The defendant upon this appeal contends that the judgment should be reversed because (1) there was no competent evidence that the defendant had not exercised reasonable care to insure the safety of the structure, or that the accident was caused by its negligence; (2) the opinion evidence to the effect that the structure was unsafe was inadmissible; (3) the plaintiff’s intestate was himself engaged in erecting that part of the structure which fell, had full knowledge of any defects which existed, and took the risk thereof; and, (4) if there is any negligence in running the traveler out over the last bents without X braces and cleats, it was negligence in a detail of work, for which defendant is not liable to an employé injured thereby. The contentions presented involve not only the usual questions of defendant’s negligence and plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence, but, if these are resolved favorably to plaintiff, there are still the additional questions whether the collapse of the structure was a risk which the workman assumed, and whether it was caused by the negligence of a co-employé in performing a detail of work intrusted to him, for which negligence the master is not responsible. "Whether the plaintiff, who was himself engaged in completing a part of the scaffold which fell, had knowledge of existing defects, was, we think, properly submitted to the jury as a question of fact. The risks which he assumed were only those apparent to observation, or which, from the character of the structure, he was bound to observe and know. And, as well expressed in the headnote in the case of Davidson v. Cornell, 132 N. Y. 228, 30 N. E. 573:
“Where, however, although the defect is apparent, it may require skill and judgment not possessed by ordinary observers or by the servant to give knowledge of hazards which may be apprehended therefrom, he does not assume those hazards.”
Here, the plaintiff’s intestate was an efficient laborer, but it does not appear that he was familiar with principles and methods of construction; and, not being thus skilled, he could not be charged, as matter of law, with knowledge of the condition of the piles, which for the most part were concealed in water and earth, and with driving which he had nothing to do, nor with knowledge of the effect of the presence or absence of particular braces in the superstructure. Nor *722do we think, if the causes assigned by plaintiff for the accident, which we will hereafter discuss, were the true and proximate causes, that these were a mere detail of the work, intrusted to a fellow workman, for which the master is not responsible. The latter was'bound to exercise care in erecting the structure on or about which the employ és were to work. We do not mean to be understood that in some cases the master may not employ persons, as in a hazardous undertaking, and escapé liability for injuries resulting from the incidental risks; but our remarks are addressed to the particular structure here in question, which was not inherently dangerous, and which, if properly erected, would at all times have provided a place to work in which the employés would be reasonably safe. This, duty of providing a place reasonably safe was imposed upon the defendant, and could not be delegated.
Passing from the consideration of assumed risk and contributory negligence and negligence of fellow workmen, we are brought to what we think is the real and most difficult subject before us, namely, whether there was sufficient and competent proof given at the trial to justify the submission to the jury of the question of defendant’s negligence. The latter’s theory of the cause, that it was due to workmen who drew certain'bolts, was met by opposing evidence, and this question was properly submitted to the jury. The respondent insists that the verdict which found defendant negligent may be supported by the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, or by the failure of defendant to comply with the provisions of- chapter 415 of the Laws of 1897, which impose upon a master liability for neglect in constructing an unsafe scaffold. We think, however, that the statute which gives a remedy against the master in favor of an employé who is injured while working on a scaffold by reason of some defect therein has reference to a completed scaffold. And, for a similar reason, we think that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur does not apply, because this scaffold was in course of erection, and from the mere falling of part of it, alone, the inference of negligence cannot be drawn. We must consider, therefore, the specific grounds of negligence alleged in the complaint, or upon which proof was given at the trial, and from these conclude favorably or unfavorably to the appellant. As correctly summarized by the appellant:
“The negligence particularly specified in the complaint, and which the plaintiff attempted to prove on the trial, was that the traveler ought not to have been run out upon the seventh, eighth, and ninth bents, because the piles upon which the false work was supported were too weak for the purpose for which they were used, and were improperly driven, and because insufficient cross or X braces were used to connect the different bents, and the upper portion of each bent was insecurely fastened on the pile cap with cle'ats or scabs. In addition to such charges of negligence, there was testimony given at the trial that at the time, and a day or two before the accident, there was not timber there for the X braces.”
There is other evidence in the case that .the timber was there, so upon this point a disputed question of fact arose. Whether defendant was negligent in not providing material suitable for X braces was not submitted to the jury, the court limiting the negligence to the other charges above enumerated, and we may therefore dismiss *723the question of whether or not sufficient and proper timber was supplied by the defendant from further consideration. So with respect to defective plans. Though such defect was alleged in the complaint and referred to on the trial, the questions relating thereto were, on plaintiff’s request, withdrawn from the consideration of the jury.
