Section 5202 of the Code of 1907, which is now and was operative as the law of this state at the time to which we hereafter refer, provides as follows: “Any person desirous to adopt a child so as to make it capable of inheriting his estate, real and personal, or to change the name of one previously adopted, may make a declaration in writing, attested by two witnesses, setting forth the name, sex and age of the child lie wishes to adopt, and the name he wishes it thereafter to be known by, which, being acknowledged by the declarant before the judge of probate of the county of his residence filed and recorded, * * * has the effect to make such child capable of inheriting such estate of the declarant, and of changing its name to the one stated in the declaration.”
1. Our laws of descent and distributions are of statutory creation, and, as the status of parent and child has always influenced legislative action iff determining what shall become of the property of those whü-,die intestate, it was appropriate that, in the statute which we have above quoted, our Legislature should porvide that an adopted child should be capable of inheriting th^ estate of the person adopting him. The status of the parties being fixed, it was appropriate that all the incidents usually attendant or flowing out of the relations soNgstablished should attach to both the adoptive parent ■child. For this reason this court has held that an adopted child is entitled, during minority, to claim exemptions out of his adoptive parent’s estate.—Cofer v. Scroggins, 98 Ala. 346, 13 South. 117, 39 Am. St. Rep. 54.
“The primary object of the statute would seem to be, *561to allow any person to adopt the child of another and make it capbale of inheriting his estate, if he should die intestate, or to change the name of one previously adopted. But, a liberal intendment and operation should be given to the statute.”—Cofer v. Scroggins, supra; Tilley v. Harrison, 91 Ala. 297, 8 South. 802.
2. In the instant case the facts are that William T. Prince, on August 14, 1880, adopted Simeon Jones, a child then 3 years of age, and in the instrument declared that said Simeon Jones should be capable of inheriting his real and personal property, and that his name should be Simeon Jones Prince. It is inferable from the bill of exceptions that from the day that the adoption took place until the death of the foster father, about 30 years afterwards, the said Simeon Jones Prince lived with the said William T. Prince, as his child, and, as such child, performed services for the foster parent. During all this period it is also inferable that the said William T. Prince recognized and held out to the world as his adopted child the said Simeon Jones Prince. In other words, it is inferable from the bill of exceptions that for about 30 years — from the day of. the adoption until the death of William T. Prince — the status of parent and child openly existed between the parties.
3. It appears from the bill of exceptions that after the death of said William T. Prince diligent search was made for the articles of adoption, but that they were not found. If any one has seen the articles since they were recorded on the minutes of the probate court of DeKalb county the record fails to show it. The probate record shows that the articles conformed to every requirement of our statutes, except that the minutes of the probate court fail to show that the articles were acknowledged before the judge of probate by the foster father. The trial court was of the opinion that, for this reason, the *562said Simeon Jones Prince — or, as he now writes his name, Joe S. Prince — failed to show a legal adoption, and for that reason is not entitled to be treated as the heir of said William T. Prince, who, it appears, was a childless man.
4. The sole question before us, then, is: Has this court the right to presume, or to leave it to a jury to presume, in aid of a status which, for 30 years, existed between the parties, that the foster parent actually acknowledged the instrument before the probate judge, but that the clerk, in recording the instrument by a clerical omission failed to record the acknowledgment? The act authorizing the adoption of children is, as we have already said to be liberally construed for the purpose of carrying out the humane purposes of the act. The Legislature, however, in passing the act, had a right'to say how the instrument evidencing the adoption should be executed. In creating the right to adopt, it had a right to say Avhat formalities shall be observed by those who desire to exercise that right. It had a right to require (hat such instruments should be acknowledged by the foster parent and to make this acknowledgment a necessary part of the due execution of the instrument. In other words, it had a right to say that such an instrument, to be effective, should, before it became effective, be acknowledged before the judge of probate. A liberal interpretation is to be given the statute, but this has not been held to apply to the acts which, in order that the legal relation of foster parent and adopted child may be created, the foster parent must, under the direction of the statute, do. The failure of the judge of probate to record the instrument does not destroy the operation of the statute.—Abney v. DeLoach, 84 Ala. 393, 4 South. 457. The instrument, however, must be filed for record in the probate court to be effective, as it is wanting in effi*563cacy until so filed, and the act of filing is one which the statute exacts of the foster parent.—Shearer v. Weaver, 56 Iowa, 578, 9 N. W. 407; Abney v. DeLoach, supra,
5. In the case of O'Neal, et al. v. Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 140 Ala. 378, 37 South. 275, 1 Ann. Cas. 319, this court, upon a careful consideration of the authorities on the subject, held that this court would not presume in favor of the validity of an ancient recorded deed —the original being lost — that it had been acknowledged as required by laAv, the record of the deed failing to shoAV an acknowledgment. An examination of the opinion in that case will show that the conclusions of the court on the subject are based upon sound reasoning, and that the argument of Justice Judge in White v. Hutchings, 40 Ala. 253, 88 Am. Dec. 766, in Avhich argument the-other members of the court did not concur, Avas unsound.
In Abney v. DeLoach, supra, this court said that the instrument of adoption provided for by section 5202 of the Code of 1907 was similar to a deed, and in that case it was treated as a quasi deed. The reception by the probate judge of the deed, attested by witnesses and acknowledged as required by the act, for record, is in no sense a judicial act, and the paper when filed and recorded has about it no elements of a judicial decree. In the case of Gantt’s Adm’r v. Phillips, 23 Ala. 275, this court, in an exhaustive opinion, reviewed the authorities touching the presumption which may be indulged, after the-lapse of 30 years, in upholding a status Avliich has, for so long a period, constantly existed. In the case of O’Neal, et al. v. Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., supra, this court said, referring to the rule announced in Gantt’s Adm’r v. Phillips, supra: “We think there is a distinction to be drawn as to the extent of presumption to be indulged betAveen those cases where, accompany-: ing the possession of the porperty, title is relied on. *564through judicial proceedings, Avhere it is shown that the records have been loosely kept, and cases of private transactions between the parties. In the former, after great lapse of time, presumptions will be indulged in favor of the regularity of the proceedings, even to the extent of supplying important omissions, but in the latter the reason for such presumption does not exist.”
The rule seéms to be of universal application that the burden is on the person claiming the benefit of an alleged contract for adoption to establish it by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. The statute, while subject to liberal construction, must, to become operative, be substantially complied with, and our statute requires, as a necessary component part of a validly executed instrument of adoption, that it shall be acknowledged by the foster parent before the probado judge. — Abney v. De Loach, supra.
As the statute required the acknowledgment, and as it is not shown that there was an acknowledgement, I lie appellant failed to show a legal right of inherita uce.—O’Neal’s Case, supra.
As the instrument is not shown to have been acknowledged, and as the acknowledgment was a necessary part of the valid execution of the instrument, this instrument comes within none of our curative acts validating the previous recordation of valid instruments which had been recorded Avithout acknowledgment.
A careful examination of this record convinces us that, under the laAV as it has been settled by previous decisions of this court, the defendants were entitled to the general charge Avhich the court gave to the jury, in their behalf.
The judgment of the court beloAAr is therefore affirmed.
Affirmed.
Anderson, C. J., and McCleixan and Sayre, JJ., concur.