It was admitted on the trial that the lands in suit were of those granted by the United States to the state of Alabama, in trust, in aid of the construction of railroads in this State. A general history of congressional and legislative enactments in respect of these granted lands has been repeatedly set forth in the reported decisions of this court, beginning with the case of Swann & Billups v. Lindsey, 70 Ala. 507. So we see no occasion to state it anew. It will.suffice to pass upon, without enumerating all of them, the points taken by appellants in this case against the validity of the record title shown by the appellee as it is traced from the United States, through the state of Alabama and Swann & Billups as trustees, to the appellee, Alabama State Land Company.
*138By the act of Congress approved April 10, 1869 (16 Stat. 45, c. 24), renewing the grant made by the act approved -Tune 3, 1856 (11 Stat. 17, c. 41), it was “provided that the lands granted by the act hereby revived, except mineral lands shall be sold to actual Settlers only in quantities not greater than one-quarter section to any one purchaser, and for a price not exceedng two dollars and fifty cents per acre.” The legal title to the granted lands having vested in the state, and the beneficial interest-in the railroad company having become individualized as to the land and the companies, respectively, the la,nd here in controversy included, by the performance of all conditions precedent erected by the national grant, the limitation quoted from the act was, at most, a conditon subsequent, a violation of which rendered the estate in the particular instance amenable to forfeiture by the appropriate action of the granting government, and by that only. — Sullivan v. Van Kirk Land Co., 124 Ala. 225, 231, 26 South. 925; 26 Ency. of Law (2d Ed.) pp. 436, 437, and notes thereon collating the authorities. This record, of course, shows no such action on the part of the United States. Certainly it will not be presumed, however conclusively a -breach of the quoted condition was shown. Hence the objection urged as upon a violation of the stated condition subsequent is untenable.
The valid investiture of Swann & Billups as trustees with the legal title to those granted lands not otherwise or theretofore disposed of has been, either directly or indirectly, announced by this court in the following cases: Ware’s Case, 79 Ala. 330; Standifer’s Case, 78 Ala. 88; Gaston’s Case, 87 Ala. 569, 6 South. 386; Miller’s Case, 82 Ala. 530, 1 South. 65; s. c. 89 Ala. 631, 7 South. 771; Galloway v. Henderson, 136 Ala. 322, 323, 34 South. 957. No satisfactory reason for á departure from the conclusion declared in the cited authorities has *139been presented on this appeal; and it may be suggested —decision of it not being here required — that after the lapse of so many years and the fact that many persons have invested their substance and erected their homes on- these granted lands in reliance upon the validity of the title of Swann & Billups as trustees, the doctrine of repose should be applied to put an end to further litigation in respect of the title held by these trustees.
The action is common-law ejectment, and several demises are laid in the declaration; but to only one, that from the Alabama State Land Company, does the testimony adduced relate. The assignments of error made are all too indefinite to command a review of the matter complained of, except that predicated upon the giving of the affirmative charge for plaintiff.- This assignment seems to raise in substance the question to which counsel have given attention in brief and argument. The deed, purporting to be from the trustees, conveying the lands in suit, among others, to the Alabama State Land ’Company, was introduced in evidence, and, of course, constitutes an important link in the title involved. Against the validity of this conveyance appellants insist that it was and is only the individual act of S wann & Billups, rather than that of the trustees, as such. The. instrument purports to have been executed, viewing only the signatures thereto, by John Swann and John A. Billups; and the acknowledgment, while in the usual form, does not set out the character in which the paper was signed by them. By the elaborate recitals set forth in the instrument the history of legislation by the state of Alabama in reference to the lands involved in the “Debt Settlement Act,” approved February 23, 1876 (Acts 1875-76, p. 130), and their conveyance to the trustees selected as therein provided, and the official performance of the direction to the Governor of Alabáma to *140convey such lands to the trustees so selected, together with a full enumeration of the powers and duties, and legislation thereon, fixed by the act and carried forward in the Governor’s deed is clearly, and we think with perfect accuracy, shown. The granting clause is unmistakable in its intent to convey the right, title, and interest of the trustees, as such, in the lands described. But, as if to put the matter beyond all possibility of cavil, whatever else was shown, in respect of the intended character in which the grantors were acting and the quantity and source of right, title, or interest conveyed, it was finally provided as follows: “Provided, always, and it is hereby declared, that no personal warranty of title shall be construed to exist by or under these presents, but the same shall operate and take effect only as a conveyance of all estate and interest vested in the said John A. Billups and John Swann as such trustees as aforesaid, free from any incumbrance created by them or either of them.”