Upon the question of whether the piles were sufficient for their purpose, it is admitted that they were not exactly plumb, and that the heads of some of them were pulled by lines from an engine into place, in order to make a straight row upon which to bolt the pile caps; and it appears that after the accident the piles which were under the traveler were found broken off short at the river bed. The principal evidence relating to the piles was given by experts, one of whom, Mr. Tate, was superintendent for defendant Rodgers, and, on examination by plaintiff’s counsel, stated that “these piles were driven * * in the usual and ordinary way, * * • in a workmanlike and proper manner,” and “the piles were sufficient to support the- weight of the false work and traveler.” This was nothing more or less than the opinion of an expert, which was the same kind of evidence that appellant insists it was error to admit. Objection was made to the expression of opinion by the other expert, Mr. Joyce, as to the safety of the piles for their purpose. This is not necessarily inconsistent, however; for the defendant had the right to object to plaintiff’s using such evidence, and, when it was allowed, without waiving the exception to its competency, could rely upon like evidence. The first of this opinion evidence was brought out by defendant’s counsel in examining Mr. Rodgers, the contractor for the pile work, who stated, in answer to a question, that, from his large experience, “such piles as he saw were driven in a proper and workmanlike manner.” Opposed to this evidence is the testimony of Mr. Joyce, who, as well as Mr. Tate, was skilled in bridge and scaffold building, and worked on the structure in question. He testified that Mr. Mahon, who inspected the piles, had asked him to see the piles driven, and to give his opinion, and he told Mr. Mahon that they were not driven properly; exception being taken to the admission of this statement. He then testified that the drop of the hammer on the piles was 10 to 12 feet, and the piles went, under each of the final blows, from 9 to 10 inches. When asked what that indicated, he answered that the pile was too short. A motion was made to strike out the answer, which was denied. To the further statement that the usual distance to drop the hammer was at least 30 feet, éxception was taken. He was then asked whether, as an experienced pile driver, the piles, in his opinion, were solid enough to construct upon; and, under exception, he answered that they -were not. The appellant further objects that the testimony of Mr. Joyce referred to piles which, as matter of fact, did not figure in the accident,- because they were not under that part of the structure which fell. But the plaintiff could not be expected to give evidence as to the way in which each pile was driven. The method of driving the piles was determined when such work was begun, and it does not appear that, after the first piles mentioned were driven, any material change was made in their selection or the manner of driving *724them. There is in evidence a letter from Mr. Rodgers, directed to the defendant, and written before the accident, to the effect that:
“Mr. Tate is of the opinion that the piles 55 feet long, as arranged for, are too short, and is fearful that they are not solid enough to construct upon; that they are now driving two extra piles under each hent for the purpose of adding strength to it. We can get piles 70 to 75 feet long. * * *”
This letter, it seems, also referred to piles near pier 7; but another letter, written by Mr. Headrick, who was in charge of the work for defendants, indicated that thereafter little change was made. It is as follows:
“I authorized Rodgers to drive piles as mentioned in one bent only.”
The introduction of these letters was objected to as irrelevant only, and we think the court was correct in holding that it would admit them “as evidence of notice to the defendants of the facts stated, * * * but not as evidence of the truth of these facts. You must prove that the facts actually existed.” This burden ■ the plaintiff subsequently undertook to prove, and thereafter, upon the question of notice merely, the letters were admitted.
Upon the subject of insufficient bracing and support of the'structure by cleats, the main facts are admitted, i. e. that there were no cross ór X braces between the last three bents at the time of the accident nor cleats. And it is admitted, also, that the traveler or crane, weighing 30 tons, wassdirectly over such bents. Aside from the X braces and cleats, it appears that sway or transverse braces had been provided, and that the stringers had been bolted to each other; and the appellant contends that the structure thus built was sufficient to sustain the weight and strain to which it was subjected, and that the absence of the X braces and cleats had nothing to do with the accident, which was caused by the withdrawal of bolts from the stringers by some of the workmen. It was shown that the original plans did not call for longitudinal X braces, which were ordered as a precaution by the engineer in charge; and it is urged that the X braces were merely to provide against a lateral thrust, presumably from the exterior, and not to sustain vertical weight. In opposition it is insisted by the respondent that, without X braces and cleats, the use or presence of the crane on top of the scaffold would make and render the structure unsafe.
