Munoz v. Patel

Filed 7/28/22; Opinion on transfer from Supreme Court
OPINION ON REHEARING

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

LUIS MUNOZ et al., D078215

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2019-
00017904-CU-FR-CTL)
RAJESH PATEL et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Timothy B. Taylor, Judge. Reversed and remanded with instructions.
Spierer, Woodward, Corbalis & Goldberg and Stephen B. Goldberg for
Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Bradley L. Jacobs for Defendants and Respondents.

I
INTRODUCTION
Luis Munoz and LR Munoz Real Estate Holdings, LLC (LRM Holdings)
(together, Munoz) bought a hotel from a company owned and managed by
Rajesh Patel (Rajesh) and his son, Shivam Patel (Shivam). Before escrow
closed, the parties negotiated a leaseback arrangement requiring Munoz to
lease the hotel back to the Patels’ company after the sale. Escrow closed and
the parties thereafter executed the previously-negotiated lease—or so Munoz
thought. According to Munoz, the Patels secretly swapped out the agreed-
upon lease for a different one—a lease substantially more beneficial to the
Patels and worse for Munoz—and then tricked him into signing it.
Munoz filed the present action against the Patels, an alleged alter ego
entity of the Patels called Inn Lending, LLC (Inn Lending), and other
defendants involved in the sale, asserting causes of action for breach of
contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing (hereafter, bad
faith), promissory fraud (hereafter, fraud), and elder financial abuse, among
other causes of action. Rajesh and Inn Lending demurred to the operative
second amended complaint, the trial court sustained the demurrer without
leave to amend, and Munoz appealed the ensuing judgment. In a prior
opinion, this court reversed the judgment and determined, among other
things, that Munoz alleged a viable fraud cause of action based on a theory of
fraud in the execution.
Rajesh and Inn Lending petitioned the Supreme Court for review,
arguing that rehearing was required under Government Code section 68081
because this court’s decision was based upon an unbriefed issue—fraud in the
execution. The Supreme Court granted review and transferred the matter
back to our court with directions that we vacate our decision and rehear the
case after allowing the parties to file supplemental briefs addressing whether
the complaint stated a cause of action for fraud in the execution. We followed
the Supreme Court’s instructions and the parties have filed supplemental
briefs addressing whether the complaint adequately alleges fraud in the
execution.

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 With the benefit of these supplemental briefs, we now conclude the
operative complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a viable cause of action for
fraud in the execution against Rajesh, but not against Inn Lending.
Additionally, we conclude the complaint pleads facts sufficient to state an
elder financial abuse cause of action against both Rajesh and Inn Lending.
Finally, we conclude Munoz has failed to establish that the trial court erred
in dismissing his breach of contract and bad faith causes of action.
In light of these determinations, we reverse the judgment and remand
the matter with instructions that the trial court vacate its order sustaining
the demurrer to the entire complaint and enter a new order: (1) sustaining
without leave to amend the demurrer to the first cause of action for breach of
contract and the eighth cause of action for bad faith; (2) overruling the
demurrer to the third cause of action for financial elder abuse; (3) sustaining
without leave to amend the demurrer to the seventh cause of action for fraud
against Inn Lending; and (4) overruling the demurrer to the seventh cause of
action for fraud against Rajesh.
II
BACKGROUND
A
Factual Background

Because this is an appeal from a judgment entered after the sustaining
of a demurrer, we accept as true the following allegations from the operative
complaint. (Dudek v. Dudek (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 154, 160, fn. 4.)
1
The Sale and Lease

The Patels own and manage PL Hotel Group, LLC (PL), which owned a
hotel and restaurant in Ridgecrest, California (the Hotel) prior to the events

3
giving rise to this lawsuit. The Hotel was closed for years and needed
renovations. The Patels began renovating the property, but were unable to
obtain conventional financing to complete the project.
The Patels decided to sell the Hotel and enter a leaseback arrangement
with the buyer, which would allow PL to remain in possession of the property
after the sale. An offering memorandum circulated to prospective buyers
stated the sale would be subject to a “New 20 Year Absolute NNN Lease”
starting at the close of escrow. A NNN lease, also known as a triple-net
lease, is one in which the lessee pays a property’s operation and maintenance
costs including taxes, utilities, and insurance. (Tin Tin Corp. v. Pacific Rim
Park, LLC (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1220, 1226, fn. 3; 2A Miller & Starr, Cal.
Real Est. Forms (2d ed. 2020) Ch. 2 Summary.) The Patels used the promise
of a triple-net lease to lure in prospective buyers and inflate the Hotel’s sale
price, but they never intended to execute a triple-net lease.
Luis Munoz is an 80-year old real estate investor and the owner of
LRM Holdings. In June 2018, the Patels’ agent, Steven Davis, sent the

Hotel’s offering memorandum to Munoz’s agent, Ryan Cassidy.1 In early
July, the parties agreed on a $2.875 million purchase price for the Hotel
(which they later reduced to $2.835 million).
Cassidy drafted the purchase agreement for the sale, which required
PL to provide Munoz a “fully executed lease” with “an annual rent payment
of $230,000 NNN paid monthly.” It required PL to provide the executed lease
within five days of the effective date of the purchase agreement. On or about
July 12, Munoz (on his own behalf) and Shivam (acting on behalf of PL)
executed the purchase agreement and the property went into escrow.

