[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 99-2307 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
AUGUST 15, 2000
________________________
THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 98-01347-CIV-T-26E
CHRISTOPHER MURATORE, parent and natural
guardian of Kassandra Muratore, and individually,
SHARON T. MURATORE, parent and natural guardian
of Kassandra Muratore,
Plaintiffs-Appellees-Cross-Appellants,
versus
UNITED STATES OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT,
an agency of the United States of America,
Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(August 15, 2000)
Before DUBINA and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and BECHTLE*, District Judge.
BLACK, Circuit Judge:
*
Honorable Louis C. Bechtle, U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting
by designation.
Appellees and Cross-Appellants Christopher and Sharon Muratore (Appellees)
sued Appellant and Cross-Appellee United States Office of Personnel Management
(OPM), challenging OPM’s benefits decision regarding Appellees’ daughter and
requesting attorneys’ fees. The district court granted Appellees’ motion for summary
judgment on the benefits decision but rejected Appellees’ request for fees. We reverse
the district court’s decision to enter summary judgment in favor of Appellees, affirm
the denial of attorneys’ fees, and remand the matter to the district court for entry of
judgment in favor of OPM.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellee Christopher Muratore, Appellee Sharon Muratore’s spouse, works for
the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida. Appellees and
their daughter participate in a health plan offered by PCA Health Plans of Florida
(PCA) pursuant to a contract between PCA and OPM. Appellees’ daughter suffers
from autism. As part of her treatment, doctors prescribed speech and occupational
therapy which she began in August of 1997. PCA covered the treatment until October
of 1997 when it discontinued payment pursuant to a limitation in the plan.
After PCA terminated payment, Appellees unsuccessfully appealed to the PCA
Grievance Committee and then to OPM. After OPM’s denial, Appellees filed suit
under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Act (FEHBA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 8901-14, to
2
challenge OPM’s decision. Appellees also requested attorneys’ fees under the Equal
Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412. The district court granted Appellees’ motion
for summary judgment and ordered OPM to instruct PCA to reimburse Appellees for
the amount they spent after October of 1997. The district court denied Appellees’
request for attorneys’ fees. OPM filed a timely appeal from the district court’s entry
of summary judgment in favor of Appellees; Appellees cross-appealed the district
court’s denial of attorneys’ fees.
II. DISCUSSION
OPM presents a two-part argument on appeal. First, OPM contends this Court
should conduct a deferential review of OPM’s benefits decision and reject the district
court’s application of a de novo review. Second, OPM asks this Court to deem the
benefits decision reasonable under either standard of review. We take up each issue
in turn. We review de novo both the district court’s selection of the standard of
review, a question of law, and the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment.
See Lipscomb v. United States, 906 F.2d 545, 548 (11th Cir. 1990); Tackitt v.
Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 758 F.2d 1572, 1574 (11th Cir. 1985).
A. Standard of Review
Congress enacted the FEHBA, 5 U.S.C. §§ 8901-14, to create a comprehensive
program of subsidized health care benefits for federal employees and retirees. See
3
Kobleur v. Group Hospitalization & Med. Servs., 954 F.2d 705, 709 (11th Cir. 1992).
The FEHBA grants significant authority to OPM. As we described in Kobleur, the
FEHBA
gives OPM the authority to administer the program by contracting with
qualified private carriers to offer a variety of health care plans, 5 U.S.C.
§ 8902, by distributing information on the available plans to eligible
employees, [5 U.S.C.] § 8907, by promulgating necessary regulations,
[5 U.S.C.] § 8913, and by interpreting the plans to determine the carrier’s
liability in an individual case, [5 U.S.C.] § 8902(j).
Id. In addition, when a carrier denies coverage, a claimant must first appeal to OPM,
as Appellees did in this case, before filing a civil suit. Id. at 711.
