By an act of August 2, 1907, it was provided: “That the entire control, management and supervision of public roads in the county of Mobile, and of all streets within the city of Mobile, south of and including Virginia street,” etc. (describing certain outlying area within the incorporated limits of the city of Mobile) “are hereby lodged and vested in the board of revenue and road commissioners of Mobile county and said board shall have full and complete authority to provide for the repair, maintenance and improvement of the same, and to that end may, in addition to the fund realized from the “road tax” herein provided for, set apart and appropriate such amount from the general fund collected under authority of the law, as said board may deem necessary to carry out the provisions of this act.” — Acts, p. 727. The city of Mobile, averring “that, said board of revenue and road commissioners of Mobile county have neglected and positively refused to repair, maintain, and improve the streets and thoroughfares of the city of Mobile described in section 1 of said local act of the Legislature of Alabama of August 2, 1907, claiming that it was not its duty so to do and that there was no law in force or effect requiring the board of revenue and road commissioners so to do,” applied for the wiit of mandamus to compel the board to “take charge of and to repair, maintain, and improve the streets and thoroughfares within the city of Mobile” described in the act. A demurrer, taking various grounds against the application, was sustained, and the city has appealed.
The ordinary office of the writ of mandamus is to coerce the performance of single acts of specific and imperative duty. The court will not undertake to compel the performance of a series of continuous acts, as it is impossible to furnish that superintendence without *494which the court’s mandate becomes nugatory. It is well-settled law also that, where the duty to be performed is judicial or involves the exercise of discretion on the part of a tribunal or officer, mandamus will lie to set judgment or discretion in motion, but will not direct the manner of its exercise. The writ cannot be used for the correction of errors. “If, however, judgment or discretion is abused, and exercised in an arbitrary or capricious manner, mandamus will lie to compel a proper exercise thereof—19 Am. & Eng. Encyc. pp. 737-739, where numerous cases are cited, including our case of White v. Decatur, 119 Ala. 476, 23 South. 999. And, “if by reason of a mistaken view of the law or otherwise there has been in fact no actual and bona fide exercise of judgment and discretion,” mandamus will lie.—Ib., citing Mobile Mut. Ins. Co. v. Cleveland, 76 Ala. 321, among other cases. We think the case made by the petition falls within the purview of these rules. It has been noted that the inaction of the road commissioners is based upon their conception that they are under no duty in the premises. More specifically, their opinion appears to be that there is no law in force and effect requiring them to exercise judgment and discretion in respect to the repair, maintenance, and improvement of the thoroughfares of the city of Mobile within the limits designated by the statute, and this wholly without regard to the actual condition of those thoroughfares. It is manifest, on the case presented, that the course of the commissioners has been determined by their judgment either that the act in question is not entitled to respect as being without the constitutional authority of the Legislature, or that, if constitutional, the act confers authority without imposing duty. Of course the commissioners cannot take shelter behind an erroneous interpretation of the stat*495ute; and, if their judgment in reference thereto is wrong’, their nonaction — their refusal to consider the care of these streets on the specific grounds alleged in the petition — amounts to an evasion or denial of positive duty under the law. For such a situation there is no other remedy; and we are of opinion that the writ of mandamus may he awarded for the definite end and. purpose of advising the commissioners of their error and at once imposing upon them the duty of exercising, under the sanction of their official oaths, judgment in respect to the repair and maintenance of the streets and thoroughfares within the designated territory. It may be that, upon such consideration, they will determine that nothing need be done at this time. If so, the prayer of the petition will have been answered, so far as it requires answer, the appropriate ■ office of the writ performed without impairment of that just discretion lodged by law in them in respect to the manner and extent of the repairs and improvements required, and the law will have been vindicated.
