The will of Robert M. Shoemaker, deceased, created a trust fund of about $200,000 for the benefit of his daughter *1092Mary Steiner Putnam during her life — the remainder, upon her death, to go to her children — and appointed her husband, John R. Putnam, as trustee thereof. Shortly after the death of the testator, the trustee received, in securities of various character, the full amount of the trust, which he administered on a trust basis for some years. A question arose in the mind of the trustee as to the validity of the trust, and he finally interpreted the language of the will as giving the entire fund absolutely to his wife, Mary Steiner Putnam, and, in furtherance of that interpretation, began the sale of the securities which he had received under the trust, and a reinvestment of some portion of the proceeds in the individual name of his wife, and the actual transfer to her individually of some of the property. The trustee died in 1899, and his widow died in the following year, leaving a will by which she attempted to devise and bequeath to one of her children, to the exclusion of the other two, all of the property coming through the will of her father, as well as that owned by her individually. Action was brought by this plaintiff, one of the children thus excluded, which resulted in a judgment establishing the trust, and directing that the representative of the trustee and the representative of the widow account for the trust fund; and that accounting has resulted in the judgment now appealed from, charging the representatives of the trustee with the full amount thereof, including certain devastavit found by the court, and also finding that certain stocks and bonds standing in the name of Mary Steiner Putnam were a part of the trust fund, and directing their transfer from the estate of Mary Steiner Putnam to the trust fund.
Mary Steiner Putnam received from her father, during his lifetime, and under his will, a considerable amount of money which was concededly not affected by the trust. For several years a bank account was kept in the name of John' R. Putnam and Mary S. Putnam, upon which either could draw; and also for several years there had been rented in the name of John R. Putnam and Mary S. Putnam, to which each had access, a safety deposit box with the Lincoln Safe Deposit Company of New York. On the death of Mary Steiner Putnam there was found in this safety deposit box original securities, belonging to the trust fund, amounting at par value to about $92,000, and various shares of .stock purchased and standing in the name of Mary Steiner Putnam. Shortly before his death, the trustee caused to be prepared a statement of his position with respect to the trust, included in which was a statement of the $92,000 worth of securities on hand, and a statement of the specific securities originally a part of the trust fund, which he had disposed of, amounting to about $111,000, and then followed a list of stocks standing in the name of Mary Steiner Putnam, headed, “Property purchased or held in place of that disposed of mentioned above,” amounting by estimated value to about $107,000, included in which was a note of $36,000 and over, made by his wife to him as trustee, and cash on hand of $6,000. This document was indorsed by the trustee, in his own handwriting, “In re Will of R. M. Shoemaker, deceased, Inventory, &c.,” and is known in the case as “Exhibit No. 27.” This paper was offered in evidence by the plaintiff, not only against the administrator of the trustee, but against the executor of Mary Steiner Putnam. Both objected to its admission; *1093the executor of Mary Steiner Putnam, particularly, that it was hearsay and incompetent as against her or her estate. To its reception, exception was duly taken. There was no evidence that Mary Steiner Putnam ever saw the paper, or knew of its contents, or acquiesced in the statement to the effect that the securities in the Lincoln safety deposit box, standing in her name, were a part of the trust funds, or should go to replace such of the trust funds as the trustee had improperly disposed of. While the paper was undoubtedly evidence against the representatives of the estate of the trustee, because it was a clear declaration against his interest, specifying that he had disposed of certain of the trust funds, and a statement of such funds as he had originally received, of which he had on hand only a part; yet, in the absence of knowledge or acquiescence on the part of Mary Steiner Putnam, it was clearly error to receive it, as against her, for which the judgment against her estate must be reversed. She was possessed of an individual estate. The safety deposit box was rented in her name and that of John R. Putnam. No conclusive presumption arises that the securities standing in her name belonged to the estate, simply because they were found with securities which did belong to the trust fund, for she had a right, if she saw fit, to share the expense of a safety deposit box with her husband, as an individual or as trustee. If she saw fit so to do, the placing of her individual property in the box did not transfer it to the trust fund, nor raise a presumption, worthy to be called such, that it was the property of the trust fund, instead of her own. As the evidence now stands, there was no sufficient proof that the stocks standing in her name belonged to the trust fund, aside from the statement made by the trustee contained in Exhibit No. 27. His statement alone, without proof of acquiescence on her part, was not sufficient to bind her. He could not replace securities of the estate which he had misapplied or depleted, and for which he was responsible, by a statement that certain stocks standing in the name of his wife, and presumptively belonging to her, and possibly in his hands for safekeeping, were held in place of those disposed of by him. As to her, in the absence of proof that she had adopted them as her own, his statements contained in the exhibit were mere hearsay.