1 All dates are in 2018 unless otherwise specified.
4
 On July 17, Davis sent a proposed but unexecuted triple-net lease to
Cassidy. In an accompanying email, Davis reserved PL’s right to “make
further edits in case there was an error or oversight” with the lease. This
lease, which the parties refer to as the “July 17 lease,” was circulated
“multiple times without change” during the 60-day escrow. It was the only
lease circulated before the close of escrow. At no time before the close of
escrow did the Patels or anyone else associated with PL contend there was an
“error or oversight” with the lease.
The July 17 lease was for a 20-year term, with options to renew. Rent
began at $19,167 per month and periodically increased over the 20-year term.
The tenant (PL) was solely responsible for maintenance and repairs,
insurance, utilities, and taxes.
On August 29, Davis sent an email to Cassidy attaching the July 17
lease and stating it was the version that would “be signed at closing.” By the
scheduled close of escrow, the parties still had not executed the July 17 lease;
all the same, escrow closed on September 11.
On September 13, two days after escrow closed, Shivam sent an email
to Cassidy stating, “Attached is the lease for Ridgecrest,” and requesting
Munoz’s countersignature—thus making it appear as though he had signed
the July 17 lease. But the lease Shivam circulated, which the parties refer to
as the “September 13 lease,” differed from the July 17 lease in several ways.
For example:
• Maintenance and Repair: Under the July 17 lease, the landlord
(Munoz) had no obligation to maintain or repair the premises. But the
September 13 lease provides that the landlord “shall have the duty to
repair” everything beyond normal wear and tear.

• Renovations: Under the July 17 lease, the tenant (PL) was obligated to
complete the half-finished renovations on the property. Under the
September 13 lease, the landlord bore that responsibility.

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 • Taxes: The July 17 lease required the tenant to pay taxes relating to
the premises. The September 13 lease limits that obligation to taxes
“attributable solely to any business property or personal property of the
Tenant” on the premises.

• Assignment and Subletting: The July 17 lease allowed the tenant to
sublease the premises to a nonaffiliated entity only with the landlord’s
consent. The September 13 lease allows a sublease “at any time”
without the landlord’s consent.

• Tenant’s Continuing Liability: Under the July 17 lease, an assignment
or sublease did not release the tenant’s liability, including for rent. But
under the September 13 lease, a permitted assignment or sublease
“eliminate[s]” the tenant’s liability.

• Landlord’s Remedy: The September 13 lease adds a new provision that
makes retaking possession the landlord’s sole remedy on tenant’s
default.

Munoz countersigned the September 13 lease after only a cursory review,
believing it was the July 17 lease the parties had circulated numerous times
and approved before the close of escrow.
2
The Loan

Meanwhile, the Patels put into action a separate but related plan to
obtain security interests in the Hotel, as well as Munoz’s other properties. In
short, they hoped to force Munoz into default on a loan he took out to buy the
Hotel, which would then enable them—as security interest holders—to
foreclose on his properties. To achieve this end, the Patels secretly positioned
themselves as Munoz’s secured lenders for the Hotel purchase.
Specifically, Davis (the Patels’ agent) contacted Cassidy (Munoz’s
agent) and recommended that he hire David Hamilton of Pacific Southwest
Realty Services (collectively, Hamilton) as a loan broker for the purchase of

6
the Hotel. Based on this recommendation, Munoz retained Hamilton to help
him find a lender.
On July 25, Hamilton told Munoz that a private lender, Inn Lending,
would finance the Hotel purchase at six percent annual interest, secured by a
deed of trust on the Hotel only. Munoz would need to execute a personal
guarantee, but he would not have to pledge collateral in connection with the
guarantee. These proposed terms were presented to Munoz in a letter of
intent, which he signed on August 6. That same day, Munoz paid Hamilton a
$7,500 administrative fee to have the loan documents prepared.
As it turns out, Inn Lending did not exist when Munoz signed the letter
of intent. It came into existence several weeks later, on August 23. Even
worse, Inn Lending—once it finally came into existence—was the Patels’ alter
ego entity, which they managed and controlled.
On August 24, Hamilton sent the loan documents to Munoz. Like the
leaseback arrangement, the loan was another bait-and-switch. The
approximately 300 pages of loan documents varied from the letter of intent in
several ways: (1) the interest rate was 7.3 percent, not 6 percent; (2) the
payoff amount was $300,000 higher than it should have been; and (3) the
loan was secured not only by the Hotel, but also by Munoz’s personal
property and his other real estate holdings worth “several millions of dollars.”
On September 5, Munoz—unaware of these differences—signed the loan
documents, and Inn Lending became Munoz’s secured lender.
B
Procedural Background

On October 1, Munoz—the Hotel’s new owner and landlord—sent
Shivam a request for payment of the first month’s rent. Shivam refused to
make any payment and responded by stating that, under the September 13

7
lease, Munoz had a duty to reimburse PL for costs related to the Hotel
renovation. A few days later, an attorney representing PL made a demand
upon Munoz to reimburse PL for Hotel renovation costs.
In November, Munoz filed a complaint in the superior court against the
Patels, PL, Inn Lending, and other defendants involved with the sale and
loan. Demurrers to the original complaint and the first amended complaint
were sustained with leave to amend and Munoz filed the operative second
amended complaint in December 2019. The operative complaint alleged the
following causes of action against Rajesh and Inn Lending: breach of contract
(first cause of action; against Inn Lending only); elder financial abuse (third
cause of action; against both defendants); fraud (seventh cause of action;
against both defendants); and bad faith (eighth cause of action; against Inn

