Counts 1 and 2 were framed under the first subdivision of the employer’s liability act (Code *5231907, § 3910) as for an injury caused by a defect in the ■works, ways, machinery, or plant used in the business of the defendant; the particular defect alleged in the first being the defective condition of the lubricator on the engine plaintiff was employed to run, and in the second that the water valve of the lubricator on the engine was broken and unfit for use. The third counts upon the negligence of one McDowell to whom superintendence was instrusted; the fourth, upon negligence of McDowell in giving orders or directions to which plaintiff was bound to conform and did conform; the fifth, upon a breach of the master’s common-law duty to exercise reasonable care in the selection of the fellow servant by whose negligence the plaintiff suffered.
Defendant’s second and third pleas set up plaintiff’s contributory negligence, in that, after discovering the defective condition of the lubricator, he negligently failed to shut off the steam pressure and failed to use the auxilaries which would have prevented the injury. The fourth that, after discovering the defect, plaintiff proceeded to make an investigation of the lubricator, and negligently failed before doing so to shut off the steam pressure. The argument against the pleas is that they fail to aver that plaintiff had time or opportunity to shut off steam after discovering the defect in the lubricator. A plea must contain a succinct statement of the facts relied on in bar. The first of the pleas is that, after discovering the defective condition of the water valve on the lubricator, plaintiff negligently failed to shut off steam. They are not intended to assert the proposition that after knowledge of the defect plaintiff had opportunity to choose between assuming the particular risk or abandoning the master’s service, and chose to assume the risk, for it is inferable that he learned of the defective lubricator while operating his *524engine upon the road where neither his duty to his master nor to himself required that he should incontinently abandon his machine. The idea rather is that, after learning of the defect and of the danger which the continued use of the defective appliance threatened, for it was a defect Avithin the meaning of the statute only as it threatened danger, he failed to make use of an immediately available mean of averting the danger. In Tennessee, C. I. & R. R. Co. v. Burgess, 158 Ala. 519, 47 South. 1029, the plea was that “plaintiff kneAV of the defect in the mine of which he complains, and of the danger arising therefrom, and with such knowledge remained in said mine.” In respect to this plea the court said: “The correctness of the court’s ruling, sustaining the demurrer to this plea, is obvious. For aught that appears on the face of the plea, the plaintiff may have acquired the knoAvledge alleged only a moment before the roof fell, and not in time to save himself by even a hasty retreat.” The difference between that plea and this is to be found in the allegation of this that “the plaintiff negligently failed,” etc. A statement, in form a conclusion, approaches occasionally so nearly the ultimate facts as to make the effort at further analysis futile for the practical purposes of pleading. An averment of negligence, Avhether stated as a cause of action or as a defense, is not required to be as specific as the proof essential to support it. Further, where from the facts as they are and as they must be alleged different minds might draAv different conclusions, it is the office' of the pleader to draw the conclusion necessary to the maintenance of his action or defense as the case may be. This finds illustration in the case at bar. The allegation that after discovering the defect the plaintiff negligently failed to shut off steam may amount to a conclusion in some sort, but it is no more a conclusion than *525would have been the allegation that he failed after he had time, etc., proposed by the appellant as a sufficient and necessary alternative. It ivas not necessary to charge, in so many .words, that a reasonable time within which to turn off steam intervened after the discovery by plaintiff of the defect, since that was necessarily embraced in the averment that after discovery he negligently failed, etc. In our judgment the pleas, as for any objection taken to them, were sufficient. In Osborne v. Alabama Steel & Wire Co., 135 Ala. 571, 33 South. 687, the plea was that the plaintiff continued in the service of the defendant after he knew or could have known of the defect by the exercise of due care. The point of the decision was that the plea was bad because it imposed on the employe the duty to use care to discover the defect; whereas, he had a right to assume, and to act upon the presumption, that the defendant had not been negligent and that there was no defect. That decision is malapropos of any question here involved.