The witness Joyce, whose testimony as to the piles has been referred to, testified in reference to the erection of the superstructure that the ninth, eighth, and seventh bents or sections, which fell, had no X braces or cleats, and that the traveler “was sent ahead out towards the middle of the river before the bracing was done underneath.” He was then asked whether, in his opinion, the ninth, eighth, and seventh bents were reasonably safe without the X braces and without the cleats which he had described. Objection to this question was overruled, and the witness answered, under exception, that they were not safe. The next question was, “In what manner ought the structure to be constructed before the crane was put on?” and exception was taken. The question was limited to the three bents, 7, 8, and 9, and the answer was, “Those scabs ought to have *725been on, and those X braces ought to have been on from one bent to another, to secure them in position and hold them.” Asked if he knew what caused the collapse, he replied that he “could not answer either way.” Thomas W. Hildebrand also testified for plaintiff that he had been at work as a bridge builder 12 or 13 years, and worked on the scaffold here in question, and that when the accident occurred there were no upper or lower X braces between the sixth and -seventh, seventh and eighth, and eighth and ninth bents, from one bent to another, and the traveler was on the bent's that fell, chained down to the sixth, with the front end out near the ninth. He was then asked, “Was it usual to put on a traveler of this kind, and stand it over bents that were not X-braced one with another, and that did not have X-bracing between the legs of the bents and the sills on which they rested?” and answered, under exception, “No, sir.” The next question was whether that was a reasonably safe way of constructing such false work, and he answered, under exception, that it was not. It will thus be seen that whether the method of construction adopted was safe and proper depended to a large extent on expert evidence, and we are thus brought to a consideration of whether or not such evidence was competent. Opinions of experts may not be given if the facts on which they are based are such that men of ordinary experience and intelligence can draw the inferences therefrom without such aid. In Chase’s Stephen’s Digest of the Law of Evidence we find a summary taken from the case of Harley v. Manufacturing Co., 142 N. Y. 31, 36 N. E. 813, as follows:
“A., an employé in B.’s machine shop, was injured by the breaking of a belt used to move machinery. The belt was fastened with a belt fastener which gave way. A. sued B. for damages for this injury, alleging negligence. At the trial, experts in the use of belts and fasteners were asked to state their opinion as to the safety and fitness of the kind of belt fasteners which caused A.’s injury. This evidence was deemed to be irrelevant. The main question at issue was whether the fastener was suitable and safe, and this should be determined by the jury, and not by the opinions of experts.”
This rule is expressed in Van Wycklen v. City of Brooklyn, 118 N. Y. 424,24 N. E. 179, wherein it was said, as stated in the headnote:
“The opinion of a witness upon a precise question the jury is to determine is only competent when, from the nature of the case, the facts cannot be stated or described to the jury in such manner as to enable them to form an adequate judgment, and no better evidence than such opinions is attainable.”
And in Transportation Line v. Hope, 95 U. S. 297, 24 L. Ed. 477, the rule was well stated as follows:
“It is upon subjects of which the jury are not as well able to judge for themselves as is the witness that an expert, as such, is expected to testify. Evidence of this character is often given upon subjects requiring medical knowledge and science, but it is by no means limited to that class of cases.”
The most recent expression of the highest court of the state upon this subject is to be found in the case of Dougherty v. Milliken, 163 N. Y. 527, 57 N. E. 757, wherein it is said (page 533, 162 N. Y., and page 759, 57 N. E.):
“It may be broadly stated as a general proposition that there are two classes of cases in which expert testimony is admissible. To the one class belong those cases in which the conclusions to be drawn by the jury depend upon the existence of facts which are not common knowledge, and which are *726peculiarly within the knowledge of men whose experience or study enables them to speak with authority upon the subject. If in such cases the jury, with all the facts before them, can form a conclusion thereon, it is their sole province to do so. In the other class we find those eases in which the conclusions to be drawn from the facts stated, as well as knowledge of the facts themselves, depend upon professional or scientific knowledge or skill, not within the range of ordinary training or intelligence. In such cases not only the facts, but the conclusions to which they lead, may be testified to by experts.' The distinction between these two kinds is apparent. In the one instance the facts are to be stated by the experts, and the conclusion is to be drawn by the jury. In the other, the expert states the facts, and gives his conclusion in the form of an opinion, which may be accepted or rejected by the jury. The next step in the logical development of this inquiry is to ascertain to which of these two classes the case at bar belongs. If the knowledge of the experts consists in descriptive facts which can be intelligently communicated to others not familiar with the subject, the case belongs to the first class. If the subject is one as to which expert skill or knowledge can be communicated to others not versed in the particular science or art only in the form of reasons, arguments, or opinions, then it belongs to the second class. Ferguson v. Hubbell, 97 N. Y. 507; Roberts v. Railroad Co., 128 N. Y. 455, 28 N. E. 48©, 13 L. R. A. 499; Schneider v. Railroad Co., 133 N. Y. 583, 30 N. E. 752; Parish v.' Baird, 160 N. Y, 302, 54 N. E. 724; Van Wycklen v. City of Brooklyn, 118 N. Y. 432, 24 N. E. 179; Sehwander v. Birge, 46 Hun, 66.”