We review OPM’s actions pursuant to the FEHBA under the Administrative
Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 & 706. See Tackitt, 758 F.2d at 1575. The
APA provides that “the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law,
interpret constitutional and statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or
applicability of the terms of an agency action” and instructs courts to “hold unlawful
and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be – (A) arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. . . .”
5 U.S.C. §§ 706 & 706(2)(A).
Appellees argue the district court correctly conducted a de novo review because
OPM’s denial of their claim entailed simple contract interpretation – a classic question
of law. Appellees point out that § 706 explicitly directs courts to “decide all relevant
4
questions of law” and to set aside agency action found “not in accordance with law.”
OPM contends the district court erred by not conducting a deferential review to
determine if OPM acted arbitrarily or capriciously. Substantial authority exists to
support each position.
1. Authority in support of a de novo standard of review.
One line of cases stands for the simple proposition that courts must conduct de
novo reviews of agency determinations of pure questions of law. See Pollgreen v.
Morris, 770 F.2d 1536, 1544 (11th Cir. 1985) (considering “freely reviewable” the
legal question of the existence of duress defense); R&W Technical Servs. Ltd. v.
Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n, 205 F.3d 165, 169 (5th Cir. 2000) (explaining
the court would defer to a reasonable agency decision within the agency’s expertise
but decide questions of law de novo); Howard v. Federal Aviation Admin., 17 F.3d
1213, 1215 (9th Cir. 1994) (stating that “[p]urely legal questions are reviewed de
novo”).
A number of early cases applied this principle to a de novo review of an
agency’s interpretation of a contract or tariff. In Texas Gas Transmission Corp. v.
Shell Oil Co., 363 U.S. 261, 80 S. Ct. 1122 (1960), the Supreme Court held that courts
did not need to defer to the Federal Power Commission’s contract interpretation
because the Commission did not rely on its “specialized knowledge gained from
5
experience” but simply applied “ordinary rules of contract construction.” Id. 363 U.S.
at 268-69, 80 S. Ct. at 1126. See also Coca-Cola Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co.,
608 F.2d 213, 218 (5th Cir. 1979) (deeming ICC’s construction of a tariff a freely
reviewable question of law).1 The Fifth Circuit has continued to conduct a de novo
review in its recent cases. See Davidson v. Glickman, 169 F.3d 996, 1000 (5th Cir.
1999) (reviewing de novo agency’s interpretation of a provision of a lease); Institute
for Tech. Dev. v. Brown, 63 F.3d 445, 450 (5th Cir. 1995) (conducting “effectively de
novo” review of an agency’s interpretation of the regulations of a different agency and
contractual agreements).
2. Authority in support of an arbitrary and capricious standard of review.
Most courts have deferred to an agency’s interpretation by applying the
arbitrary and capricious standard of review. The Supreme Court provided the starting
point for this approach in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council,
Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S. Ct. 2778 (1984). Chevron stands, in part, for the
proposition that courts may not always conduct a de novo review of agencies even on
the pure question of law of statutory interpretation. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104
S. Ct. at 2782. The Supreme Court explained that if a “court determines Congress has
1
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this Court
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to close
of business on September 30, 1981.
6
not directly addressed the precise question at issue, the court does not simply impose
its own construction on the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an
administrative interpretation.” Id. (footnote omitted). Rather, the “question for the
court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the
statute.” Id. The Court noted that the specialized knowledge and experience of
agencies supported this approach. Id. at 843, 104 S. Ct. at 2782-83.