The plaintiff when testifying as a witness was asked by his counsel to state whether or not the auxilaries could have been used on the lubricator. In view of the special defense interposed, it was the right of plaintiff to have his testimony as to the condition of the auxiliaries go to the jury. But the question by which he sought that end was not insusceptible to unfavorable criticism. The true inquiry, of course, was as to the condition of the auxiliaries — whether they were defective, or whether any other fact stood in the way of his use of them under the circumstances then obtaining - — and such fact was easiy capable of statement; whereas, the question asked for a conclusion. But, .however that may be, the plaitiff on examination both by his own counsel and by counsel for the defendant did *526testify with great distinctness that he had tried to use the auxiliaries, hut had found that they were “out of fix,” and would not work, and again that he could not work them. No more could have been gotten out of the Avitness by the question propounded than Avas in fact drawn out on both direct and cross examination, and so the ruling was not hurtful to plaintiff’s case—Kroell v. State, 139 Ala. 1, 36 South. 1025; Central of Georgia v. Simons, 161 Ala. 337, 50 South. 50.
The trial court would not permit the plaintiff to ask the witness Reaves how long Fisher had been working for the defendant. It appeared that, when plaintiff went to defendant’s roundhouse in Anniston to prepare for his trip, the lubricator was leaking at the water valve; that plaintiff reported this fact to McDowell, the night foreman, who thereupon directed Fisher, an employe of defendant, to repair it, \vhich the latter undertook to do. It is supposed that these facts, in connection with the subsequent accident, and the fact which plaintiff sought to develop by this question, tended to show that Fisher was incompetent, and negligence on the part of the defendant in his employment to do the work intrusted to him. In this connection, also, the plaintiff reserved an exception to a ruling of the court which denied to him the advantage of an opinion by the witness Pace (not the plaintiff) that at a time previous to plaintiff’s injury he had been employed at the shops, where we presume repairs were made, and that the men employed there were not competent machinists. But the witness had deposed that he did not know Fisher, and obviously his opinion was of no probative value as to his competency, and the court properly refused to allow the record to be incumbered by it. The happening of the accident may have had a tendency to prove the incompetency of Fisher. If it had been one of a series of *527similar accidents, traceable to his negligence, it would certainly have had such tendency; but, standing alone, it was not effective in proof of the contention that defendant had been negligent in his employment in the beginning, or that it had been negligent in failing to acquire knowledge of his incompetency during the employment and before the accident; nor would its probative force in that direction have been aided or enhanced by the answer, which we presume the plaintiff expected, that he had been a long time in the defendant’s employment, or, to state the proposition as it is stated by the counsel for appellant, that he had been in the employment of defendant at the time when the witness Pace undertook to say that the defendant’s employes about the shop were generally not competent machinists. This was the evidence to support the fifth count, and its totally ineffectual character justified the court in giving the general affirmative charge for the defendant as to that count.
The witness Beaves had been testifying about the lubricator and the water valve which was a part of it. Defendant’s counsel asked the witness:. “An expert engineer could not see through there and see those threads unless he took it out” — referring to the threads on the waier valve by which it was held in place as a part of the lubricator. The question asked for an opinion in respect to a matter which the jury, no matter innv inexpert, understood as well as the witness, no matter how expert, and might well have been omitted. The witness, with possible excess of caution, answered that he did not know. The question and answer were obviously harmless, and we have considered them thus in detail only because they are insisted upon as involving reversible error.
*528That an inexperienced man might in a contingency think that the ‘valve in a lubricator was all right, when in fact it was not, had no tendency towards showing that Fisher was inexperienced, still less that he was incompetent. There is no merit in the tenth assignment of error.
The Avitness Fitzgerald Avas shown to be an expert machinist. líe liad testified that, if a Avater valve does not leak Avhen the steam is turned on, that Avould indicate that it is all right, and that one con Id put a water valve in a. lubricator so that it Avill not leak and yet it may be fractured. On cross-examination he was asked by defendant: “Isn’t it true that many times things like that Avater valve bloAv out on engines where steam is used and the very best machinist, the most experienced machinists, Avould not know that there was any defect in it until it Mgav out?” Plaintiff objected, assigning no grounds. The Avitness, Avith commendable prudence, answered: “There are exceptions to all rules.” The trial court was not required to cast about for tenable objections to the question. Nor do we, after considering appellant’s brief, find reversible error in the ruling beloAV. If the Avitness had ansAvered the question affirmatively, his ansAver would have had a tendency to shoAv a general state of expert knowledge in respect to things of the sort involved, or rather a general limitation upon expert knoAvIedge, proper for the consideration of the jury in weighing his testimony and the testimony of the other witnesses in respect to the probable manifestation of defect in the Avater valve. So of the twelfth assignment of error.
