The opinion of the court was delivered by
Appellant Robert S. Burney, an attorney of this State, was appointed by the Family Part pursuant to R. 5:8A to serve as the law guardian for the child in this contested adoption case. After the preliminary hearing, the trial judge entered an order terminating the parental rights of the biological parents and permitting the adoption of the child to go forward to final hearing. We affirmed that order on the biological mother’s appeal by our opinion filed on March 31, 1997, under Docket Number A-4586-95T5.
This was a so-called private placement in which the biological mother, having decided to surrender the child to the adoptive parents before her birth, did so immediately following the birth. She later changed her mind and attempted to regain the child by commencement of a custody action. The adoptive parents then filed this adoption action. Thereafter, the trial court entered an omnibus order consolidating the custody action into the adoption action, appointing an approved adoption agency pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:3-48(a)(2) to investigate and report, and ordering a mental and emotional fitness evaluation of the biological mother to be conducted by another agency. The order also appointed the law guardian under R. 5:8A, and expressly provided that the law guardian
may apply for an award of fees and costs with an appropriate Affidavit of Services, and the Court shall award costs and fees, assessing same against either or both of the parties.
That order was prepared and presented by plaintiffs’ attorney, who had requested the appointment of a law guardian.
Finally, as we understand this record, there was never any question regarding the biological mother’s financial inability to pay fees. Indeed, we had found her to be indigent and entered an order assigning appellate counsel to represent her on her appeal pursuant to In re Guardianship of Dotson, 72 N.J. 112, 367 A.2d 1160 (1976). Consequently, we have no doubt that the realistic expectation of the plaintiffs in submitting the order to the trial judge was that if any fees and costs were to be awarded to the law guardian, they would be assessed against them. Nevertheless,
[such] costs shall not include the provision of counsel for any person, other than the plaintiff, entitled to the appointment of counsel hereunder [N.J.S.A. 9:3-37 to 9:3-56].
The trial court agreed and denied the application.
I
We are satisfied from our review of the record that the order denying the application for fees was improvidently entered irrespective of the scope and applicability of N.J.S.A. 9:3-53. We reach this conclusion based on the principle of judicial estoppel, namely that a party who has successfully urged a legal position during the course of litigation may not thereafter espouse a contrary legal position. See generally Cummings v. Bahr, 295 N.J.Super. 374, 385, 685 A.2d 60 (App.Div.1996); Bahrle v. Exxon Corp., 279 N.J.Super. 5, 22-23, 652 A.2d 178 (App.Div.1995), aff'd, 145 N.J. 144, 678 A.2d 225 (1996). Here, plaintiffs were the proponents of the order not only appointing a law guardian but also mandating payment of his fees by the parties and, realistically, by them. Moreover, that order was consistent with R. 5:8A itself, which expressly authorizes the court to “award fees and costs, assessing same against either or both of the parties.” Not only, therefore, did plaintiffs expect to be assessed when their order was submitted but clearly, the law guardian had a reasonable expectation of a reasonable fee for his services. We do not mean to suggest that the services would have been rendered any differently had counsel been apprised from the outset that he was being asked to render pro bono representation, but we do think, as a matter of fairness, that an appointed attorney is entitled to know whether the legal services he is being directed to provide are likely to be pro bono. We are of the view that that understanding
We are, therefore, satisfied, for these reasons, that the application for fees should not have been rejected out of hand but, rather, considered on its merits. We add, however, these observations about the services rendered. There is, of course, a distinct difference between a law guardian, as provided for by R. 5:8A, who must be an attorney-at-law, and a guardian ad litem, as provided for by R. 5:8B, who need not be an attorney-at-law. In sum, the basic role of the law guardian for an incompetent or a minor is to “zealously advocate the client’s cause” whereas the basic role of the guardian ad litem is to assist the court in its determination of the incompetent’s or minor’s best interest. See Matter of M.R., 135 N.J. 155, 175, 638 A.2d 1274 (1994). And see generally Report of the Supreme Court Committee on Family Division Practice, 3 N.J. Lawyer 2-36 (1994). See also R. 4:86-4(b) (counsel for incompetent) and R. 4:86-4(d) (guardian ad litem for incompetent). See also N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21d and 9:6-8.23, requiring the appointment of a law guardian for children who are the subject of abuse or neglect proceedings under that act and designating the Office of the Public Defender to fulfill that role. And see N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Serv. v. Wandell, 155 N.J.Super. 302, 382 A.2d 711 (Juv. & Dom.Rel.Ct.1978), holding that children who the subject of parental termination proceedings under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-1, et. seq., are entitled to the appointment of independent counsel.
