for

compensatory damages. The magistrate judge relied on two grounds in

dismissing Crawford’s claim for compensatory damages. First, the judge found

that Crawford had failed to adequately raise the claim for compensatory

1
The EEOC has repeatedly affirmed the Jackson decision requiring agencies to award
compensatory damages in the administrative process as part of ensuring that a discrimination
victim receives full relief. See e.g., Carle v. Department of the Navy, EEOC Appeal No.
01922369 (1993); Huhn v. Department of the Treasury, EEOC Appeal No. 059440630 (1995);
Johnson v. Department of the Treasury, EEOC Appeal No. 01966242 (1997).

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damages at the administrative level and was therefore barred from raising it in

district court due to her failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Second, the

judge ruled that Crawford’s reliance on the Agency’s final decision in her

motion for partial summary judgment precluded her from litigating de novo the

compensatory damages issue. The magistrate judge observed that, in essence,

Crawford was seeking to enforce the favorable parts of the Agency’s final

decision (the finding of discrimination and the award of equitable relief) while

at the same time litigating de novo the unfavorable parts (the failure to award

her compensatory damages). The judge reasoned that since Crawford had

elected to rely on the Agency’s final decision, she was bound to its terms.

Therefore, the judge concluded, because the Agency’s final decision did not

award Crawford compensatory damages, she could not recover those damages

in the district court.

The magistrate judge’s reasons for dismissing Crawford’s compensatory

damages claim are implicitly premised on the EEOC’s position, which we have

already described, that an employing agency can award an employee

compensatory damages in the administrative process as part of “full relief.” If

that position is wrong, if compensatory damages cannot be awarded in the

14
administrative process, then neither of the grounds upon which the magistrate

judge relied justify dismissal of Crawford’s claim for compensatory damages.

As to the magistrate’s first ground for dismissing Crawford’s claim for

compensatory damages, if such relief cannot be awarded in the administrative

process to begin with, it follows that an employee’s obligation to exhaust

administrative remedies cannot include a duty to request it. As for the second

ground for dismissal, if compensatory damages cannot be awarded in the

administrative process, then the absence of such an award in an agency’s final

decision cannot preclude a claim for compensatory damages in federal court.

If an agency cannot award compensatory damages in the administrative process,

its final decision obviously cannot dispose of a claim for compensatory

damages.

It follows that in determining whether the magistrate judge erred in

dismissing Crawford’s claim for compensatory damages, we must resolve the

threshold question of whether compensatory damages can be awarded in the

administrative process. We turn now to that issue.

C. Can Compensatory Damages Be Awarded in the
Administrative Process?

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 Crawford’s attempt to recover compensatory damages from a United

States government agency raises sovereign immunity concerns. The United

States, as sovereign “is immune from suit save as it consents to be sued.” United

States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586, 61 S. Ct. 767, 769-70 (1941). The

Government’s consent to be sued “cannot be implied but must be unequivocally

expressed.” United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538, 100 S. Ct. 1349, 1351

(1980). Futhermore, “a waiver of the Government’s sovereign immunity will

be strictly construed, in terms of its scope, in favor of the sovereign.” Lane v.

Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192, 116 S. Ct. 2092, 2096 (1996). “[L]imitations and

conditions upon which the Government consents to be sued must be strictly

observed and exceptions thereto are not to be implied.” Lehman v. Nakshian,

453 U.S. 156, 161, 101 S. Ct. 2698, 2702 (1981).

In 1972, Congress waived the federal government’s sovereign immunity

for violations of Title VII. However, that waiver was limited in scope; it did not

subject federal agencies to liability for compensatory damages. See Equal

Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, Pub. L. 92-261, 86 Stat. 103. Not until

the Civil Rights Act of 1991 did Congress expand the scope of its previous

waiver by subjecting federal agencies to liability for compensatory damages.

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See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a) (“In an action brought by a complaining party under

section 706 or 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-5 or

2000e-16] against a respondent who engaged in unlawful intentional

discrimination . . . prohibited [by Title VII], the complaining party may recover

compensatory . . . damages as allowed in subsection (b) of this section . . . .”).

