The appellant was convicted of murder in the first degree, and sentenced to death. The evidence showed without dispute that he ivas guilty of murder in the first degree, unless he was mentally irresponsible, as pleaded by him.
In impaneling the jury for appellant’s trial in the court below, one of the veniremen stated on his voir dire-: “I have never believed in the sanity of the man (the defendant). I don’t believe the man is a sane man.” He further stated that his opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant was “fixed.” The trial court properly ruled that this venireman was subject to challenge by the State for cause, and his rejection from the panel cannot be complained of by appellant.
*7On a former appeal in this cause, it was ruled that ■appellant’s witness Humphrey could not testify as an expert on insanity, his only qualification being that he had handled a great many insane persons, and had observed and studied them in the course of their transfer "by him from Mobile to Tuscaloosa and other points.— Odom v. State, 172 Ala. 383, 55 South. 820. On the second trial, in addition to this qualification, this witness stated that he had “lately read medical works on the •subject, and studied in that way.” This did not transform him into an expert. As a general rule, only medical men — that is, persons licensed by law to practice the profession of medicine — can testify as experts on the question of insanity; and the propriety of this general limitation is too patent to permit of discussion.— See Tullis v. Kidd, 12 Ala. 648; 12 A. & E. Ency. Law. 452.
An exception may perhaps be recognized where the witness has made a protracted and systematic study of mental science and disease under approved conditions, as in re Toomes, 54 Cal. 509, 35 Am. Rep. 83. In any case, the competency of an alleged expert is a question ■addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge.— Parrish v. State, 139 Ala. 16, 36 South. 1012. The witness Humphrey, therefore, could testify to his opinion as to the defendant’s insanity, if at all, as a lay witness.
The rules prescribing the qualifications required of a lay witness offered for this purpose have been frequently stated by this court. — Dominick v. Randolph, 124 Ala. 557, 27 South. 481; Ford v. State, 71 Ala. 385; Parrish v. State, 139 Ala. 16, 36 South. 1012; Braham v. State, 143 Ala. 28, 38 South, 919, and cases therein cited. Having regard to the type of insanity exhibited, and the more or less obvious and intelligible character of its symptoms, the witness must be shown to have had *8an acquaintance with the subject of inquiry sufficiently intimate and long continued to enable him to form a reasonably accurate and trustworthy opinion as to the mental condition of such subject.
Whether the qualifications of the witness are sufficient is, of course, a question to be determined by the trial court; and the very nature of the test requires that its determination in particular cases be confided to the discretion of the trial court, which will not be revised on appeal except for very palpable abuse. — Ford v. State; Parrish v. State; Braham v. State, supra.
This witness Humphrey states that he had known and known of appellant for 15 or 20 years, and lived in the neighborhood 4 or 5 miles away from him, that he did not know how many times he had seen him, had done a little business with him, but very seldom had anything to do with him, and probably had not seen him for 2 years before the homicide. On the former appeal it was ruled that such an acquaintance, coupled with a single interview with appellant after he was imprisoned for this crime, was not sufficient to render the witness competent to testify that in his opinion appellant was insane. — Odom v. State, supra. Since he testified on the first trial the witness, according to his present testimony, has visited and interviewed appellant while in prison six or seven times, seeing him about half an hour on each occasion. An acquaintance so restricted in its character, and so artificial in its probable results, cannot be regarded as satisfactory. And certainly the rejection of the'witness’ opinion was no abuse of the discretion of the trial court.
There is another aspect, also, in which the opinion of the witness might have been properly rejected. The question put to him was: “In your opinion, is Odom sane or insane?” It was thus directed to the mental *9condition of the defendant at a time about 15 months after the commission of the homicide.
Although the issue Avas specifically as to the mental condition of the defendant at the time of the homicide, the inquiry Avas not limited to that time alone.
And it is a sound general rule that insanity at any particular time, if shoAvn to be habitual and permanent in its nature, is prim'a facie presumed as a matter of laAV to exist at any future time; and alone from its existence at a later time a presumption of fact may arise-of its existence at a given prior time. — Murphree v. Senn, 107 Ala. 424, 18 South. 264; McAllister, v. State, 17 Ala. 434, 52 Am. Dec. 180. But in the latter case it is clear that the probative value of subsequent insanity to shoAV insanity at any prior time Avill depend upon (1) the nature and degree of the insanity shoivn, and (2) its nearness or remoteness in point of time to the act under consideration. — In re Winch, 84 Neb. 251, 121 N. W. 116, 18 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 903, and note, 905, collecting many cases; Waterman v. Whitney, 11 N. Y. 170, 62 Am. Dec. 71; Grant v. Thompson, 4 Conn. 203, 10 Am. Dec. 119; Dickinson v. Barber, 9 Mass. 225, 6 Am. Dec. 58; Terry v. Buffington, 11 Ga. 337, 56 Am. Dec. 423; Shailer v. Bumstead, 99 Mass. 112; Dowie v, Driscoll, 203 Ill. 480, 68 N. E. 56; LoBau v. Vanderbilt, 3 Redf. Sur. (N. Y.) 390, 412.
Where considerable time has elapsed, the admission or rejection of such evidence and the general range of the inquiry must be left to the sound discretion of the trial court, since it can best determine such matters from its more intimate vieAV and understanding of the Avhole evidence before it. — In re Winch, 84 Neb. 251, 121 N. W. 116; 18 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 903; Herster v. Herster, 122 Pa. 239, 16 Atl. 342, 9 Am. St. Rep. 95; Lane v. Moore, vev Mass. 87, 23 N. E. 828, 21 Am. St. *10Rep. 430; Haines v. Hayden, 95 Mich. 332, 54 N. W. 911, 36 Am. St. Rep. 566. In the present case, even conceding the general qualifications of the witness, we discover no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in rejecting opinion evidence of the defendant’s insanity at the date of the second trial, more than a year after the commission of the homicide.
Following the question calling for his opinion as to the defendant’s insanity, defendant’s counsel asked the 'witness, “When you observed him, was his (defendant’s) appearance that of a sane or of an insane man?” The exclusion of this question by the trial court was not Reversible error. It is true, as said Bennett v. Fail, 26 Ala. 611, that the apparent condition of the physical system, as to health or sickness, is a matter of - fact, to which a witness may testify. But the apparent condition of the mental system as to sanity or insanity is mot a matter of fact merely, and involves essentially the Inference and opinion of the witness. The witness actually testified to the appearance of the defendant, saying that he was inclined to be melancholy, and seemed wild and haggard; and this was as far as he could rightfully go. It may he that there is an “insane look” habitual to insane persons, the presence of which in particular cases is capable of discernment and possessed of probative value. If so, it is a matter for experts, and not for ordinary witnesses.
Again, the question was directed to some indefinite time or times long after the act charged, and, under the principles heretofore stated, the admission or rejection of the opinion, though otherwise available, was in the sound discretion of the trial judge.
The three written charges refused to the defendant are but duplicates of,, the three written charges given at his request, and there was no error in their rejection.
*11Moreover, the refused charges were appropriate only to the issue made by defendant’s plea of “not guilty.” And, since on the undisputed evidence he was guilty of murder as charged unless he showed insanity under his plea of “not guilty by reason of insanity,” these charges were well refused for this reason.
There being no error in the record, the judgment of conviction must be affirmed.
Affirmed.
All the Justices concur, except Dowdell, O. J., not sitting.