With respect to adoption proceedings, there is no express authorization for a law guardian at all. The statute does, however, make reference to guardians ad litem. Thus N.J.S.A. 9:3-38e defines “guardian ad litem” as
a qualified person, not necessarily an attorney, appointed by the court under the provisions of this act or at the discretion of the court to represent the interests of the child whether or not the child is a named party in the action____
The appointment of a guardian ad litem is expressly provided for in only two sections of the adoption statute, neither of which is
We have reviewed these matters because it is not altogether clear to us from this record why the trial court chose to appoint a law guardian rather than a guardian ad litem to represent the child. We also think there may have been some confusion on the part of the law guardian as to what his role entailed, and it appears to us that he may have acted in a hybrid capacity, not fully fulfilling either role. Thus, although he consulted with other counsel in the case, reviewed discovery, and appeared at depositions as the child’s attorney, he never took a position as to the ultimate outcome — that is, whether or not the adoption should be granted. Indeed, he expressly refrained from making a recommendation regarding the adoption on the ground that such a recommendation would be inconsistent with his law-guardian role. Thus, contrary to the whole concept of law guardian, it does not appear to us that he ever advocated the client’s cause, and it also seems clear that he could not have done so without first having defined what her “cause” was. If her “cause” was simply to have her best interests served by the court, then his role was more appropriately that of a guardian ad litem. It does not, however, appear that he fully fulfilled that role either, at least to the extent envisioned by R. 5:8B.
II
As already held, we have concluded that the principle of judicial estoppel requires that the law guardian’s application for fees be entertained. Because, however, we are satisfied that the trial court’s reading of the preclusion of the adoption statute, N.J.S.A. 9:3-53, was overbroad and incorrect here, and because the problem here may recur, we deem it necessary to address that issue as well.
It is, of course, clear that the policy underlying the statutory preclusion is to avoid the chill that would result from placing excessive financial burdens on persons wishing to adopt a
We are satisfied, however, that, ordinarily, prevailing adoptive parents were not intended by the statute to be insulated from paying the fees of either guardians ad litem or law guardians. To begin with, the statutory preclusion, by its own terms, applies only “to the provision of counsel for any person, other than the plaintiff, entitled to the appointment of counsel hereunder.” A guardian ad litem is not counsel for any other person — a guardian ad litem is not a counsel at all. Certainly M.R. makes that clear. Thus, the fees allowed a guardian ad litem are more properly considered to be costs of the proceedings, which are chargeable to the plaintiff, than counsel fees. We are further satisfied that particularly where the court appoints a guardian ad litem in its inherent discretion, it has the concomitant discretion to make an award of fees, chargeable to the parties as may be appropriate in the circumstances.
A law guardian, on the other hand, is a counsel for a person other than the plaintiff — namely, the child who is the subject of the proceeding. However, in order for the preclusion to apply, the person has to be entitled to the appointment of counsel under the adoption statute. The appointment of the law guardian was, however, not made under the statute but under the rules of court. The statute, as we have noted, expressly recognizes the discretion of the court to appoint guardians ad litem beyond the situations in which such an appointment is required by the statute
We reverse the order appealed from and remand to the trial court for consideration on its merits and as required by R. 4:42-9(b) of the law guardian’s fee application.
1.
Pursuant to R. 5:10-6, an order entered upon preliminary hearing is deemed final for purposes of appeal.