The ruling is strenuously attempted to be sustained by counsel for the respondents, and Higham v. Ridgway, 10 East, 109, is cited as an authority upholding its correctness. That case permitted the introduction in evidence of books of a midwife showing the date of delivery of a child. Pedigree is one of the exceptions to the admission of hearsay' evidence, arising from the necessity of the case. In Eisenlord v. Clum, 126 N. Y. 553,27 N. E. 1024, 12 L. R. A. 836, the term “pedigree” is defined to embrace, not only descent and relationship, but birth, marriage, and death, and the time when these events happen; and under this definition the reason for the ruling in the case relied upon is quite manifest. The trustee was not a public officer, and therefore his entries and declarations do not come within the rule permitting entries of deceased public officials to be read in evidence.
But it is said there is sufficient evidence outside the exhibit to sustain the finding that the stocks standing in the name of Mary Steiner Putnam actually belonged to the trust fund, instead of being hers indi*1094vidually, and that the error was harmless. We cannot concur in this view. The proofs contained in the exhibit were of such vital character, if taken against her, that presumably they affected the mind of the court in arriving at the conclusion which it did. The ends of justice will be much better subserved by a new trial, from which the objectionable evidence shall be eliminated. Our conclusion being that because of this error a new trial must be had as against the estate of Mary Steiner Putnam, we refrain from embarrassing the situation by comment upon the evidence, and do not consider the other points raised by the appellants. A new trial may develop a much' different state of facts than now appears.
The representative of the estate of John R. Putnam, deceased, urges certain exceptions taken particularly in his own behalf. Michael M. Shoemaker, the acting executor of the will of Robert M. Shoemaker, deceased, was not incompetent, under section 829 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to testify to the securities and moneys turned over by him from that estate to the trustee, John R. Putnam. He was not in any legal sense interested in the event of the action, nor was he a party. A witness is not disqualified unless he will gain or lose by the event of the action, either directly, as in money or relief from liability, or indirectly because the record could be used as evidence for or against him. Eisenlord v. Clum, 126 N. Y. 552, 556, 27 N. E. 1024, 12 L. R. A. 836; Albany County Savings Bank v. McCarty, 149 N. Y. 71, 84, 43 N. E. 427. Not being a party, he could not gain or lose by the judgment, and his relations to the judgment are not such that the record could be used as evidence for or against him in any action which might be brought against him to recover securities belonging to the trust fund. Wallace v. Straus, 113 N. Y. 238, 21 N. E. 66; Eisenlord v. Clum, 126 N. Y. 552, 27 N. E. 1024, 12 L. R. A. 836; Lecour v. Importers’ & Traders’ National Bank, 61 App. Div. 163, 70 N. Y. Supp. 419. Nor was Michael M. Shoemaker the person “from, through or under whom” the trustee derived his title. The title came under the will of Robert M. Shoemaker; and, while the trust fund passed nominally through the hands of the executor to the trustee named in the will, his title was not such, we think, as to bring him within the language or spirit of section 829 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
The case of Redfield v. Redfield, 110 N. Y. 671, 18 N. E. 873, relied upon by appellant, we do not deem controlling. The facts in that case were quite different from those in the present one; but, if the principle be said to be the same, the Court of Appeals has had opportunity, in many cases decided by it since that decision, to affirm its doctrine, but instead has directly, repudiated it, and has studiously refrained from citing it on the proposition here involved.
The Augusta factory stock and the Sibley Company stock were embraced in the inventory of the trustee as part of the property of the estate, and were therefore properly chargeable against him. The beneficiaries of the trust were not parties to the Georgia litigation, and therefore they were not bound by the proceedings taken in the Georgia court with reference to the transfer of this stock. If, by reason of the trustee being a party to that litigation, it be said that they were bound, *1095yet the trustee treated these stocks as belonging to the trust fund, and the referee very properly took the trustee’s interpretation of their ownership. The fact that there were 20 shares more of the factory stock than the trustee accounted for was shown by the testimony of Michael M. Shoemaker, and the referee was justified in finding that there were 40 shares thus received, instead of 20.,
The language of the trust did not relieve the trustee from liability for devastavit, and the referee properly found that the trustee was personally liable for the losses which were sustained. King v. Talbot, 40 N. Y. 76. But the two estates are so intertwined that it is impossible to affirm the judgment as to one, and reverse it as to the other. If on the new trial to be ordered it shall transpire that Mary Steiner Putnam was in fact the owner of the stocks standing in her name, and that they did not, in equity, belong to the trust estate, then the trustee is liable as for devastavit, and his estate must respond to the full amount of the trust property originally received by him. It becomes necessary, therefore, to order a new trial, as to both estates, of the whole accounting.
The judgment should be reversed, and the referee discharged, and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.