Lending only).2 For the fraud cause of action, Munoz sought: (1) monetary
damages; (2) a judicial declaration of the parties’ contractual rights; and
(3) either rescission of the purchase agreement, the September 13 lease, and
the loan documents, or reformation of the September 13 lease and the loan
documents.
Rajesh and Inn Lending jointly demurred to the operative complaint.
They asserted any allegations pertaining to the sale of the Hotel and the
lease did not apply to them because they “were in no way involved in the
underlying [sale] transaction and/or in negotiating the terms of the sale/lease
….” They claimed “the only involvement [they] had was with the loan
transaction.” And, as far as the loan transaction was concerned, they argued
Munoz failed to plead causes of action against them because the letter of
intent was not a binding contract and they never “spoke to Munoz, let alone

2 The operative complaint initially asserted a bad faith cause of action
against Rajesh. However, Munoz voluntarily dismissed the claim.
8
made any misrepresentations to him and/or LRM [Holdings]” about the loan
transaction.
Munoz opposed the demurrer. He argued Rajesh was liable for certain
misrepresentations that were made to him because his agent (Davis)
circulated the misleading offering memorandum at his instruction and both
Patels—including Rajesh—secretly swapped the September 13 lease for the
July 17 lease. Munoz argued his failure to review the lease and loan
documents before signing them did not preclude recovery because equitable
relief, such as rescission or reformation, is available when one party’s fraud
or trickery induces the other party to execute an instrument without
reviewing it.
After a hearing, the court sustained the demurrer without leave to
amend and entered a judgment in favor of Rajesh and Inn Lending. Munoz

appeals the judgment.3
III
DISCUSSION
A
Legal Standards

“In reviewing an order sustaining a demurrer, we examine the
operative complaint de novo to determine whether it alleges facts sufficient to
state a cause of action under any legal theory.” (T.H. v. Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corp. (2017) 4 Cal.5th 145, 162.) “ ‘We treat the demurrer
as admitting all material facts properly pleaded[.]’ ” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985)
39 Cal.3d 311, 318 (Blank).) We “accept as true not only those facts alleged
in the complaint but also facts that may be implied or inferred from those

3 The trial court also sustained, in part, a demurrer filed by Shivam and
PL. They are not parties to the present appeal.
9
expressly alleged.” (Marshall v. Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher (1995) 37
Cal.App.4th 1397, 1403.) “We do not, however, assume the truth of
contentions, deductions, or conclusions of fact or law.” (Moore v. Regents of
University of California (1990) 51 Cal.3d 120, 125; accord Blank, at p. 318.)
“In considering a trial court’s order sustaining a demurrer without
leave to amend, ‘ “we review the trial court’s result for error, and not its legal
reasoning.” ’ ” (Morales v. 22nd Dist. Agricultural Assn. (2018) 25
Cal.App.5th 85, 93.) We “ ‘affirm the judgment if it is correct on any theory.’ ”
(Ibid.) “And when [a demurrer] is sustained without leave to amend, we
decide whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured
by amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we
reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we affirm.” (Blank,
supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 318.) “The burden of proving such reasonable
possibility is squarely on the plaintiff.” (Ibid.)
B
The Court Properly Dismissed the Breach of Contract and Bad Faith Claims

The trial court sustained the demurrer to Munoz’s first cause of action
for breach of contract, reasoning he failed to plead facts showing the
existence of a binding contract between himself and the demurring parties.
On appeal, Munoz contends the letter of intent—which the parties executed
in anticipation of the loan transaction—was “binding as to certain loan
terms” because the loan terms were “negotiated and agreed to.” We disagree.
“ ‘Preliminary negotiations or an agreement for future negotiations are
not the functional equivalent of a valid, subsisting agreement. “A
manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the
person to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person
making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further

10
manifestation of assent.” ’ ” (Careau & Co. v. Security Pacific Business
Credit, Inc. (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 1371, 1389, quoting Kruse v. Bank of
America (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 38, 59; see also Beck v. American Health
Group Internat., Inc. (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1555, 1562–1563 [letter stating it
was an “outline of [the parties’] future agreement” and contemplating the
drafting of a future contract was a nonbinding agreement to agree],
superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized in Epic Medical
Management, LLC v. Paquette (2015) 244 Cal.App.4th 504, 516, fn. 6.)
On its face, the letter of intent does not evince the parties’ mutual
assent to the proposed loan terms expressed therein. It begins with a proviso
stating it is merely a “financing proposal,” and the “proposal is for discussion
purposes only.” Elsewhere, it states it does “not serve as a binding
agreement on the part of [the] lender or [the] applicant.” Further, the letter
of intent is notable for what it does not do. Nowhere does it require the
lender to issue a loan upon the parties’ execution of the letter of intent or
upon the satisfaction of any other condition precedent. Instead, it simply
requires the lender to “begin its due diligence” after the parties have executed
the letter of intent and Munoz has paid an administrative fee. Because the
letter of intent unambiguously states it is a nonbinding proposal for
discussion purposes only, it cannot reasonably be read as an enforceable
contract binding the parties to issuance of a loan with specific loan terms.
(See SCC Acquisitions v. Central Pacific Bank (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 859,
865 [term sheet “could not have been clearer” that “it was not a commitment,
representation, or promise to renew [a] loan on the terms set forth therein”
because it stated it was “ ‘for discussion purposes only … and should not be
construed as a commitment to lend.’ ”], italics omitted.)