Following the rules thus given for our guidance, the question presented is, in which of the two classes defined must the evidence objected to be placed?, If in the first, requiring that the testimony should relate only to facts, then it was error to admit the opinions of experts, which involved conclusions from facts. If in the second, which permits such opinions to be given, the exceptions are untenable. As stated, the opinions given related to the safety of the piles driven, and to the safety of the scaffold without X braces and cleats. Upon the first subject the expert had testified that the hammer fell 10 instead of 30 feet, and that at the final blows the piles went under 9 or 10 inches; and to a further question he answered, under exception, that that would indicate that the piles were too short and were not safe to construct upon. The conclusion thus expressed was, we think, one which a layman, unskilled in pile-driving, could not draw from the facts stated. A man of ordinary experience and intelligence could not form an adequate judgment whether a pile which sank 10 inches under a blow of a hammer falling 10 feet was or was not safe to construct such a scaffold upon. It does not appear that any better evidence than the opinions of experts was attainable on this subject, and therefore it was proper to permit the question and the answer. This evidence falls, we think, in the second class referred to, and was properly admitted.
The other opinion evidence related to whether the structure, without longitudinal X braces, and without scabs or cleats to the uprights, was reasonably safe for supporting the weight and strain to which it was subjected; i. e. a 30-ton crane at a particular place. :Here, again, it is not certain that one not versed in the science and ;art of construction, after a detailed statement of the facts showing the manner of construction, could form an adequate judgment as to whether a scaffold so built was safe. To do so would require knowledge of the resistance of beams of which, as testified, the scaffold *727was built, the exact purpose and effectiveness of sway and X braces, and the composition and resultants of forces exerted by a 30-ton traveler or crane at the end of a structure of certain height and length. The opinions of experts on this subject, though involving the statement of a conclusion, were, therefore, competent.
Cases holding that similar expert opinions are admissible are not wanting. One of these is Littlejohn v. Shaw, 159 N. Y. 188, 53 N. E. 810, which held, as said in the syllabus, that:
“The quality and condition of gambier,—an article imported for a particular purpose, and requiring the existence of certain special conditions in order that the grade of its quality and condition in the market may be determined, were within the rule which permits the introduction of the opinions of experts competent to speak upon the subject, when, from the nature of the subject, facts disconnected from such opinions cannot be so presented to a jury as to enable them to pass upon the question with the requisite knowledge and judgment.”
And in Moyer v. Railroad Co., 98 N. Y. 645, an action for damages to lands, alleged to have been caused by defendant’s embankment, an expert was asked, “Are there any adequate causes, in your judgment, for this?” (injury). Held, that the question was proper, as the inquiry assumed an hypothesis, the truth or falsity of which was left open to the jury, and then asked, not what caused the injury, but what were all the adequate causes which might have been its origin, leaving the jury to determine among them. Here the experts not only did not assume, but refused to state, what was the proximate cause or causes of the accident, and gave merely their opinions as to whether the structure, without X braces and cleats, was safe and secure. Whether such braces and cleats were omitted, whether such omission was negligence, and whether that negligence was the proximate cause, were ultimately questions of fact for the jury, and were so submitted under the charge of the learned trial judge..
The case of Moore v. Westervelt, 27 X. Y. 234, has a suggestive bearing as to opinion evidence. There the question was whether or not a vessel had been properly moored, and a witness who had experience in mooring vessels was asked, irWhat was the condition of the fastenings of the schooner, as to safety?” And it was held that his opinion, as one possessing skill in such matters, was competent. More analogous is the case of Baird v. Daly, 68 X. Y. 547, where the question in issue was the negligent sinking of a scow, and it was held that the defendant “should have been permitted to show that the scow was unseaw'orthy; that is, unfitted and unsafe for the service in which she was engaged. The jury were nonexperts, and, with every fact which would enable a skilled man to determine the question of unseaworthiness, it by no means follows that they would make the proper inferences and arrive at a correct conclusion. The witness should have been permitted to answer the question put upon this subject.”
Upon this branch of the case, therefore, we think that the rulings of the trial judge in admitting the opinions of the experts are supported by authority.
