Larry FRANKLIN, Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
Roy HIGHTOWER, Warden, Bill Pryor, The Attorney General of the State of Alabama, Respondents-
Appellees.
No. 98-6684.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
June 19, 2000.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama.(No. 96-00113-CIV-C-S),
Ira De Ment, Judge.
Before COX and HULL, Circuit Judges, and GEORGE*, Senior District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
Larry Franklin appeals the district court's denial of his petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We affirm.
In 1982, an Alabama circuit court convicted Franklin, on pleas of guilty, of three counts of
third-degree burglary. Franklin served his sentence without any collateral attack on his convictions. In 1993,
a jury found Franklin guilty of first-degree robbery, and the circuit court sentenced Franklin to life without
parole under Alabama's Felony Habitual Offender Act. Franklin then filed a petition under Alabama Rule of
Criminal Procedure 32 challenging his 1982 convictions on the grounds that neither the court nor his counsel
advised him of the rights he was waiving by pleading guilty, thus violating his right to due process under
Boykin v. Alabama1 and depriving him of effective assistance of counsel. The circuit court denied the
petitions as barred by Rule 32's two-year statute of limitations. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
affirmed for the same reason.
Franklin then filed this § 2254 petition. The petition asserted three challenges to the 1982
convictions: (1) the circuit court violated Franklin's due-process rights by permitting him to plead guilty
*
Honorable Lloyd D. George, Senior U.S. District Judge for the District of Nevada, sitting by designation.
1
395 U.S. 238, 243, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 1712, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969).
without being informed of the charges against him;2 (2) the indictment was void because it was not signed
by the grand jury foreperson, and the circuit court therefore lacked jurisdiction; and (3) his counsel was
ineffective for failing to address these irregularities. While this petition was pending, Franklin filed another
Rule 32 petition in an Alabama circuit court to assert his claim that the indictment was void under Alabama
law. The district court stayed this proceeding while the state courts addressed the second Rule 32 petition.
The circuit court refused to permit in forma pauperis filing, and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
affirmed because the second petition was time-barred, like the first. The district court then resumed the
proceedings and, on recommendation from the magistrate judge, denied the petition on the grounds that the
claims were procedurally defaulted, and that Franklin had failed to show either cause and prejudice or actual
innocence to excuse his default.
In 1998, Franklin sought a certificate of probable cause to appeal (CPC), which the district court
denied and this court granted. At the time, it was proper procedure in this circuit to apply the CPC rules
developed under the old version of 28 U.S.C. § 2253 to all petitions (like Franklin's) filed before the April
1996 effective date of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), regardless of
when the petitioner sought to appeal. See Tompkins v. Moore, 193 F.3d 1327, 1330 (11th Cir.1999). Since
this court granted Franklin a CPC, however, the Supreme Court has decided that the AEDPA amendments
to 28 U.S.C. § 2253 govern all appeals perfected after AEDPA's effective date, regardless of the petition filing
date. See Slack v. McDaniel, --- U.S. ----, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 1600, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (2000).
As this court has explained before, AEDPA amended 28 U.S.C § 2253 to relabel the order a
"certificate of appealability" (COA) and to add a statutory standard for its issuance. See Henry v. Department
of Corrections, 197 F.3d 1361, 1363-64 (11th Cir.1999) (describing statutory history). Two important
differences between a CPC and a COA cast doubt on the validity of the current CPC to permit Franklin's
2
Both Franklin and the State seem to assume that this claim is the same as the Boykin claim Franklin
pursued in the state courts, and we have no reason to challenge their assumption here.
2
appeal to proceed. First, unlike a CPC, a COA "shall indicate which specific issue or issues" show "the denial
of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)-(3); see Tompkins, 193 F.3d at 1330 (noting that CPC did
not necessarily specify issues). Second, to grant a COA on a procedural question—as would be appropriate
here, since the district court denied Franklin's petition on procedural grounds—we must evaluate not only the
merit of the procedural arguments, but also the merit of the underlying claims. If "jurists of reason" would
not find it debatable both whether "the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right" and
whether "the district court was correct in its procedural ruling," then we may not grant a COA on a procedural
issue. See Slack, 120 S.Ct. at 1600-01.
While these differences matter, the grant of a CPC rather than a COA here is not fatal to the appeal.
By applying AEDPA's standards to this appeal and issuing a proper COA (if warranted), this panel may "fix"
the inadequacies of the present CPC. The CPC was issued by a single judge, and as a panel we may revisit
the ruling. See Fed. R.App. P. 27(c); 11th Cir. R. 27-1(g). A past panel has indeed revisited a COA granted
by a single judge in order to confirm that it complies with statutory standards. See Henry, 197 F.3d at 1363-
64. And the Court in Slack remanded the case in part for the court of appeals to apply the appropriate
standard, thus implying that defective leave to appeal neither dooms the appeal nor deprives the appellate
courts of jurisdiction. See Slack, 120 S.Ct. at 1607. So we proceed to reevaluate the appeal under Slack.