11
 On appeal, Munoz does not argue that Inn Lending or Rajesh entered

into, or breached, any alleged contract other than the letter of intent.4
Further, he makes no other cogent argument in support of his claim that the
trial court erroneously sustained the demurrer to his breach of contract cause
of action. Thus, he has not satisfied his burden of establishing that the court
erred by sustaining the demurrer to his breach of contract cause of action.
Munoz’s challenge to the dismissal of his bad faith cause of action fares
no better. The trial court found Munoz did not plead facts stating a bad faith
cause of action because such a claim requires “the existence of a binding
contract,” and, as just noted, the letter of intent is not a binding contract.
Munoz spends just four sentences of his appellate briefing addressing
this ruling. He argues—without citation to the operative complaint—that the
Patels “altered the July 17 Lease and Loan,” which “had the effect of
preventing [him] from having the ability to perform on the agreements and
put [him] in instant breach of the Loan – thereby depriving [him] of the
benefit of [his] bargain.” Further, he states—again without citation—that
“the Patels’ bad acts are attributable to [Inn Lending]” because the operative
complaint “alleges that the Patels are [Inn Lending].”
“ ‘In order to demonstrate error, an appellant must supply the
reviewing court with some cogent argument supported by legal analysis and
citation to the record.’ ” (United Grand Corp. v. Malibu Hillbillies, LLC
(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 142, 153.) Munoz has not met this burden. He has not
supported his argument with citations to the operative complaint or any
other component of the appellate record. He has failed to cite any legal

4 The operative complaint refers to numerous other agreements, such as
the purchase agreement, the leases, and the loan documents. But, on appeal,
Munoz does not argue that he pleaded breaches of any of these agreements.
12
authorities supporting his argument that Inn Lending acted in bad faith,

with the exception of one inapposite judicial decision.5 Further, he has not
explained how he believes the Patels’ alleged bait-and-switch put him in
“instant breach” of the loan or otherwise prevented him from fulfilling his
contractual allegations. For all these reasons, Munoz’s claim of error is
waived. (United Grand, at p. 153; In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2008)
164 Cal.App.4th 814, 829 [“The absence of cogent legal argument or citation
to authority allows this court to treat the contentions as waived.”].)
Because Munoz has not established that the trial court erroneously
sustained the demurrer to his breach of contract or bad faith causes of action,

we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of these causes of action.6
C
The Court Properly Dismissed the Fraud Claim Against Inn Lending, but
Erroneously Dismissed the Fraud Claim Against Rajesh

The trial court sustained the demurrer to Munoz’s seventh cause of
action for fraud on the following grounds: (1) with respect to Rajesh, Munoz
fails to plead facts sufficient to establish the element of justifiable reliance;

5 Munoz cites Digerati Holdings, LLC v. Young Money Entertainment,
LLC (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 873 in support of his contention that damages
may be recovered “for [a] breach of the covenant of [good faith and] fair
dealing absent [a] breach of the contract.” The Digerati decision—which was
an appeal from a special motion to strike order—does not stand for this
proposition. In any event, the proposition is irrelevant to whether Munoz
pleads facts sufficient to state a bad faith cause of action.

6 By the time Rajesh and Inn Lending filed their demurrer, Munoz
asserted breach of contract and bad faith causes of action against Inn
Lending only. However, to the extent there is uncertainty on this issue, our
affirmance of the trial court’s dismissal of these causes of action would apply
equally to both Rajesh and Inn Lending.
13
and (2) with respect to Inn Lending, Munoz fails to plead facts showing that
Inn Lending, or anyone acting on its behalf, made false promises (i.e.,
misrepresentations) to Munoz. As we will explain, we disagree with the
former finding and agree with the latter finding.
1
The Operative Complaint States a Fraud Claim Against Rajesh

The operative complaint and Munoz’s appellate briefs are, at times,
vague concerning which misrepresentations form the basis of the seventh
cause of action. As best we can discern, Munoz alleges there were three
categories of fraudulent misrepresentations: (1) the defendants’ false
promises that PL would enter into a triple-net lease; (2) the defendants’
misleading statements implying the September 13 lease was the July 17
lease, and their related concealment of the fact the Patels had swapped the
leases; and (3) the defendants’ false statements on the letter of intent for the
loan. We need only focus on the second category because it gives rise to a

valid cause of action for fraud in the execution against Rajesh.7
Fraud in the execution, sometimes known as fraud in the inception or
fraud in the factum, occurs when “the promisor is deceived as to the nature of

