PUBLISH
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
12/02/99
No. 99-10279 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 98-06167-CR-DTKH
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee/ Cross-Appellant,
versus
JOSE ALFARO-ZAYAS,
Defendant-Appellant/ Cross-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
(December 2, 1999)
Before COX, BIRCH and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jose Alfaro-Zayas appeals his seventy-seven month sentence for illegal re-entry
into the United States after deportation in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and (b)(2).
Specifically, he asserts that the district court erred in concluding that it did not have
the discretion to depart downward from the recommended sentence as calculated
under the United States Sentencing Guidelines.
On December 4, 1998, Alfaro-Zayas pled guilty to re-entry of a deported alien.
See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a), (b)(2). The Presentence Investigation Report ("PSI")
classified his 1992 conviction for transportation/ sale of cocaine base (the “1992 drug
conviction”) as an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B) and 21 U.S.C.
§ 802.1 During the sentencing hearing, the court accepted the 1992 drug conviction
as an aggravated felony sufficient to support a sixteen-level increase in the base level
of the current offense under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Consequently, the court
found the total offense level to be twenty-one. The PSI also listed Alfaro-Zayas’s
prior convictions for assault with a deadly weapon, battery, automobile burglary, as
well as an earlier conviction re-entry of a deported alien and accorded him a total of
eighteen criminal history points, placing Alfaro-Zayas in Category VI.
1
Neither party disputes that the 1992 drug conviction for transportation/ sale of
cocaine base meets the statutory definition of an aggravated felony. Alfaro-Zayas was
sentenced to sixteen months in prison for the 1992 drug conviction.
2
During the sentencing hearing, Alfaro-Zayas’s counsel made an oral motion
requesting that the court reconsider the 1992 drug conviction and make a downward
departure in the offense level because it overstated the seriousness of his criminal
conduct. Defense counsel explained that Alfaro-Zayas’s conduct underlying the 1992
drug conviction and his classification as an aggravated felon was a twenty-dollar sale
of cocaine base. He argued that the court had the authority to grant his motion and
make a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 (1998).2
The district court denied the motion to depart downward because it found that
§ 4A1.3 was inapplicable. The court further concluded that it did not have the
discretion to depart downward from the Sentencing Guidelines because to do so would
"effectively just cross[] out a prior conviction," R2-32, and require the court to
"simply cast[] the sentencing guidelines aside." Id. at 30. Alfaro-Zayas appeals the
court's conclusion that it had no discretion to depart downward given his status as an
aggravated felon.
Generally, “decisions by a district court not to depart downward from the
prescribed sentencing guidelines range” are not reviewable on appeal. United States
2
The policy statement to § 4A1.3 provides that “[i]f reliable information
indicates that the criminal history category does not adequately reflect the seriousness
of the defendant’s past criminal conduct or the likelihood that the defendant will
commit other crimes, the court may consider imposing a sentence departing from the
otherwise applicable guideline range.” U.S.S.G. §4A1.3, p.s.
3
v. Rudisill,187 F.3d 1260, 1265 (11th Cir. 1999). “Such decisions are reviewable,
however, if the district court denies the downward departure because of an erroneous
belief that the court lacked the authority to make such a departure.” Id.
Alfaro-Zayas urges this court to extend our reasoning in United States v. Webb,
139 F.3d 1390 (11th Cir. 1998), to find that a sentencing court has the authority to
depart downward pursuant to § 4A1.3 when the sentence has been increased under §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A)3 because the defendant was previously convicted of an aggravated
felony. In Webb, we held that "given the appropriate factual determinations,” 139 F.
3d at 1396, ... § 4A1.3 does authorize a sentencing court to downward depart
“regardless of a defendant's status as a career offender under § 4B1.1," id. at 1395.
The reasoning in Webb does not support the conclusion that § 4A1.3 authorizes
downward departure by the sentencing court when the defendant has been classified
as an aggravated felon under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A).
Although §§ 4A1.3 and 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) both deal with a defendant’s past
criminal acts, they do so for different purposes. Chapter Four of the Sentencing
3
Section 2L1.2 provides a base offense level of eight for the crime unlawfully
entering and remaining in the United States. Subpart (b)(1)(A) further provides that
“[i]f the defendant previously was deported after a criminal conviction, or if the
defendant unlawfully remained in the United States following a removal order issued
after a criminal conviction [and the conviction was for an aggravated felony], increase
[the base offense level]...by 16 levels.”
4
Guidelines designates the criminal history category, while Chapter Two defines
offense conduct.4 Section 4A1.3 provides for horizontal departure to a different
criminal history category when the sentencing court determines that the defendant’s
“criminal history category does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the
defendant’s past criminal conduct or the likelihood that the defendant will commit
other crimes.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, p.s. (emphasis added). In this case, Alfaro-Zayas
does not argue that his criminal history category is not reflective of his past conduct.
Instead, Alfaro-Zayas suggests that his underlying conviction for possession/
transportation of cocaine should not be considered an aggravated felony under §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A). In the past, we have only applied § 4A1.3 “to a pattern of criminal
conduct, not to an individual crime” as Alfaro-Zayas suggests we do here. United
States v. Phillips, 120 F. 3d 227, 232 (11th Cir. 1997).