We have noted the date of the act out of which this case has arisen. Eleven days later the Legislature passed “An act to provide for the organization, incorporation, government and regulation of cities and towns, and to define the rights, powers, duties, jurisdiction and authority of such cities and towns and of the officers thereof,” etc. Acts 1907, pp. 790-892, which provided that all laws and parts of laws, both general and special, in conflict therewith, were thereby repealed. This act has been known as the Municipal Code Law, and went into the chapter on municipal corporations of the Code of 1907. It confers upon municipal corporations the general power “to provide for the safety, preserve the health, promote the prosperity, improve the morals, order, comfort and convenience of the in*496habitants of the municipality.” So far as this provision affected municipalities incorporated before the date of the act, it merely confirmed powers which all cities of consequence in this state had theretofore exercised under their local legislative charters. It recognized and continued in effect the regulation of local Charter acts, in respect of streets, by providing for the distribution of power in respect to the care and maintenance of streets between the council and' the board of public works in those cases where cities had such boards. Sections 1273,1274,1275, of the Code, taken from the act for the incorporation of cities and towns, seem to have been formulated in view of an assumed duty on the part of such corporations to care for the repair and maintenance of streets. The duty is recognized; but it is not imposed in affirmative language. The effect of these sections is to restrict liability in cases of injuries resulting from neglect, carelessness, or failure to remedy defects in streets, alleys, or public ways, and to hedge about suitors in such cases, with limitations and restrictions in addition to those obtaining in ordinary cases. Otherwise the municipal code makes no reference to the ordinary care and repair of streets. Duty and responsibility as to that are left as they were fixed by the local charter. .We find in the Municipal Code Law no express provision for the repeal of the local act of August 2, 1907, nor any ground for holding that there has been a repeal by necessary implication.
In the outset, we quoted the relevant language of the act of August 2, 1907. The terms of that act as effectually divest the city of Mobile of the control, management, and supervision (by which we understand the duty of ordinary repair from time to time) of these streets as if such had been the precise form of expression employed by the Legislature. There is no indica*497tion of a purpose to confer upon the board of revenue the power of improvement by assessments of the cost against abutting property; and probably, in the present state of the laws of that locality, such power cannot be exercised by either the board of revenue or the municipality. But as to that we need not inquire; no such question being raised by the record. It is scarcely to be supposed that the Legislature intended to leave these streets as derelicts for which no one needed to care; nor is it much more likely that the intention was that, with the municipal authorities relieved of all responsibility, the county authorities should be vested with an arbitrary power and discretion to give -attention to these streets or to totally and continually neglect them as they might be moved by whim or caprice. On the contrary, we think the construction of the act to be that, when the Legislature conferred upon the road commissioners entire and exclusive authority in respect to the control, management, and supervision of these streets, it imposed also a correlative and coextensive imperative duty; that it created a trust to be administered for the public. The municipal government was relieved of duty and responsibility in the premises; but the beneficial interest of the people, and of the municipal authorities as their representatives, in the maintenance of these streets as passable ways, remained exactly as it was before the act was passed. The duties, then, imposed by the act must be discharged. “They cannot be laid down or suspended or abandoned without the legally expressed consent of the state. The trusts are active, potential, and Imperative, and must be executed until lawfully surrendered, otherwise a public highway * * * is closed without any process recognized by law. This is something no public officer, charged with the same trusts and duties in re*498gard to other public highways, can do without subjecting himself” to compulsion or punishment. Hence our conclusion that consideration and decision in respect to the duties imposed by the act may be enforced by the writ of mandamus, and that the municipality is a proper party as relator.—Bridgeton v. Traction Co., 62 N. J. Law, 592, 43 Atl. 715, 45 L. R. A. 837; 26 Cyc. p. 398, note 32.
Public duties ought to be discharged without waiting for the prod of a judicial writ. No preliminary demand was necessary. — 26 Cyc. 443.
Of the financial ability of the county at any particular time to repair streets within the designated territory, a condition to be considered in connection with the resources of the county and other demands upon its treasury, and determined in the exercise of a sound and just discretion, respondents must of necessity be better informed than others; and, other conditions calling for the writ being shown, it would seem that the lack of funds ought to be urged in defense. But that consideration is not of moment in the case made by the petition, for it is made to appear that respondents have failed and refused to consider at all whether the streets covered by the act needed repair, or whether the financial conditions of the county would justify expenditure on that account. They have proceeded upon the idea that in no event has the duty of considering these matters devolved upon them. This means that they have not considered, and will not consider, the financial aspect of the proposition unless driven thereto by the court’s imperative mandate. The effect of the writ will be to set aside this sweeping denial and repudiation of all duty and responsibility in the premises, to compel the exercise of that discretion lodged by law with the *499respondents, and tliat is one of the appropriate offices of the writ.