7 Munoz captioned his seventh cause of action, “Promissory Fraud,” a
subspecies of the tort of deceit whereby a promisor makes a promise without
the intention of satisfying it. (Rossberg v. Bank of America, N.A. (2013) 219
Cal.App.4th 1481, 1498.) The alleged misrepresentations in the second
category are not promises made without the intent to perform; thus, they do
not give rise to a promissory fraud cause of action. Nonetheless, we will still
consider whether the allegations state a cause of action for another type of
fraud—fraud in the execution—because our role is to assess the sufficiency of
the pleading based on “the facts alleged, not the name given by the pleader to
the cause of action.” (Ananda Church of Self-Realization v. Massachusetts
Bay Ins. Co. (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1273, 1281; accord Williams v. Beechnut
Nutrition Corp. (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 135, 139, fn. 2.)
14
his act, and actually does not know what he is signing, or does not intend to
enter into a contract at all[.]” (Rosenthal v. Great Western Fin. Securities
Corp. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 394, 415 (Rosenthal).) Where there is fraud in the
execution, “mutual assent is lacking, and [the contract] is void.” (Ibid.; see
also Rest.2d Contracts, § 163 [“If, because of a misrepresentation as to the
character or essential terms of a proposed contract, a party does not know or
have reasonable opportunity to know of its character or essential terms, then
he neither knows nor has reason to know that the other party may infer from
his conduct that he assents to that contract. In such a case there is no
effective manifestation of assent and no contract at all.”].)
Fraud in the execution most often arises where some limitation—such
as blindness, illness, or illiteracy—prevents a party from reading or
understanding a contract he or she is about to sign. (See, e.g., Rosenthal,
supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 427–428 [defendants failed to disclose parts of
contract when reading it aloud to plaintiff, who was elderly and could not
read English]; Ramos v. Westlake Services LLC (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 674,
686–690 (Ramos) [defendants presented Spanish-speaking plaintiff with
agreement in Spanish and then had him execute English version of
agreement with different terms]; Jones v. Adams Financial Services (1999) 71
Cal.App.4th 831, 835–850 (Jones) [defendants tricked elderly, legally-blind
woman into taking out a reverse mortgage by telling her she was merely
signing paperwork to find out payoff schedule for her existing mortgage];
Erickson v. Bohne (1955) 130 Cal.App.2d 553, 554–557 (Erickson) [plaintiff’s
daughter took advantage of her physical and mental illness by tricking her
into signing deed]; see also Black’s Law Dict. (11th ed. 2019) Fraud in the
Factum [“fraud in the factum occurs only rarely, as when a blind person signs
a mortgage when misleadingly told that the paper is just a letter”].)

15
 Fraud in the execution can also arise in cases like the present one,
where the parties reach consensus on the material terms of an agreement,
but one side surreptitiously swaps or modifies the agreement memorializing
the terms without the other side’s knowledge. (See Hotels Nevada v. L.A.
Pacific Center, Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 754, 764 (Hotels Nevada) [parties
to real estate deal agreed buyer would give seller interest-free loan payable in
one year, but buyer secretly changed loan term to five years]; Hetchkop v.
Woodlawn at Grassmere, Inc. (2d Cir. 1997) 116 F.3d 28, 33 [employee
representative secretly substituted one labor agreement for another
agreement while employer’s agent had his back turned]; see also Rest.2d
Contracts, § 163, ills. 2 [“A and B reach an understanding that they will
execute a written contract containing terms on which they have agreed. It is
properly prepared and is read by B, but A substitutes a writing containing
essential terms that are different from those agreed upon and thereby
induces B to sign it in the belief that it is the one he has read. B’s apparent
manifestation of assent is not effective” due to fraud in the execution].).
As a procedural matter, parties usually invoke fraud in the execution
as a defense to the enforcement of an ostensible contract—for example, to
oppose the enforcement of an arbitration agreement. (See Rosenthal, supra,
14 Cal.4th at pp. 414–417; Ramos, supra, 242 Cal.App.4th at pp. 685–690;
Hotels Nevada, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at p. 764.) Or, in some cases, they
invoke the doctrine while seeking rescission of a contract or a judicial
declaration that the contract is void for lack of mutual assent. (Jones, supra,
71 Cal.App.4th at p. 833; Erickson, supra, 130 Cal.App.2d at pp. 554–557.)
This case does not fall neatly into either of these categories. True,
Munoz seeks recission or reformation of the September 13 lease. However, he
prays for these remedies in connection with a fraud cause of action that

16
seeks, as an alternative remedy, monetary damages. Despite the somewhat
unusual procedural posture presented here, we see no reason why Munoz’s
seventh cause of action cannot be based on a fraud in the execution theory—
at least so long as he alleges and ultimately proves the essential elements of
a traditional cause of action for fraud. (See Brockway v. Heilman (1967) 250
Cal.App.2d 807, 811 [“Without question, the allegations of fraud in the
inception and fraudulent failure to perform state a cause of action for
fraud.”]; accord Anderson v. Ashby (Ala. 2003) 873 So.2d 168, 183 [“ ‘Fraud in
the factum is a traditional fraud’ ”].) Those essential elements are, of course,
“ ‘ “(1) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or
nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity (scienter); (3) intent to defraud (i.e., to
induce reliance); (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damage.” ’ ”
(Belasco v. Wells (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 409, 424.)
Reading the allegations of the operative complaint in the light most
favorable to Munoz (see Venice Town Council, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles
(1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1547, 1557), we conclude he has alleged facts sufficient
to state a fraud in the execution cause of action against Rajesh. The seventh
cause of action begins by incorporating the prior 184 paragraphs. This
encompasses paragraphs 1, 9, 14 (including footnote 4), 15, 53, 88, and 121,
which allege that both of the Patels, either acting directly or through their
agents: (1) misleadingly implied that the July 17 lease was the final lease;
(2) secretly substituted the September 13 lease for the July 17 lease; and
(3) committed fraud in the execution.
In particular, those paragraphs allege as follows:
• Paragraph 1: “This Complaint deals with a complex plan perpetrated
by a father and son team, Shivam Patel, (‘SHIVAM’) and Rajesh T.
Patel (‘RAJESH’) through their alter-ego corporate entities, to induce
[Munoz] to enter into a real estate sale/leaseback. ... The plan was
designed to induce [Munoz] to enter into a purchase/leaseback