However, Congress expressly conditioned the expanded waiver by providing

that the government has a right to a jury trial on the issue of its liability for

compensatory damages. See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(c) (“If a complaining party

seeks compensatory . . . damages under this section[,] any party may demand a

trial by jury.”). The effect of that condition is a government agency may not be

held liable for compensatory damages unless it has the opportunity to have a

jury trial on the issue of its liability for those compensatory damages.

We have previously explained that EEOC decisions – not any statutory

provision – requires governmental agencies, when presented with certain

objective evidence of injury, to award an employee who is a discrimination

victim compensatory damages in the administrative process. In the EEOC’s

view, doing that is part of the process of ensuring the victim receives "full

relief." See Jackson v. United States Postal Service, EEOC Appeal No.

17
01923399 (1992). If the employing agency does not award compensatory

damages as part of its offer of “full relief,” the employee may appeal to the

EEOC, which purports to have the authority to order the agency to award

compensatory damages. An EEOC regulation provides that an award of

compensatory damages, whether from the agency in its final decision or from

the EEOC on an appeal from that decision, is binding against the agency and

cannot be appealed by it to federal court. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.504(a) (“A final

decision that has not been the subject of an appeal or civil action shall be

binding on the agency.”). That regulation is derived from 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-

16(c), which provides that only “an employee . . . if aggrieved by the final

disposition of his complaint . . . may file a civil action as provided in section

2000e-5 of this title.”

The EEOC's requirement that compensatory damages be awarded in the

administrative process as part of “full relief” prevents an agency from obtaining

a jury trial on the issue of its liability for compensatory damages. As a result,

that requirement is inconsistent with Congress’ conditioning waiver of the

federal government’s sovereign immunity for compensatory damages on the

right to a jury trial.

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 “[L]imitations and conditions upon which the Government consents to be

sued must be strictly observed and exceptions thereto are not to be implied.”

Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U.S. 156, 161, 101 S. Ct. 2698, 2702 (1981). In §

1981a, Congress has expressly conditioned its waiver of sovereign immunity on

the agency's right to have a jury trial on the issue of its liablity for compensatory

damages. Accordingly, unless Congress – not the EEOC or the courts –

provides otherwise, the waiver of sovereign immunity may not be expanded to

make an agency liable for compensatory damages in the administrative process

where there is no jury trial. Cf. Gibson v. Brown, 137 F.3d 992 (7th Cir. 1998)

(holding that the EEOC may not order a federal agency to pay compensatory

damages in the administrative process because it would deny the agency its right

to a jury trial under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a).

The Agency contends, however, that we should follow the lead of the Fifth

Circuit in Fitzgerald v. Secretary Veterans Affairs, 121 F.3d 203, 207 (5th Cir.

1997), and hold that compensatory damages may be awarded in the

administrative process. Our fundamental problem with the Fitzgerald decision

is that it did not confront the sovereign immunity constraints which we find to

be controlling on the question of whether compensatory damages may be

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awarded in the administrative process. The Agency concedes that Fitzgerald did

not address the sovereign immunity issue, but nonetheless advances four

arguments, the first of which was relied on by the Fifth Circuit in Fitzgerald, to

support its position that compensatory damages may be awarded in the

administrative process. We find none of them persuasive.

First, the Agency points out that Congress granted the EEOC broad

powers in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16 to award “appropriate remedies, including

reinstatement or hiring of employees with or without back pay, as will effectuate

the policies” of Title VII. The Agency then argues that when Congress passed

the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and made compensatory damages available to

victims of employment discrimination, they became part of the arsenal of

remedies that the EEOC was empowered to award. Thus, the Agency

concludes, the EEOC’s requirement that an agency award an employee

discrimination victim compensatory damages where necessary for “full relief”

is merely an extension of the broad power that Congress conferred upon the

EEOC.

While we agree that 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16 gives the EEOC broad power,

that power has limits. In this case, Congress’ decision to define its waiver of

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sovereign immunity for compensatory damage claims with the condition that an

agency have the right to a jury trial provides such a limit. The EEOC’s broad

power does not give it the right to extend the scope of Congress’ waiver of

sovereign immunity by tossing aside an agency’s right to a jury trial. The EEOC

cannot erase from the waiver of sovereign immunity a condition Congress wrote

into it.