This brings us to a necessary consideration of the alleged unconstitutionality of the act. Premising with the general observations, which no one in this state will deny, that the question is one of legislative power, and "that we have no right to exercise ourselves about the policy or wisdom of the statute, that the Legislature has a power which is so transcendent that it cannot be confined within any bounds, either for causes or persons, except such as are written in the organic law (Davis v. State, 68 Ala. 58, 44 Am. Rep. 128), and that he who assails a statute on the ground that it is unconstitutional assumes the burden of vindicating his position beyond a reasonable doubt (State ex rel. Meyer v. Greene, 154 Ala. 254, 46 South. 268), we will briefly note our conclusions in respect to the several grounds that have been taken against the act.
It is said that the caption contains more than one subject-matter. The caption is: “To provide .for the more efficient working of the public roads in Mobile county and certain streets and .public thoroughfares in the city of Mobile; provide for the control, working, building, maintenance and improvement of the same by the board of revenue and road commissioners of Mobile county; to prescribe the duties and fix the authority of said board; provide for the levy and collection of a road tax, and the method of disbursing moneys necessary to carry out the provisions of this act, and provide penalties for violations of its provisions.” The several subdivisions of this title are all germane to one another, and might well have been grouped under the broader subject of highways in Mobile county. Certainly the Legislature might in one act have made all necessary and appropriate provisions for any highway in the *500county between designated, points, though one of the points lay within, and the other without, the city; and we apprehend it might have referred indifferently to the thus definitely located and described subject of legislation as a highway, road, or street, without going so far astray or putting the matter into such obscurity as to destroy the effect of the act. In other words, while it is admitted that, as commonly used, “street” means a highway in a city or town, and “public road” means a rural highway, still there is no such fundamental difference between them as 'that the Legislature may not deal with both in one act. They constitute one general subject; they are highways. Mere generality of title does not invalidate a statute, so long as it fairly expresses the subject-matter, and is not made a cover for the inclusion of incongruous and unrelated matters. This title does not contain the word “highways,” but that general subject is divided, for the reason, perhaps, that only a part of the streets of the city were to be affected by the act; and with these divisions all else that follows is intimately connected, both in fact and in idea. The subject of an act “may be expressed in general words, or it may be a brief statement of the subject, or it may be an index to, or an abstract of, the contents of the act. The Constitution is satisfied if the act has but one general subject, and that is fairly indicated by the title.”—Lindsay v. U. S. Savings Association, 120 Ala. 156, 24 South. 171, 42 L. R. A. 783. The objection to the act on account of its title was not well taken.
Unquestionably the act contemplates that some part of the general fund to be raised by taxes levied by the county shall be devoted to the repair of the streets within the designated area of the city for perhaps so only can its purpose be made completely effective. But *501no part of its language contains a direction that any .special road taxes that have been, or may hereafter be, levied under authority of the proviso of section 215 of the Constitution, in addition to the maximum general property tax of one-half of 1 per centum limited by the body of that section, shall be diverted from the erection, construction, or maintenance of the public roads of the county, narrowly so called, or applied to the repair of streets in the city. To construe the act as having in necessary contemplation an application of special taxes raised under the proviso of section 215 would bring it into conflict with that proviso as it was interpreted in Commissioners’ Court of Pike v. Troy, 173 Ala. 442, 56 South. 131, 274; whereas to limit its implication of expenditure to revenues to be raised otherwise brings the act within the influence and approval of the decision in Board of Revenue of Jefferson v. Birmingham, 172 Ala. 138, 54 South. 757, followed in Commissioners’ Court of Calhoun v. Anniston, 176 Ala. 605, 58 South. 252. It is a well-settled rule for construing statutory language that where it would result in the violation of the Constitution if applied to a certain class of cases, but no such result will follow if the application is to another class, it will be held to have been intended for application to the latter class only, if this is in harmony with the general legislative purpose. A fortiori, it would seem, the rule of favor to legislative action must be indulged where, as in the case at bar, the effect, unless we have misapprehended some suggestions found in the brief for appellee, is to work out unconstitutionality, not from the language of the act, but by inference that funds necessary to carry the act into effect Avill be draAvn from a prohibited source, although they may, consistently with the terms of the enactment, be laAvfully derived from another. The last construe*502tion and application of the act will be adopted of course.