Burns, a Avitness for plaintiff, testified that on the occasion of the trip on which plaintiff Avas injured, evidently referring to the time when plaintiff was preparing for the trip, he heard the plaintiff ask McDowell if *529the work had been done on the engine. This question referred to work on the leaky water valve, as other parts of the evidence make sufficiently clear. The plaintiff told McDowell, according to the witness, that if the work had not been done he was not g’oing out on the engine. Plaintiff then offered to prove by the witness that, after plaintiff had left the room, in which the conversation occurred, McDowell asked Fisher if he had done the work to which plaintiff had called his attention, and that Fisher replied: “Yes, but the lubricator is broken. It may make the trip.” The court seems to have sustained an objection on the ground that the proposed evidence was hearsay. The relevancy and competency of the proposed evidence is to be found in the fact that it went to show, not that the lubricator was in a defective condition, for as to that it was hearsay, but that McDowell had notice of the defect which other evidence tended to prove. The defendant was charged with responsibility for the alleged negligence of McDowell in two respects upon which this testimony shed light: He had charge of the repairing of the engine, and he was intrusted with superintendence, and the character of his conduct in both regards was to be affected bv his notice or knowledge of the alleged defect. It therefore seems clear enough to us that the proposed testimony should have been admitted for the purpose of tracing knowledge or notice of the alleged defect to McDowell. We cannot assume on the facts in the record, nor do we think the trial court could assume in passing upon this testimony, that after notice received in the manner indicated by the testimony of Burns, if it was so received, McDowell had or had not time in which to have repaired the engine or, in default thereof, to have prevented plaintiff from going out upon the engine. It was for the jury to do that.
*530Fisher, beyond controversy, had repaired the lubricator. It was therefore utterly irrelevant to show that his co-employe, Williams, was an incompetent mechanic. And the trial court so held.
Buckpitt, a witness for defendant, and an engineer in its employment, testified that he had taken the same engine out on a trip on the day previous to that on which plaintiff was alleged to have been injured. Thereupon the defendant offered to read in evidence a paper writing containing a report made by him (Buckpitt) on his return from that trip as to the condition of the engine. The report showed “valves O. K.,” but nothing- as to the lubricator or its water valve specifically. The witness, speaking of his own knowledge and recollection, and without the need of refreshment, testified that at the time of the report the water valve on the lubricator- was not leaking. Doubtless the report was allowed to go to the jury on the authortiy of Foster v. Smith, 104 Ala. 248, 16 South. 61; Mooney v. Hough, 84 Ala. 80, 4 South. 19, and Hirschfelder v. Levy, 69 Ala. 351. Certainly it was not competent within the rule laid down in Acklen v. Hickman, 63 Ala. 494, 35 Am. Rep. 54. We think it can hardly be said that the case is brought within the reason of Foster v. Smith and that line of cases. The rule there established is a rule of convenience rather than a rule of evidence, and has been applied in cases where, a witness having testified out of his own independent recollection to a considerable number of items, a memorandum of them is permitted to g-o to the jury lest they forget. But here there was but one item of proper inquiry, i. e., the condition of the lubricator or its water valve. The witness needed no memoradum to refresh his memory, nor did the jury. The memorandum was understood, it seems, to show in a negative' way only that the lubricator or *531its water valve was in good repair when the engine left the hands of the witness. We do not think it proper that it should go to the jury, though we do not affirm reversible error of tbe action of tbe court in that regard, for doubtless it bad no prejudicial effect upon plaintiff’s case.