Second, the Agency notes that both before and after the passage of the

Civil Rights Act of 1991, only an employee, not the federal agency, can

challenge the outcome of the administrative process, whether it be the agency’s

final decision or the EEOC’s final decision. Put another way, unless the

employee challenges the disposition of his complaint in the administrative

process by filing a claim in federal court, the agency is bound by the terms and

relief ordered in the agency’s or the EEOC’s final decision. That one-way

appealability rule is expressed in 29 C.F.R. § 1614.504(a) (“[a] final decision

that has not been the subject of an appeal or civil action shall be binding on the

agency”), and it is derived from Title VII’s language which provides that only

“an employee . . . if aggrieved by the final disposition of his complaint . . . may

file a civil action as provided in section 2000e-5 of this title.” 42 U.S.C. §

21
2000e-16(c). The Agency argues that Congress’ awareness of the one-way

appealability rule when it made compensatory damages available in the Civil

Rights Act of 1991 means Congress, in conditioning the waiver of sovereign

immunity on an agency having a right to a jury trial, must have recognized that

an agency would be unable to exercise its right to a jury trial if compensatory

damages were awarded in the administrative process.

The problem with this argument is that it assumes away the issue it

purports to resolve. The argument assumes that compensatory damages can be

awarded in the administrative process and then states that Congress must have

recognized that an agency would not be able to exercise its jury trial right if

damages were awarded against it in the administrative process. However, the

issue being resolved is whether Congress’ waiver of sovereign immunity allows

compensatory damages to be awarded against an agency in the administrative

process where the agency will not have access to a jury trial.

For reasons we have already discussed, we believe Congress’ deliberate

decision to condition its waiver of sovereign immunity on an agency having the

right to a jury trial precludes us from holding that compensatory damages are

available in the administrative process. Therefore, an essential premise of the

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Agency’s second argument is wrong. At best, the Agency is arguing that

Congress impliedly waived sovereign immunity as to the award of

compensatory damages in the administrative process. However, waivers of

sovereign immunity are narrowly construed, and are not to be implied. See e.g.,

Lehman, 453 at161, 101 S. Ct. at 2702.

Third, the Agency argues a holding that compensatory damages may not

be awarded in the administrative process will prevent agencies from settling

cases in which employees seek compensatory damages, because paying such

damages in settlement would deprive the agencies of their right to a jury trial.

That argument is specious. Government agencies are free to agree to settle cases

on terms they deem fair and appropriate, and they may waive their statutory

rights in doing so. Nothing in 42 U.S.C. § 1981a prevents an agency from

waiving its right to a jury trial on the issue of its liability for compensatory

damages – whether in settlement or otherwise . However, the choice of whether

to waive the right to a jury trial in any particular case is a purely discretionary

decision to be made by the agency involved, not by the EEOC. Congress

provided federal government agencies with the right to a jury trial on

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compensatory damages, and only the agency with that right can waive it in a

particular case.

Fourth, the Agency argues that the effect of holding compensatory

damages are unavailable in the administrative process is to undermine the

administrative exhaustion requirement and render the administrative process a

nullity. We disagree. Our holding is limited: compensatory damages are not

available in the administrative process. Our holding does not affect any other

aspect of the administrative process the EEOC has established to address Title

VII discrimination claims against a federal agency. A federal employee must

still exhaust administrative remedies for all types of relief she seeks other than

compensatory damages, the only type of relief for which Congress’ waiver of

sovereign immunity was conditioned on a federal agency having the right to a

jury trial.

D. Summary

To sum up, we hold that because Congress conditioned waiver of

sovereign immunity for compensatory damages on access to a jury trial,

compensatory damages may not be awarded in the administrative process in

which there is no jury trial and from which a federal agency has no right of

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review in a forum providing a jury trial. Because compensatory damages may

not be awarded in the administrative process, an employee such as Crawford is

not required to raise compensatory damages as part of her duty to exhaust

administrative remedies. Moreover, an employee’s reliance on an agency’s final

decision cannot be dispositive of a claim for compensatory damages brought in

federal court.

IV. CONCLUSION

In light of our holding, the magistrate judge erred in dismissing

Crawford’s claim for compensatory damages. Accordingly, the part of the

judgment concerning compensatory damages is REVERSED, and the case is

REMANDED for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. The

remainder of the judgment is AFFIRMED.

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