Deviation from the offense levels assigned in § 2L1.2 requires the sentencing
court to progress along the vertical axis of the sentencing table to a different offense
4
“Under the Guidelines, every sentence is determined by a combination of an
offense- and an offender-based component. . . . The sentencing table indicates the
sentence ranges for possible combinations of offense- and offender-based
components, with the horizontal axis reflecting the offender’s criminal history and the
vertical axis reflecting the appropriate offense level.” United States v. Mogel, 956
F.2d 1555, 1558 (11th Cir. 1992).
5
level.5 “This court has distinguished between ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’ departures.”
United States v. Melvin, 187 F.3d 1316, 1323 n.3 (11th Cir. 1999). Section 4A1.3
provides the sentencing court the discretion to move along the horizontal axis of the
sentencing table when it believes the criminal history category assigned by the
Sentencing Guidelines is not appropriate; however, this section does not authorize the
sentencing court to adjust the offense level when the court finds that the underlying
conduct does not support the assigned offense level.6 Thus, the district court correctly
concluded that § 4A1.3 was not applicable to Alfaro-Zayas’s motion that the court
depart downward because his 1992 drug conviction should not be considered an
aggravated felony under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A).
5
U.S.S.G., Chapter Two assigns “varying offense level adjustments to
circumstances that differentiate two instances of a nominally identical offense in the
eyes of the relevant penological goals, retribution and general deterrence.” Mogel,
956 F.2d at1559. The enhancement provided for under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) is consistent
with 8 U.S.C. § 1326 which provides an increased maximum sentence for unlawful
re-entry of a deported felon where the reason for the prior deportation was the alien’s
conviction of an aggravated felony. This suggests a “Congressional judgement” that
“the severity of the crime of reentry depends on the reasons for the initial
deportation,” United States v. Campbell, 967 F.2d 20, 24 (2d Cir. 1992), and “the prior conviction
is a critical part of what makes the current reentry wrongful.” Id. at 25.
6
Section 4A1.3 does authorize vertical departures when the sentencing court
reaches the highest criminal history category and still finds that the category does not
adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant’s previous conduct. At that point,
the court may depart by moving vertically along the chart to a higher offense level,
thereby yielding a longer imprisonment range. See United States v. Taylor, 88 F.3d
938, 947-948 ((11th Cir. 1996).
6
While not empowered under § 4A1.3, the district court did have the authority
under § 2L1.2 to evaluate the aggravated felony which triggered the increase in
Alfaro-Zayas’s offense level and to depart downward if the seriousness of the
underlying aggravated felony warranted such a departure. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2,
comment. (n. 5) (hereinafter “application note five”). Specifically, application note
five provides:
Aggravated felonies that trigger the adjustment from subsection
(b)(1)(A) vary widely. If subsection (b)(1)(A) applies, and (A) the
defendant has previously been convicted of only one felony offense; (B)
such offense was not a crime of violence or firearms offense; and (C) the
term of imprisonment imposed for such offense did not exceed one year,
a downward departure may be warranted based on the seriousness of the
aggravated felony.
Id. This comment explains that, when the sentencing court finds the delineated
factors within a case, that case may not be within the “heartland” of the Sentencing
Guidelines and the court may consider whether departure is warranted. See 1998
U.S.S.G. Ch. 1, Pt. A., intro. comment (4(b)); see also Koon v. United States, 518
U.S. 81, 92, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 2044. 135 L.Ed. 2d 392 (1996). Further, application note
five suggests that, when the three factors identified are all present in a given case, that
case is more apt to be atypical and the sentencing court is encouraged to make a
downward departure based on those features. Koon, 518 U.S. at 94, 116 S.Ct. at
7
2045; see also United States v. Diaz-Diaz, 135 F.3d 572, 581 (8th Cir. 1998) (finding
that application note five made “the ‘seriousness of the aggravated felony’ ... an
encouraged factor upon which a departure may be based”).
All the elements of application note five are not present in Alfaro-Zayas’s case.
While we cannot operate as factfinders, it is evident from the record that Alfaro-Zayas
has been convicted of more than one felony. See PSI at pp. 5-9. These prior
convictions remove Alfaro-Zayas’s case from the realm for which departures are
encouraged by application note five without any further inquiry into the seriousness
of the predicate felony conviction. See United States v. Chavez-Valenzuela, 170 F.3d
1038 (10th Cir. 1999)( finding § 2L1.2, comment. (n. 5) inapplicable to a motion for
downward departure when one of the three stated elements is not present).
