Willie Mae Barlow DAVIS, Petitioner-Appellee,
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent-Appellant.
No. 98-7026.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
April 27, 2000.
Appeal from a Decision of the United States Tax Court. (No. 4077-96).
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and COX and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This case presents the issue of whether the portion of a judgment paid directly to the taxpayer's
attorneys pursuant to a contingency fee arrangement is taxable as income to the taxpayer.
I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
In 1992, Willie Mae Davis prevailed in a suit against a mortgage company and won a $6,151,000
judgment, of which six million dollars was punitive damages. She had entered into a contingency fee
arrangement with her attorneys in 1989 and upon receiving the judgment, they retained $3,111,809 and she
received $3,039,191. Initially, Ms. Davis did not report any of the award as income in 1992 and upon audit,
the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") determined that the entire six million dollar punitive damages award
should be included as income.1 The IRS allowed Ms. Davis a deduction for attorneys' fees and costs in the
amount of $3,069,250 and determined that Ms. Davis had a deficiency of $1,441,736.
Ms. Davis petitioned the Tax Court for a redetermination of the deficiency. The Tax Court found
that although the punitive damages were otherwise taxable as income, the amount paid to her attorneys was
1
The compensatory damages of $151,000 were excludable because they were damages received on
account of personal injuries. See O'Gilvie v. United States, 519 U.S. 79, 117 S.Ct. 452, 136 L.Ed.2d 454
(1996).
not taxable income under Cotnam v. Commissioner, 263 F.2d 119 (5th Cir.1959).2 Thus the Tax Court
determined that Ms. Davis's tax deficiency was $919,772.3 The IRS appeals.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the tax court's conclusions of law and findings of fact for clear error. See
Sleiman v. Commissioner, 187 F.3d 1352, 1358 (11th Cir.1999).
III. DISCUSSION
This Court has previously addressed the issue of whether a taxpayer is taxed on the portion of a
judgment paid to the attorneys under a contingency fee arrangement in Alabama, and in light of the attorneys'
lien statute in Alabama, Ala.Code § 34-3-61 (1997). In Cotnam v. Commissioner, the former Fifth Circuit
found that a woman, who obtained a judgment on her oral contract with a man to care for him in return for
a fifth of his estate, was not required to include as income the portion of the award paid to her attorneys for
their work in enforcing that contract. Because Cotnam is squarely on point and controlling, as the IRS
acknowledges, we affirm the Tax Court on this issue.4
Next, the IRS argues, in the alternative, that Ms. Davis made a taxable disposition of her property
in 1989 when she entered into the contingency fee arrangement. Reasoning that the court's interpretation of
the Alabama attorneys' lien statute in Cotnam gave an ownership interest in the claim to Ms. Davis's
attorneys, the IRS argues that by entering into the fee arrangement agreement, Ms. Davis in essence sold part
of her cause of action in 1989. Realizing that that taxable event in 1989 would be time-barred, the IRS
2
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), this Court adopted as
binding precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to the close of business
on September 30, 1981.
3
The deduction for attorneys' fees and costs which the IRS allowed was less favorable to the taxpayer than
the exclusion-from-income approach adopted by the Tax Court because the operation of technical tax rules
such as the alternative minimum tax.
4
The IRS's primary argument is that Cotnam was wrongly decided and should be overruled. We need
not address this argument because this panel is bound by Cotnam, which can be overruled only by the en banc
court. See United States v. Woodard, 938 F.2d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir.1991).
2
suggests that the value of the cause of action and the value of the attorneys' services were unascertainable in
1989, and thus that the taxable event should be deferred pursuant to the open transaction doctrine. The open
transaction doctrine, introduced in Burnet v. Logan, 283 U.S. 404, 51 S.Ct. 550, 75 L.Ed. 1143 (1931),
permits a delay in the assessment of the value of the property until the sum is made certain. Thus, under this
logic, the IRS argues that Ms. Davis's taxes should not be assessed until 1992 when she received her
judgment, and the value of the attorneys' services and her claim became apparent.
The open transaction doctrine is only applicable when it is not possible to discern the value of either
of the assets exchanged. Under United States v. Davis, 370 U.S. 65, 82 S.Ct. 1190, 8 L.Ed.2d 335 (1962),
when only one of the assets has an unascertainable value, it is presumed to be of the same worth as the
property for which it was exchanged. The IRS concedes that it bore the burden of showing that the open
transaction doctrine applied and that the values of the properties exchanged were not ascertainable at the time
of the exchange. Because the IRS provided no proof that the values of either the cause of action or the
attorneys' services were unascertainable, it has failed to establish that the open transaction doctrine should
apply.5
Because we find that Cotnam v. Commissioner is controlling and that the IRS failed to bear its burden
of proof on its open transaction argument, we affirm the decision of the Tax Court.
AFFIRMED.
5
In light of this disposition, we of course need not decide whether there was a taxable event in 1989.
3