17
 transaction due [sic] a unilateral mistake of fact about which PL,
SHIVAM and RAJESH knew and/or caused ….”

• Paragraph 9: “SELLING DEFENDANTS[8] drafted and circulated an
‘absolute NNN lease’ which was confirmed as the final lease at least
four times … by SELLING DEFENDANTS and their agents …. [T]he
parties had confirmed it as the final lease at least four times.” (Bolding
omitted.)

• Paragraph 14: “The parties had negotiated a leaseback in which the
defendant sellers were responsible for all renovation costs and
operational expenses for the Hotel, but, Defendants SHIVAM and
RAJESH switched those terms out, and ... through trickery and
substitution of an altered version of the lease (‘the September 13
Lease’) after the close of escrow ... [Munoz] mistakenly signed a lease
that allegedly made [Munoz] responsible for the renovation costs and
operating expenses .... The fraudulent substitution of the altered lease
is … fraud in the execution which renders the signed September 17
Lease void.” (Italics omitted.)

• Paragraph 15: “SELLING DEFENDANTS … never intended to enter
into the leaseback that was negotiated, but instead always intended to
change the terms by deceit.”

• Paragraph 53: “SHIVAM and RAJESH … planned to surreptitiously
switch the terms of the lease just prior to execution of the lease without
notice, so that the buyer/lessor would unknowingly accept adverse
terms that were not bargained-for or agreed-to.”

• Paragraph 80: “[O]n July 17, 2018, a proposed but unexecuted form of
the lease was sent from DAVIS to CASSIDY [Munoz’s agent]…. [T]he
July 17 Lease agreement was circulated multiple times without change
by [Davis] … on behalf of Selling Parties.”

• Paragraph 88: “Shivam fraudulently and deceitfully changed the
agreed July 13 Lease such that it was no longer the same agreement
and intentionally deceived [Munoz] into executing the document
thereby committing fraud in the execution ....”

8 The operative complaint defines “Selling Defendants” as Shivam,
Rajesh, PL, and Inn Lending.
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 • Paragraph 121: “Selling Parties always intended to surreptitiously
alter the lease knowing that the real estate agents would cooperate
and/or would not be diligent enough to catch the fraud.”

If we accept these factual allegations as true, as we must when
assessing the sufficiency of a pleading at the demurrer stage, they establish
that Rajesh (one of the Selling Defendants) drafted the July 17 lease; Rajesh
(acting through his agent, Davis) circulated the July 17 lease; Rajesh (again,
acting through his agent, Davis) confirmed that the July 17 lease would be
the lease signed at close; and Rajesh (together with Shivam) swapped the
September 13 lease for the July 17 lease without disclosing the swapped
leases to Munoz. Further, the allegations, accepted as true for purposes of
the demurrer proceedings, establish that he engaged in this conduct with the
intent to induce Munoz to unknowingly execute the September 13 lease. This
is precisely the type of conduct that can constitute fraud in the execution.
The question remains whether Munoz has alleged reasonable reliance
based on his execution of the September 13 lease. We believe he has.
“Generally, it is not reasonable to fail to read a contract; this is true even if
the plaintiff relied on the defendant’s assertion that it was not necessary to
read the contract. [Citation.] Reasonable diligence requires a party to read a
contract before signing it.” (Brown v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2008) 168
Cal.App.4th 938, 959; see also Rosenthal, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 423–424.)
However, a party’s failure to read a contract does not necessarily
negate reasonable reliance where, as here, an allegedly defrauded party
seeks equitable remedies such as reformation of the subject contract. (See
Security-First National Bank v. Earp (1942) 19 Cal.2d 774, 777 [“It is
established in California and a majority of other jurisdictions that the person
who has been induced to enter into a contract by fraudulent
misrepresentations as to its contents may rescind or reform the contract.