Franklin's appeal presents two distinct procedural questions. The first is whether Franklin has
procedurally defaulted his claim that the 1982 indictment was void because the foreperson of the grand jury
did not sign it, and that the circuit court therefore lacked jurisdiction. Because this procedural question is not
debatable among jurists of reason, we do not need to evaluate the merit of the claim here. Franklin presented
this claim in state courts in a successive petition filed two years after his first state-court petition; he has
offered no reason for not including the claim in his first state petition. Rather, he argues that the time-bar
relied on by the Alabama courts is not consistently applied—and thus not a procedural bar under federal
3
law3—because the defect in the indictment was jurisdictional, and under Alabama law jurisdiction may be
reviewed at any time. This argument is patently meritless because its premise is wrong: the foreperson's
failure to sign the indictment is not jurisdictional under Alabama law. See In re Goulden, 292 Ala. 704, 299
So.2d 325, 326 (1974) ("The failure of the foreman of the grand jury to endorse the indictment as a true bill
did not deprive the circuit court of jurisdiction...."). There is no reason, therefore, to think that this defect
under Alabama law is any less subject to Rule 32's time bar than other claims. This claim is undisputably
procedurally defaulted, and Franklin is thus not entitled to a COA for us to consider the question of its
procedural default.
The Slack analysis yields a different result, however, for the second procedural question. That
question is whether the late filing of Franklin's first Rule 32 petition bars Franklin's claims that he was denied
due process because the trial court did not inform him of the charges against him before he pleaded guilty,
and that his counsel was constitutionally ineffective in failing to object or inform him. Slack 's first prong
is satisfied here because at least one of the two claims affected by this procedural question is of debatable
merit—indeed, in this case the merits of both of the underlying claims are debatable among jurists of reason.
Having no record of the 1982 proceedings, for the moment we take Franklin's allegations as true. If we
believe the allegations, the first claim's merit is certainly debatable among jurists of reason: A guilty plea is
not voluntary "in a constitutional sense" unless "the defendant received 'real notice of the true nature of the
charge against him, the first and most universally recognized requirement of due process.' " Henderson v.
Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645, 96 S.Ct. 2253, 2257-58, 49 L.Ed.2d 108 (1976) (quoting Smith v. O'Grady, 312
U.S. 329, 334, 61 S.Ct. 572, 574, 85 L.Ed. 859 (1941)). Reasonable jurists could debate as well whether
Franklin's counsel was ineffective for permitting him to enter a guilty plea when he was not properly informed
of the premises. Cf. Finch v. Vaughn, 67 F.3d 909, 916-17 (11th Cir.1995). Under Slack, therefore, Franklin
3
See Johnson v. Mississippi, 486 U.S. 578, 589, 108 S.Ct. 1981, 1988, 100 L.Ed.2d 575 (1988).
4
is entitled to a COA on the procedural default question relating to these claims if he can satisfy Slack 's
second prong by showing that the procedural question itself is debatable among jurists of reason.
There is no dispute that the Alabama courts have held that Franklin has procedurally defaulted these
claims under Alabama law. Rather, Franklin argues either that the state's ruling is not due any respect, or
alternatively that he has cause and prejudice to excuse his default under Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722,
750, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2565, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). (The cause he points to is the pointlessness of
challenging his 1982 convictions at any time before they were used to enhance his 1993 sentence.) The
Seventh Circuit has accepted Franklin's first argument and concluded that a state rule requiring prisoners to
challenge convictions soon after they are made, rather than when they are later used to enhance a sentence,
cannot bar consideration of challenges to the old convictions under § 2254.4 See Tredway v. Farley, 35 F.3d
288 (1994). The Fifth Circuit has rejected both of Franklin's arguments, both disagreeing with Tredway and
holding that pointlessness is not sufficient cause to excuse a procedural default. See Moore v. Roberts, 83
F.3d 699, 704 (1996). Having reviewed these opinions, we think that these issues are debatable among jurists
of reason, and Franklin is thus due a COA on them. These are issues of law, and our review is de novo. See
Kennedy v. Hopper, 156 F.3d 1143, 1145 (11th Cir.1998).
On the merits, we agree with the Fifth Circuit rather than the Seventh. Tredway 's holding
completely ignores the pedestal of the entire procedural-default doctrine, which is respect for state procedural
rules. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 726, 111 S.Ct. at 2552 ("This is a case about federalism. It concerns the
respect that federal courts owe the States and the States' procedural rules...."). If that respect means anything,
states must be able to direct defendants when to seek relief in the state system. The Seventh Circuit
effectively tells petitioners that they need not comply with state procedural rules if the Seventh Circuit thinks
4
The Seventh Circuit's reasoning is that federal courts may consider such "look through" challenges to
prior convictions under § 2254, see Fox v. Kelso, 911 F.2d 563, 568 (11th Cir.1990), and that it would be
unfair, given this jurisdiction, to allow the state to procedurally bar claims falling within it. See Tredway, 35
F.3d at 294.
5
they are not "fair," because the federal courts will consider the claims whether or not the states have had the
opportunity to reach the claims' merits. Like the Fifth Circuit, therefore, we conclude that the "Supreme
Court in Coleman intended the independent and adequate state ground doctrine to encompass all federal
habeas cases including those in which a prisoner challenges a prior conviction that has subsequently been
used to enhance a prisoner's sentence." Moore, 83 F.3d at 703 (internal quotation omitted). Alabama's
conclusion that Franklin did not timely challenge his 1982 convictions is due respect; Franklin has
procedurally defaulted the claims attacking his 1982 convictions.
We agree with the Fifth Circuit, moreover, that Franklin has not shown sufficient cause to excuse
his default. A legally sufficient cause is one that arises from some objective external impediment to raising
a claim properly in state court. See Wright v. Hopper, 169 F.3d 695, 703 (11th Cir.1999). As the Fifth
Circuit has put it, "The fact that [Franklin] was not interested in implementing a challenge until after he had
committed more crimes is not an objective, external factor that impeded his ability to raise these claims within
[Alabama's] time period." Moore, 83 F.3d at 704.
Because Franklin's claims are procedurally defaulted and he has failed to show sufficient cause to
excuse the default, the district court's denial of relief is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
6