This action Avas statutory ejectment, brought by the appellant against the appellee to recover a certain quantity of “shale,” described by the government subdivisions of land Avhich it occupied. The plaintiff had previously conveyed to the defendant’s vendor “all the coal, ores, and other minerals and metals in, under, and upon” the land in question, and “all timber, Avater, and stone upon the same necessary for the devel*112opment, working, and mining of said coal and other minerals, and the preparation of the same for the markets and the removal of same.” It is admitted that “shale” is' a kind of stone which is in layers, and that the defendant is getting this out, using dyamite and other means, from the top, and grinding the shale up and manufacturing the same into brick.
The plaintiff claims that said “shale” was not conveyed by his said deed, while the defendant holds the contrary; and, for the purpose of raising this question, the plaintiff objected to the introduction of said deed. It is unnecessary to repeat the definitions in the dictionaries to show that according to all recognized authority, scientifically speaking, stone or rock is a mineral, yet the decisions are not altogether harmonious as to the meaning of the word in deeds of this character.
In a case before the New Jersey Court of Chancery, where the controversy was as to whether a deed conveying “mines and minerals” conveyed a certain stone paint, which is said to be “a substance resembling, in general appearance, red shale, so soft as to be easily cut with a knife when first excavated, but differing, in ap pearance and quality, from the surrounding earth,” etc., the court said: “By the use of the terms ‘mines and minerals’ it is clear the grantor did not intend to include everything embraced in the mineral kingdom, as distinguished from what belongs to the animal and vegetable kingdoms. If he did, he parted with the soil itself. Such a construction would he inconsistent with and repugnant to the whole tenor of the grant. Nor can I see any propriety in confining the meaning of the terms used to any one of the subordinate divisions into which the mineral kingdom has been subdivided by chemists, either earthy, metallic, saline, or bituminous minerals.” After referring to various definitions and the testimony *113of an expert, the court concludes that the stone paint, being “a body destitute of organization,” etc., “distinct from ordinary earth,” etc., and “valuable for its mineral properties,” was included in the term “mines and minerals.” — Hartwell v. Camman, 10 N. J. Eq. 128, 64 Am. Dec. 448; 451, 452, et seq.
In the case of Dunham v. Kirkpatrick, 101 Pa. 36, 47 Am. Rep. 696, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that a reservation of “all minerals" in a deed did not include petroleum oil. The argument of that court seems to be, first, that, to give a strict scientific construction to the reservation, it would be co-extensive with the grant, and nothing would be-conveyed (which argument has no bearing ou this case), and, second, that the built of mankind consider nothing as mineral except “things of a metallic nature.” The cases cited in the note to this case indicate that the weight of authority is against it. — 47 Am. Rep. 698.
The New York Court of Appeals, after citing a number of English and other authorities, which are instructive, states that “the grant or reservation of minerals in a deed contemplates substances to be severed and taken away from the premises, and it is difficult to suppose that the parties to such a deed intended to exclude from the grant any description of valuable mineral which would come within the legal meaning of the word.” In that case the court held that under the first deed, conveying “mineral ores,” granite rock was not included, because it is not an ore; but under the second deed, conveying “all the minerals and ores,’-’ granite would have been included but for the qualifying words, “with the right to mine and remove same,” “also the right to sink shafts and sufficient surface to erect suitable buildings for machinery and other buildings necessary and usual in mining and raising ores.” From these expressions *114the court held that the intention was to convey only those “minerals obtained by underground working, and, as granite is not so obtained, it did not pass.” — Armstrong v. Lake Champlain Granite Co., 147 N. Y. 495, 42 N. E. 186, 49 Am. St. Rep. 683, 689 et seq.