We think it may be justly presumed that the signers of the instrument were in fact the trustees. — Kent v. Mansel, 101 Ala. 334, 14 South. 489. There is no denial of it anywhere in the record. If so then the inquiry is: Was further description of the character in which they affixed their signatures to the instrument essential to a valid conveyance by them as trustees of the real estate, described? We do not think so. Either the conveyance must be taken as by them as trustees or as individuals. The latter construction cannot prevail, since thereby violence would be done to the express provisions of the instrument. So the inquiry reduces itself to this: Is a conveyance by a trustee, or one like circumstanced, void unless the signature of the purported grantor is attended with terms descriptive of the character in which he undertakes to convey? It seems to us that the only *141practicable, and at the same time just, rule to observe in such cases is to look to the entire instrument for the intention thereby shown. — 13 Cyc. pp. 621, 622, and authorities cited in notes: Kingsbury v. Wild, 3 N. H. 30. And, if shown, its invalidity could not result. The question is not one of due execution of the instrument, but rather one of the capacity in which executed.' Ordinarily, execution vel non of instruments of solemnity is not a matter' of intention, but of affirmative act according to prescribed form. Here the affirmative act was undeniably performed, and the only unsettled (as by the signature and acknowledgment indicated) feature is the capacity in which the act was done. In such event the whole instrument may be resorted to to ascertain that important fact, if we apply, as Ave do, this rule to the deed in hand, there is no escape from the conclusion that it is the conveyance of the trustees as such.
It is objected also, that the conveyance to the State Land Company, which bears date of the 8th of December, 1886, was not executed before the termination of the trust, which by the act cited was limited to expire on May 1, 1886. The act, and the deed from the Governor to the trustees in accord with it, renders this objection untenable, wherein it is provided (Acts 1875-76, p. 147, § 19) : “And all lands then [May 1, 1886] remaining unsold shall be conveyed by said trustees to such persons so entitled to share in said trust moneys, or to such person or persons as they may direct.” It is affirmed in the premises of the conveyance to the State Land Company that these conditions were fully met and the conveyance to the company Avas made in pursuance of a valid direction to that end. There was no attempted refutation of this recital. The plaintiff having shown a prima facie right to recover, as it was bound to do, the obligation passed to the defendants to prove a better ti-*142tie to defeat it. This was sought to he done by the introduction of testimony tending to show adverse possession of a part dr all of the lands in suit; and, unless there was virtue in plaintiff’s contention that an estoppel obtained to deny to the defendant Warrior River Coal & Land Company, the grantee of these lands from its co-defendant Laird, the benefit of such adverse possession, the general affirmative charge-for the plaintiff was erroneously given since the testimony introduced by defendants required the issue of adverse possession vel non to be submitted to the jury.