We are not advised of any sufficient reason for setting-aside the rulings of the Jefferson and Calhoun county cases. It runs counter to no expressed inhibition of the Constitution. Nor is there anything in the nature of the subject-matter which would put legislation in the form shown by the act under consideration, outside the letter or the spirit of the Constitution. This is not to affirm that the revenues of a county may be constitutionally applied to any and every municipal purpose. It may be conceded that there are municipal purposes in which the people of the surrounding- county have no interest, and that revenue raised by county levy must need be applied to purposes having some proper and substantial relation to county government as it has been established in this and all the states; but the territory of a county does not cease to be a part of the county when it is included within the limits of an incorporated city or town, nor do the people of the county lose their interest in the highways of the incorporated areas. We think it cannot be said that the maintenance of municipal highways within a county, over which not only the people of the municipality, but of the entire county, can travel, is so distinctively and exclusively a municipal purpose as to render the act impossible.—Duval County v. Jacksonville, 36 Fla. 196, 18 South. 339, 29 L. R. A. 416. Municipal corporations commonly exercise powers not strictly governmental; but counties and municipalities are alike organized under law to aid the state in the administration of government, of which provision for highways is a most important function. The powers of either may be withdrawn by the state and other agencies clothed with them.—Askew v. Hale County, 54 Ala. 639, 25 Am. Rep. 730. “Over local governmental agencies, subject only to the limita*503tions imposed by the letter or the spirit of the Constitution, the legislative power is practically supreme.” —-Elliott, Roads and Streets, § 421. Except for section 220 of the Constitution, which relates to the use of the streets by public utilities or private enterprises, the authority of the Legislature over streets and highways is ample and unrestrained.
By the Constitution maximum rates of general taxation for municipal corporations and for counties are limited; and it is argued that the act under consideration has the effect of evading section 216, which limits the amount of general taxes that may be levied and collected by municipal corporations. The substance of the argument seems to be that, in a case where the city has taxed to the limit, the appropriation of any part of the funds raised by county taxation to the maintenance of highways within the city would be equivalent to a levy by the city in excess of the constitutional maximum. It is said that, “if the Legislature may authorize a municipal government to tax its citizens for the repair, maintenance, and improvement of its streets up to the full constitutional limit, and may then require the county to assess the same property in the city for further taxes, and enforce their collection, and turn them over to the municipal government, then the constitutional limitation is a delusion and a snare, and means nothing.” To avoid misapprehension we may repeat, what has in effect been already said, that no question of special taxes under the Constitution is involved. There has been no suggestion, nor can it be supported, that either of the state’s subordinate taxing-agencies, municipal or county, may, by any sort of device or arrangement, be empowered in the levy and collection of taxes, for their respective purposes, to transcend the limits set by the Constitution. But it is *504to be observed that appellee’s argument rests upon the sole support of the proposition that the keeping of the streets of a city is in its very nature inevitably and exclusively a municipal purpose, as distinguished from any purpose for which county governments are organized. We have stated the considerations upon which we hold to a contrary view.—City of Tuscaloosa v. Board of Revenue, infra, 61 South. 431.
So far as the “road tax” mentioned in the act is concerned, that is not the special tax spoken of in the Constitution, nor is it a property tax. The provision for it may have introduced confusion into the act; but that has not been considered as of consequence in the case presented by the record. Just how it may be put into practical operaton has not been critically considered, for that question does not touch the constitutional power of the Legislature in the premises. In respect of this trouble in the law, if, indeed, it be one, and of the confusion that may result from the ■ dual control of the streets affected by the act, we quote the language of this court in Winter v. Montgomery, 65 Ala. 413: “Whether the policy of the statute is sound, whether it will promote the public good, whether it is in harmony with natural right, or abstract justice, are not judicial questions.—Dorman v. State, 34 Ala. 216. Nor is it a question for the courts whether, in the expression of its will, the General Assembly has observed a care and caution corresponding to the importance of the subject before them, or the magnitude of the interests to be affected.” It is not made to appear that the Legislature has transgressed the limits set for it by the Constitution; and the court cannot be justified in pronouncing its act void.
The demurrer to the petition should have been overruled.
*505Reversed and remanded.
All the Justices concur, except McClellan, J., dissenting.