The Supreme Court of Tennessee, in a well-considered opinion, holds that natural gas, coal oil, or petroleum are minerals within the terms of a reservation. The court notes that a later Pennsylvania case (Gill v. Weston, 110 Pa. 313, 1 Atl. 921) seems to oppose the case of Dunham v. Kirkpatrick, supra, and remarks that “we do not think that the bulk of mankind could be regarded as holding that the word ‘mineral’ applied only to metals.” — Murray v. Allred, 100 Tenn. 100, 43 S. W. 355, 39 L. R, A. 249, 66 Am. St. Rep. 740, 749, et seq:
In a later case the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has also held that, aside from its scientific definition, “mineral,” in its commercial sense, “may be defined as any inorganic substance, found in nature having sufficient value, separated from its situs as part of the earth, to be mined, quarried, or dug for its own sake or its own specific uses.” Hence the court held that, while “a vein of pure white quartz sand, valuable for making glass or other special use,” would be mineral within the reservation, yet “common mixed sand, merely worth digging and removing as material for grading, would not be.”— Handler v. Lehigh Valley R. R., 209 Pa. 256, 58 Atl. 456, 103 Am. St. Rep. 1005, 1006, 1007.
A later New York case refers to some of the remarks in the case of Armstrong v. Lake Champlain Granite Co., supra, and, after citing a number of English cases, reaches the conclusion that “each case must be decided upon the language of the grant or reservation, the surrounding circumstances, and the intention of the grantor, if it can be ascertained,” and not by “the adoption *115of arbitrary definitions in reference to mineral substances.” Consequently, it holds that, where the reservation was of “all mines and minerals which may be found on the above piece of land, with the right of entering at any time, with workmen and others to dig and carry the same away” (italics ours), immense boulders and ledges of limestone Avhich cropped out on the surface were not included in the reservation. — Brady v. Smith, 181 N. Y. 178, 73 N. E. 963, 965, 106 Am. St. Rep. 531.
In the case of Deer Lake Co. v. Mich. Land & Iron Co., 89 Mich. 180, 50 N. W. 807, the Supreme Court of Michigan reaches the singular conclusion that, because iron Avas the only valuable mineral known, at the time of the execution of the deed, to exist in that region, therefore a reservation of “minerals” included only “minerals in common use, and known as such, and Avould not include quarries or deposits of marble,” etc. Such an interpretation would defeat the prime object of a large proportion of the reservations and grants of mineral rights.
In view of the meaning of the word, and of the various decisions bearing on its practical use, the American & English Encyclopedia of Law gives Avhat seems to be a Avorkable definition as follows: “By the term ‘minerals’ are meant all the substances in the earth’s crust AAthich are sought for, and removed by man, for the substance in itself. It is not limited to metallic substances, but includes salt, coal, clay, stone of various sorts, etc., and even petroleum and natural gas have been held to he minerals.” — 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.), p. 683. There is no evidence of any usage to shoAV that the word “minerals” Avas used in any other sense than as it is defined in the books.
We think, then, that,unless there are some qualifying words in the instrument, showing a contrary intent, the *116conveyance in this case included the shale in question. In construing a deed, even if the clauses are contradictory, the rule is that the first clause governs, unless the intention to qualify it is made very plain (Webb v. Webb’s Heirs, 29 Ala. 588, 606; Gould, Ex’r, et al. v. Womack and Wife, 2 Ala. 83, 87; Petty et al. v. Boothe at al., 19 Ala. 633, 640, 641), and, “when the subsequent words are of doubtful import they should not be so construed as to contradict the jmeceding words which are certain” (lb. 641). “If the deed contains a clause decisively showing the intention of the parties, ambiguities and inconsistencies in other clauses of the deed will not defeat such intention.” — 2 Devlin on Deeds, u. 106, § 837; Moran v. Somes, 154 Mass. 200, 28 N. E. 152, 153; Bent v. Rogers, 137 Mass. 192. It is also a familiar principle of law that, if a deed admits of two constructions, it will be construed most strongly against the grantor.— 13 Cyc. 609. Construed in the light of these principles, the first clause clearly conveys the shale in question, and it is not limited or qualified by the subsequent clause.
There was no error in the admission of the testimony of Dr. ►Smith, an expert, as to the meaning of (be woid “minoráis,” and at any rate his testimony does not differ from the definitions as given in the books. He was also competent to testify as to whether the shale in question is a mineral.
The judgment of the court is affirmed.
Tyson, O. J., and Anderson and Denson, J-T., concur.