With respect to the evidence given by Tate, we have the further question presented by the motion made to strike out his testimony *728upon the ground that he was not qualified to speak as an expert, and for that reason his opinion was improperly admitted. As a matter of fact, his testimony was not very material to the plaintiff, for an analysis of what he said will show that he never flatly stated that the absence of X braces and cleats in the false work rendered it reasonably unsafe. On the contrary, he distinctly held that the structure, if the stringers were bolted, was safe. It was difficult to get from him, under any assumption of facts, the statement that the scaffold was unsafe; and, no doubt, from his relations with the .defendant Bodgers, who employed him as superintendent, and who was originally charged by the plaintiff with responsibility for the accident, there was a natural reluctance on his part to furnish evidence for the plaintiff. We should hesitate, therefore, where, as here, it appears that the evidence given could not have had a material bearing upon the result, to reverse a judgment which was otherwise supported by sufficient competent evidence. If we assume, however, that his testimony was material, we think Tate was shown to be an expert, and qualified by study and experience in Ms profession to give an opinion upon the subject under investigation. It is true that he stated he had never had experience in building this particular kind of false work, but it also appeared that he was a civil engineer, and had a 4-years course of study as such at college, and was a member of the Society of American Engineers; that he had been engaged in working at his profession as a civil engineer for 16 years; and that he was the engineer employed by the defendant Bodgers as superintendent in connection with the driving of the piles on this very structure, and while so in charge of the work noticed the manner in which the scaffold was being built, and the absence of X braces. Although he had never been engaged in putting up a like structure, his familiarity with similar work, added to his special knowledge of this particular scaffold, gained from observation as it progressed, and his 16 years’ experience as a civil engineer, based upon a regular course of study, qualified him, in our opinion, as an expert; and his testimony, therefore, was, for what it was worth, properly admitted.
We are thus brought back to the consideration whether, upon the whole case, there was sufficient evidence to submit to the jury the question of defendant’s negligence and plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence. In many of its features tMs case is strikingly analogous to that of Davidson v. Cornell, supra, from which we have already quoted. In that case, as correctly stated in the headnote, defendants were engaged in constructing an elevated railroad. They used for this work a steam engine and apparatus placed upon a platform on wheels, wMch moved along, as the work progressed, upon girders resting upon cross beams. While the platform was being moved forward the girders on which it rested gave way, and the end of the platform fell to the ground. Plaintiff, an employé of defendants, at work upon the platform, where he had been employed for some time previously, was injured. In an action to recover damages, plaintiff’s evidence tended to show negligence on the part of defendants in not properly bracing the girders laterally, or bolting them to the cross beams. In the case at bar the defendants were engaged in *729the erection of a large structure or scaffold, which measured over 50 feet in height above the bed of the river, 50 feet in breadth for 75 feet, and 25 feet in breadth for an additional 25 feet. It was surmounted by a traveler with a base 50 feet by 28 feet, and a height of^ 62 feet, which brought its top 112 feet above, the bed of the river.' This structure, made up of piles, beams, planks, and braces, was much more complicated than that of the elevated railway, and, though a trestle or scaffold, in fact was in many particulars like a large building, and when completed was expected to sustain a great weight, consisting of the steel and iron girders which were to be used between the stone piers, and form part of the permanent structure of the bridge. This scaffold was a method and means intended.to support, and for use in the placing and erection of, the steel spans of the bridge. The method employed was somewhat similar. In both instances, after providing for a support for the traveler, the latter was advanced to each new section, or bent so as to enable it to hoist the material which was intended to be used -in forming the next section or bent. The failure in one to provide, upon the elevated structure on which the traveler was advanced as the work progressed, lateral braces or support, by failing to bolt the girders to the cross beams, was the cause assigned for the accident, while here the main cause assigned was the absence of braces and cleats on the structure of the seventh, eighth, and ninth bents or sections before advancing the 30-ton traveler. Although in the Davidson Case there was a reversal upon rulings on evidence, it was expressly held that the submission of the questions of negligence and contributory negligence to the jury was proper. In principle, we do not think, upon the facts, that the Davidson Case can be distinguished from the one at bar. Both structures were in course of erection and not completed. It is suggested, however, that there is a distinction between the two cases, .growing out of the fact that in one_ the structure was intended for permanent, while in the other it was intended for temporary, use. Such a distinction we do not think sound. Both were intended to be completed structures, both were substantial, both were intended to sustain great weight, and the fact that one was not to be continued in use as long as the other does not seem to us to make a distinction in principle. The essential feature in Davidson v. Cornell was the fact that the structure was in course of erection, and that feature is present here. That case, therefore, is valuable not only in the way of argument, but as an authority; and we do not see why, upon the questions discussed and decided upon a state of facts nearly analogous, it is not controlling.
Upon the whole case, therefore, our conclusion is that the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
VAN BBUNT, P. J., and HATCH, J., concur.