19
[Citations.] His negligence in failing to read the contract does not bar his
right to relief [citations] if he was justified in relying upon the
representations.”]; California Trust Co. v. Cohn (1932) 214 Cal. 619, 627
[“where the failure to familiarize one’s self with the contents of a written
contract prior to its execution is traceable solely to carelessness or negligence,
reformation as a rule should be denied; but that where such failure, and
perhaps negligence, is induced … by the false representations and fraud of
the other party to the contract that its provisions are different from those set
out, the courts, even in the absence of a fiduciary or confidential relationship
between the parties, should reform, and in most cases have reformed, the
instrument so as to cause it to speak the true agreement of the parties”].)
Munoz alleges facts sufficient to establish reasonable reliance, despite
his failure to read the September 13 lease. In particular, he alleges: (1) he is
80 years old, Spanish is his primary language, and he is “not proficient” in
reading English, the language in which the lease is written; (2) he has never
purchased a hotel before, let alone as part of a sale/leaseback arrangement;
(3) the July 17 lease was circulated and confirmed as “the final lease at least
four times,” with the last confirmation coming “just days before the close of
escrow”; (4) Munoz “reviewed and approved the July 17 Lease”; (5) the email
attaching the July 17 lease only reserved PL’s right to “make further edits in
case there was an error or oversight,” and no one associated with PL ever
claimed there was an error or oversight; (6) in his email attaching the
September 13 lease, Shivam did not disclose that he and Rajesh had swapped
the leases; and (7) the differences between the leases were “not so numerous
to be obvious” to the naked eye. These allegations plead adequate facts to
satisfy the element of reasonable reliance.

20
 In their supplemental brief, Rajesh and Inn Lending argue we should
affirm the demurrer ruling because fraud in the execution can only be alleged
against a party to the contract that the promisor was misled or tricked into
executing. Applying this supposed requirement, they claim Munoz has not
alleged fraud in the execution against them because they were not parties to
the September 13 lease—only PL was.
However, Rajesh and Inn Lending cite no relevant authorities to
support their argument that fraud in the execution can only be asserted
against other contracting parties. In fact, the authorities suggest otherwise.
(See Erickson, supra, 130 Cal.App.2d at pp. 554–557 [plaintiff stated cause of
action against third-party purchaser of plaintiff’s property based on fraud in
the execution, even though purchaser was not a party to the contract plaintiff
was tricked into executing].) Further, we see no persuasive reason for
engrafting such a limitation onto a fraud in the execution claim. “ ‘In
pursuing a valid fraud action, a plaintiff advances the public interest in
punishing intentional misrepresentations and in deterring such
misrepresentations in the future.’ ” (Robinson Helicopter Co., Inc. v. Dana
Corp. (2004) 34 Cal.4th 979, 992.) These policies are just as significant, and
equally applicable, when it is a nonparty to a contract that has deceived an
unwitting victim into executing an agreement whilst unaware of the very
nature of his or her act.
Rajesh and Inn Lending also argue we should affirm the demurrer
ruling because Munoz failed to discuss fraud in the execution in his opening
appellate briefs. We can quickly dispose of this argument. At the Supreme
Court’s instruction, we ordered the parties to “file supplemental briefs on
whether the operative complaint states a cause of action for fraud in the
execution.” Our supplemental briefing order permits us to rule on the

21
sufficiency of Munoz’s fraud in the execution allegations, irrespective of
whether he briefed the issue initially. (Paterno v. State of California (1999)
74 Cal.App.4th 68, 84–85 [“To the extent [plaintiff] suggests the issue was
waived on appeal because it was not tendered in the initial opening briefs,
such procedural point is bootless in light of our order directing supplemental
briefing to address the new factors.”]; San Joaquin Raptor/Wildlife Rescue
Center v. County of Stanislaus (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 713, 741, fn. 12 [“This
issue was not raised by appellants. However, ‘[a]n appellate court has the
power to raise issues on its own motion.’ ”].)
For the reasons stated above, we conclude Munoz alleges facts
sufficient to state a fraud in the execution cause of action based on Rajesh’s
substitution of the leases and his related concealment of the swapped leases.
Because he alleges a valid fraud cause of action, the trial court erred in

sustaining the demurrer to the seventh cause of action against Rajesh.9
2
The Operative Complaint Does Not State a Fraud Claim Against Inn Lending

Although Munoz has established that the trial court erred in sustaining
the demurrer to his seventh cause of action against Rajesh, we cannot say the
same with regard to his seventh cause of action against Inn Lending.
As noted, Munoz alleges fraud based on at least three categories of
misrepresentations. However, Inn Lending did not exist as an entity when
any of the alleged misrepresentations were made. Inn Lending was not

9 “ ‘Ordinarily, a general demurrer does not lie as to a portion of a cause
of action and if any part of a cause of action, is properly pleaded, the
demurrer will be overruled.’ ” (Elder v. Pacific Bell Telephone Co. (2012) 205
Cal.App.4th 841, 856, fn. 14.) Thus, we do not consider whether the
demurrer should have been overruled based on any of the other categories of
misrepresentations alleged in the operative complaint.
22
organized until August 23—after the Hotel offering memorandum was
circulated, after Munoz was told the July 17 Lease was the final lease, after
the leases were swapped, and after Munoz received the letter of intent for the
loan. Because Inn Lending did not exist until after the alleged
misrepresentations were made, we discern no error in the trial court’s ruling
that Munoz failed to plead a fraud cause of action against Inn Lending. (See
1A Fletcher Cyc. Corp. (Sept. 2021) Torts by and against promoters, § 218
(Fletcher) [“A corporation is not liable for torts that its promoters committed
before it came into existence.”]; see also, e.g., Alkanani v. Aegis Defense
Services, LLC (D.D.C. Sept. 16, 2013) 976 F.Supp.2d 1, 8 [an “LLC cannot be
held liable for injuries that occurred prior to its corporate existence”].)
There are some limited circumstances in which a company can be held
liable for torts committed by its agents before the company comes into
existence. (Fletcher, supra, § 218.) However, Munoz presents no argument
that this is such a case. Nor does he identify any alleged misrepresentations
that Inn Lending or its agents made after Inn Lending came into existence on
August 23. In fact, Munoz does not present any cogent argument, supported
by citations to the appellate record and relevant legal authorities, concerning
the sufficiency of his allegations against Inn Lending. Therefore, Munoz has
failed to carry his burden of establishing that the trial court erred when it
dismissed the fraud cause of action against Inn Lending.
D
The Court Erroneously Dismissed the Financial Elder Abuse Claim