Plaintiff bad been insured against accidental injury with tbe Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; and against bis objection Buckpitt was allowed to testify that as secretary of. tbe order be bad paid to plaintiff tbe sum of $4,500 for tbe loss of bis eye, which was tbe. injury for which be sought compensation in this suit. This evidence was limited by tbe court at tbe time of its admission and subsequently by written charges as going to show a motive on tbe part of tbe plaintiff for tbe loss of bis eye. - Indeed, charges “Y” and “Z,” given at tbe request of plaintiff, appear to have eliminated, as well as charges could, this evidence from tbe cause. But erroneous rulings on tbe admissibility of evidence cannot be cured by charges. See Harbour v. State, 140 Ala. 103, 37 South. 330. If tbe evidence ruled upon relates to an issue which is subsequently removed from tbe case in some proper way, or becomes immaterial because in any event tbe cause must be determined on a different issue tbe ruling becomes harmless and of no consequence.—Stevenson v. Whatley, 161 Ala. 250, 50 South. 41. Such was not tbe case here. All issues were litigated to tbe end, and their determination remained necessary to a proper verdict. The question of error must then be decided without regard to tbe charges given. It was shown that some time after bis alleged injury tbe plaintiff’s eye was removed by surgeons, that be bad urged its removal a month earlier but after tbe time of tbe alleged injury, and that it removal or loss was tbe condition upon which be was to receive tbe money paid to him by tbe *532"Brotherhood. It also appeared without conflict that finally the surgeons had advised the plaintiff to have the •eye removed and had removed it on their own judgment as to the necessity of that course. One contention made by the defendant, which found support in the evidence, and upon which probably the jury determined the case, was that the plaintiff had not been injured by the blowing out of the water valve, but that he was engaged in •an effort to make the best of the opportunity afforded by that occurrence to claim damages of the' defendant for a trouble with his eye for which the defendant was in no sense responsible. Ordinarily it is not competent to show compensation for an injury where it comes from a collateral source wholly independent of the defendant as illustrating either the circumstances of the accident, for that it has no tendency to do, or for abate nient of damages, for such compensation is as to the defendant res inter alios acta with which the defendant lms no concern. Nor do we understand appellee’s argument to take issue with the proposition just stated. The argument is, as we understand its effect, that the fact of the receipt of the insurance money could be weighed as affecting the general credibility of the plaintiff ; in other words, it showed interest. But plaintiff no longer had a questioned or litigated interest in the insurance money, and to permit the defendant to go into his original right to it, or to question his good faith in the receipt of it, would have introduced an issue with which the case in hand ought not to have been burdened and beclouded. We are unable to say that the introduction •of this evidence was harmless, and feel constrained to •adjudge that its admission was error.
Witness Clements was the conductor on the train which plaintiff was pulling, and deposed that he was on the engine at the time and place when and where plain*533tiff located the accident which resulted in his inury,. and saw no occurrence of the sort. It was competent for the plaintiff to ask the witness whether he violated a rule of his employer when he rode upon the engine for the purpose of discrediting his statements, to what extent the jury should say, but he had no right to argue-in the question the probative force of the matter sought.
Charge “C,” given at the request of the defendant,, asserted that plaintiff was not entitled to recover if the loss of his eye was the result of an accident. Abstractly the charge was correct, for “accident” as there used meant inevitable accident, i. e., inevitable in the sense-that it could not have been prevented by the exercise of that degree of care which the employer is required to exercise for the safety of his employes; in other words,, accident without the concurring negligence of the defendant. If the plaintiff apprehended misconception of the charge by the jury, he should have asked an explanatory charge.
We will not prolong this opinion by dealing in detail with the remaining assignments of error. Such of them as have been argued have been considered and found to be either rather obviously unsound or to have had antidote in other parts of the record. What we have said will suffice for the future progress of the case.
Reversed and remanded.
Dowdell, G. J., and Mayfield, J., concur. McClellan, J., concurs in the conclusion, but thinks pleas 2, 3, and 4 should have been held bad, and relies upon Osborne v. Ala. S. & W. Co., 135 Ala. 571, 33 South. 687, and T. C. & I. Co. v. Burgess, 158 Ala. 519, 47 South. 1029.