On July 28, 1903, the Warrior River Coal & Land Company filed against the Alabama State Land Company a bill, under section 809 et seq., Code 1890, to quiet title to these lands in suit, with others. The bill contains the statutory averments, though the prayer seeks a broader relief than the statute (section 812) under such averments allows. The respondent, answering the bill, averred that complainant was not in possession of the lands involved in this ejectment suit, among others, and had not been for more than ten years preceding the filing of the bill; that, on the contrary, the respondent was in possession of the lands; and that the responden! was the owner in fee of the lands. On March 12, 1904, the cause was set down for final hearing, and on motion of respondent dismissed because of the default of complainant. This action of ejectment was instituted on November 24, 1903, several months prior to the dismissal of the chancery cause. Such dismissal, under rule 28 of chancery practice, was equivalent to a dismissal on the merits. — Strang v. Moog, 72 Ala. 460. Section 812 of the Code of 1896 is, in the parts here important, as follows: “* * * The court shall * * * finally adjudge and decree whether the defendant has any right, title or interest in, or incumbrance upon such *143lands, or any part thereof, and what such right, title, interest or incumbrance is, and in or upon what part of the lands the same exists; and such decree is binding and conclusive upon all the parties to the suit.” Under the construction given this statute by this court, the title, right, or interest of the defendant is the matter adjudicated, and affirmative relief cannot be had by the defendant, unless the powers of the court are thereunto invoked by appropriate pleading. — Jenkins v. Jonas, 138 Ala. 664, 35 South. 649; Interstate B. & L. Association v. Stocks, 124 Ala. 109, 27 South. 506; Kendrick v. Colyar, 143 Ala. 597, 42 South. 110; Cheney v. Nathan, 110 Ala. 254, 20 South. 99, 55 Am. St. Rep. 26. Yet (and the proviso stated does not impinge upon it) the statute quoted affirmatively and expressly requires, in such cases, the ascertainment, and thereupon adjudication, of the character and extent of the defendants’ title, right or interest in all or a part of the lands described in the bill, and to, as emphatically, make that adjudication binding on the parties to the suit; and, since the full fee in title cannot adversarily abide in two persons, the judicial pronouncement that one holds it entire is an adjudication that the other does not.
The merits of the cause, dismissed on March 12, 1904, may be easily gathered from the pleadings in this instance. The bill invoked the statutory jurisdiction of the court, and the answer was appropriate thereto. It negatived the possession of complainant and asserted that of the defendant, and also averred the ownership in fee of these lands ,with others, by the defendant. It is thus readily seen that, by virtue of the statute (section 812), the defendant’s title to these, among other, lands was of the very essence of the merits of the cause. Had it proceeded in an orderly way to final decree, and the proof justified the conclusion, the court, under the cited *144statute, would have been bound to have declared the title of the defendant; and the statute renders such adjudication binding on the parties. In Cheney v. Nathan, 110 Ala. 260, 20 South. 102, 55 Am. St. Rep. 26, it is pertinently said: “The purpose of this statute is simply to fix the status of the land in respect of ownership, to re-establish by decree muniments of title to it. * * *” And it is, of course, a necessary consequence that an adjudication that a defendant holds the full fee in the land is a judical denial of its existence in complainant. Applying to the dismissed cause rule 28, as it should be, the legal title of the respondent to, and its possession of, the premises in question was conclusively determined as between the parties to that cause; and, as Laird’s conveyance invested the Warrior.Company with whatever right, title, or interest Laird had in the lands described in the deed, the result wrought by the dismissal on the merits concluded in that company the assertion of any right, title, or claim by Laird in bar of appellee’s right to recover the lands involved in this action.
The plaintiff (appellee) made out its prima facie case, and the record of the dismissed cause was admissible to show that the defendant’s (appellant’s) claim of title or right, the reliance to overcome the plaintiff’s prima facie right to recover, had been judicially determined between the Warrior Company and the plaintiff; the former then, and a.t the time the bill in equity was filed, asserted its right and title under the conveyance from Laird. The purpose and effect of the evidence was to present an estoppel against the Warrior Company to again plead a judicially determined matter, and was not relied upon by plaintiff as evidence of title for recovery of the laud in controversy.
*145The affirmative charge was, therefore, correctly given for the plaintiff (appellee), and the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Tyson, C. J., and Dowdell and Anderson, JJ., concur.