Munoz’s third cause of action alleges the demurring parties violated the
Elder Abuse and Dependent Adult Civil Protection Act (Welf. & Inst. Code,
§ 15600, et seq.; hereafter, the Act). In particular, it alleges they committed
financial elder abuse in violation of Welfare and Institutions Code

23
section 15610.30. Further, it alleges Munoz is entitled to remedies under
Welfare and Institutions Code section 15657.6, which governs the return of
property taken from elders who lack capacity or are of unsound mind.
The trial court sustained the demurrer to the financial elder abuse
cause of action on the basis that the operative complaint did not allege “that
Inn Lending or Rajesh Patel took, or assisted in taking, plaintiff Munoz’s
property for a ‘wrongful use.’ ” Further, it found the complaint did not allege
that Munoz “ ‘lacks capacity’ or is of an ‘unsound mind’ pursuant to [Welfare
and Institutions Code] section 15657.6.”
We agree with the trial court that the operative complaint does not
allege that Luis Munoz lacked capacity or was of unsound mind during the
period described in the complaint. Indeed, Munoz does not contend
otherwise. In the absence of such factual allegations, the complaint does not
establish that the demurring parties had a duty to return property to Munoz
under Welfare and Institutions Code section 15657.6.
However, that determination does not end our inquiry into whether
Munoz alleges a violation of the Act. As noted, the third cause of action does
not merely seek a return of property under Welfare and Institutions Code
section 15657.6. It also alleges the demurring parties committed financial
elder abuse under Welfare and Institutions Code section 15610.30. A
financial elder abuse claim lies when a person or entity “[t]akes, secretes,
appropriates, obtains, or retains real or personal property of an elder or

24
dependent adult for a wrongful use or with intent to defraud, or both,” or

assists in such conduct.10 (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.30, subd. (a)(1), (2).)
Under these standards, the operative complaint pleads facts sufficient
to state a financial elder abuse cause of action. It alleges Munoz is 80 years
old and a resident of Los Angeles. Thus, it alleges he is an “elder” for
purposes of the Act. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.27 [“ ‘Elder’ means any
person residing in this state, 65 years of age or older.”].) The complaint also
alleges the demurring parties received Munoz’s property. Paragraph 153—
which is located under the heading for the financial elder abuse cause of
action—incorporates the previous 152 paragraphs. This includes paragraphs
46, 47, and 148, which allege the proceeds from the Hotel sale were
transferred “to RAJESH and/or INN immediately after the close of the
escrow.”
Paragraph 153 also incorporates paragraphs alleging that the
demurring parties received Munoz’s property for a wrongful use and/or with
fraudulent intent. It incorporates paragraphs 11 and 123, which allege
Rajesh and Inn Lending were aware of, and complicit in, the plan to inflate
the Hotel’s purchase price through false promises of a triple-net lease.
Further, it incorporates all the previously-discussed allegations of fraud in
the execution, the lease swap, the alter ego relationship between the Patels
and Inn Lending, and the concealment of this relationship. Collectively,
these factual allegations, which we accept as true, are sufficient to establish

10 Wrongful intent exists when a person or entity “takes, secretes,
appropriates, obtains, or retains the [elder or dependent adult’s] property and
the person or entity knew or should have known that this conduct is likely to
be harmful to the elder or dependent adult.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.30,
subd. (b).)
25
that the demurring parties obtained the property of an elder for a wrongful
use and/or with the intent to defraud.
Because the operative complaint alleges that the demurring parties
obtained the property of an elder for a wrongful purpose, or with fraudulent
intent, it alleges facts sufficient to state a financial elder abuse cause of

action. In concluding otherwise, the trial court erred.11
IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment of dismissal is reversed. The matter is remanded with
instructions that the trial court vacate its order sustaining the demurrer to
the entire complaint and enter a new order: (1) sustaining without leave to
amend the demurrer to the first cause of action for breach of contract and the
eighth cause of action for bad faith; (2) overruling the demurrer to the third
cause of action for financial elder abuse; (3) sustaining without leave to
amend the demurrer to the seventh cause of action for fraud against Inn

11 In their appellate brief, Rajesh and Inn Lending state in passing that
LRM Holdings “is an entity, not subject to the [Act].” However, they do not
explain the relevance of this assertion. They also do not contend that LRM
Holdings falls outside the statutory definition of an “interested person”
entitled to assert a cause of action for violations of the Act. (See Welf. & Inst.
Code, § 15600, subd. (j).) Therefore, we deem as waived any argument based
on LRM Holdings’ entity status, and we render no opinion on whether LRM
Holdings has standing to sue for violations of the Act.
26
Lending; and (4) overruling the demurrer to the seventh cause of action for
fraud against Rajesh. Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.

McCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, J.

O’ROURKE, J.

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