While Alfaro-Zayas’s case does not present the combination of factors upon
which the Sentencing Commission has encouraged departure, Alfaro-Zayas requested
that the court consider the amount of the drugs involved in his 1992 drug conviction
as a basis for departure. The amount of drugs involved in a drug conviction is not a
factor the Sentencing Commission has prohibited or discouraged a sentencing court
from considering when determining whether to depart from the recommended
sentence. “A sentencing court may depart on the basis of a factor not addressed by
the Sentencing Commission if the court determines that the factor takes the case out
8
of the Guideline’s heartland after considering the ‘structure and theory of both the
relevant individual guidelines and the Guidelines taken as a whole.’” Melvin, 187
F.3d at 1321 (quoting Koon, 518 U.S. at 109, 116 S.Ct. at 2035).
Therefore, the district court could have departed downward if, after engaging
in the analysis required by Koon, it found circumstances that removed Alfaro-Zayas’s
case from the heartland of the Sentencing Guidelines. See United States v. Sanchez-
Rodriguez, 161 F.3d 556, 563 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (concluding that, under the
Koon analysis, the district court may consider the nature of the aggravated felony
when deciding whether to depart downward from the Guideline’s sentencing range).7
See also United States v. Robles-Medina, No. 98-4172 (10th Cir. June 23, 1999)
7
Alfaro-Zayas urged the district court to consider the small amount of cocaine
involved in his 1992 drug conviction as a basis for justifying a downward departure
in his sentence. The government argued that the district court was prohibited from
considering the quantum of drugs involved in the predicate aggravated felony by our
decision in United States v. Rucker, 171 F.3d 1359 (11th Cir. 1999) (distinguishing Sanchez-
Rodriguez and holding that a sentencing court may not depart downward from the USSG § 4B1.4
Armed Career Criminal Guideline based upon its conclusion that, although the defendant’s prior
convictions fell within the statutory definition of serious drug offenses, they involved only small
amounts of drugs and therefore were minor). We note that, while our decision in Rucker is
informative to this case, it is not despositive. The analysis required by Koon necessitates that the
structure and theory of the “relevant individual guideline” be considered to determine whether a
particular circumstance takes the case out of the Sentencing Guidelines’ heartland. Koon, 518 U.S.
at 96, 116 S.Ct. at 2045. Alfaro-Zayas was sentenced under sentencing guideline § 2L1.2 while
Rucker involved § 4B1.4. We further note that, in other contexts, we have held that the Sentencing
Guidelines do not preclude a district court from considering the amount of drugs as a factor. See
e.g., United States v. De Varon,175 F.3d 930, 943 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (finding that the
Sentencing Guidelines are not “intended to preclude a district court from considering the amount
of drugs as a factor in the context of minor participants”).
9
(finding that, under Koon and U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B), “the seriousness of the
‘aggravated felony’ may be a valid basis for downward departure.”)8. A sentencing
court determines whether a case falls outside the heartland of the Sentencing
Guidelines by carefully assessing the facts of the case and “comparing those facts to
the facts of other cases falling within the guideline’s heartland.” United States v.
Hoffer, 129 F.3d 1196, 1200 (11th Cir. 1997) In this circuit, a sentencing court “must
articulate the specific mitigating circumstances upon which it relies and the reasons
why these circumstances take a case out of the guidelines’ heartland.” United States
v. Tomono, 143 F. 3d 1401, 1403 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam). “Moreover, the court
must bear in mind the Commission’s expectation that departures based on grounds not
mentioned in the Guidelines will be highly infrequent.” United States v. Steele, 178
F.3d 1230, 1238 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal quotations and citations omitted), cert.
denied, ___ U.S. ___, 120 S. Ct. 335, 145 L. Ed. 2d 261 (1999).
Here, the district court made no findings of any circumstances that remove
Alfaro-Zayas’s case from the heartland of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Instead, the court
expressed its frustration with the sentence called for by the guidelines:
Now, my personal view of that is that that is madness. . . .
8
Robles-Medina is an unpublished opinion cited solely for its persuasive value
pursuant to the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
10
I just think it makes very good sense that before people are required to
spend these tremendous periods in jail that there be some reasonable
period in jail in an effort to deter that conduct. . . .
I don’t understand any principled way that I can depart downward other
than sort of a gut feeling that, yes, this sounds like a terribly harsh
sentence and I ought to disregard what seem to be the predicates.
I don’t think I can do that ... short of simply casting the sentencing
guidelines aside. So I am going to deny the motion to depart downward.
R2-27, 29 - 30. We have recognized that “[d]isagreement with the policy choices
underlying the Sentencing Guidelines and sentencing statutes is not a ground for
downward departure.” United States v. Gilbert, 138 F.3d 1371, 1373 (11th Cir. 1998)
(per curiam), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 119 S. Ct. 1754, 143 L. Ed. 2d 787 (1999).
Although there were several potential bases which authorize the district court
to depart downward from the sentence calculated for Alfaro-Zayas under §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A), we agree with the district court that none of these bases were
applicable to this case. The district court reviewed the facts of Alfaro-Zayas’s case
and made no findings suggesting that it fell outside the heartland of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A).
Thus, the district court was left only with a policy-based objection to the
recommended sentence. The district court correctly noted that its disagreement with
the policy under which Alfaro-Zayas’s sentence was calculated did not provide it with
authority to depart downward. Accordingly, the sentence as imposed by district court
is AFFIRMED.
11
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