Two Circuits have concluded that Chevron superseded the analysis of Texas
Gas and its progeny. The D.C. Circuit paved the way for this approach when it
reviewed an agency’s construction of a settlement agreement in National Fuel Gas
Supply Corp. v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 811 F.2d 1563 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
The court began by referencing Chevron’s rejection of “the view that a court may
freely review an agency on pure questions of law.” Id. at 1569. Based on that
proposition, the court concluded that courts should defer “even where the issue simply
involves the proper construction of language.” Id. This conclusion signaled the end
of Texas Gas. The court made this explicit when it stated that Chevron “has implicitly
modified earlier cases that adhered to the traditional rule of withholding deference on
7
questions of contract interpretation.” Id. at 1570 (citing Texas Gas2, 363 U.S. at 268-
70, 80 S. Ct. at 1125-27).3
The Tenth Circuit adopted this analysis in Northwest Pipeline Corp. v. Federal
Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 61 F.3d 1479 (10th Cir. 1995). The court agreed
Chevron’s notion of deference to agency competence modified earlier cases that
followed the tradition of conducting a de novo review of an agency’s interpretation
of a contract. Id. at 1486. The court concluded it would defer to an agency’s
contractual interpretation provided the interpretation has ample factual and legal
support. Id. The First Circuit, while declining to decide a similar issue, noted its
inclination to afford deference to an agency’s contract interpretation germane to its
field and recognized that Chevron supports that conclusion. SeeBoston Edison Co.
v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 856 F.2d 361, 363-64 (1st Cir. 1988).4
2
The decision that Chevron modified the earlier line of cases applies equally to Atchison, which
held that the de novo standard of review applied to an agency’s construction of a tariff. The former
Fifth Circuit anticipated Chevron when it wrote that “even where the issue is one of pure law, such
as interpretation of contracts, tariffs, regulations and statutes, room still is present for deference to
the views of administrative agencies, particularly where the understanding of the problem is
enhanced by the agency’s expert understanding of the industry.” 608 F.2d at 222 (citation omitted).
3
The D.C. Circuit has repeatedly followed its holding in National Fuel Gas with respect to an
agency’s interpretation of a contract. See, e.g., Reed v. R.R. Retirement Bd., 145 F.3d 373, 375 (D.C.
Cir. 1998) (explaining that the court applies “a Chevron analysis when reviewing an agency’s
interpretation of a contract”).
4
The Fourth Circuit appears to have authority pointing in both directions. In Myers v. United
States, 767 F.2d 1072, 1074 (4th Cir. 1985), the court noted that it must defer to OPM’s
interpretation of benefits provisions. In Caudill v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of North Carolina, 999
F.2d 74, 79-80 (4th Cir. 1993), the court approved the use of the arbitrary and capricious standard
8
We agree with the former line of cases, the majority view, and conclude the
appropriate standard of review in this case is arbitrary and capricious. Chevron
suggests that “the institutional advantages of agencies apply to a broad range of
administrative activities,” and “contract interpretation . . . is sufficiently similar to
statutory interpretation [that it] warrant[s] deference – especially when the
interpretation involves a policy determination within the agency’s statutory domain.”
Phillip G. Oldham, Comment, Regulatory Consent Decrees: An Argument for
Deference to Agency Interpretations, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 393, 399-400 (1995).
The decision to apply the arbitrary and capricious standard of review is easiest
when the agency’s expertise clearly informed the decision subject to review. For
instance, courts routinely defer to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s
contract interpretation because “the Commission has greater technical expertise than
[do the courts] in the often arcane field of natural gas pipeline regulation.” Baltimore
Gas & Elec. Co. v. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 26 F.3d 1129, 1135 (D.C.
Cir. 1994).
of review of “OPM’s interpretation of the contract” because the court concluded that benefits
provisions are “rules” under the Administrative Procedure Act. Recently, however, the Fourth
Circuit conducted a de novo review of OPM’s interpretation of “the contract’s language, a question
of law clearly within the competence of the courts.” Burgin v. Office of Personnel Management,
120 F.3d 494, 497-98 (4th Cir. 1997).
9
OPM’s request for deference presents a harder issue. OPM cannot successfully
argue that it has a comparative advantage over a court in the task of contract
interpretation in the abstract. However, OPM does have relevant expertise in this area
because it negotiates the contracts at issue and, pursuant to the FEHBA, routinely
interprets plans to determine an insurance carrier’s liability. See 5 U.S.C. § 8902(j).
More generally, Congress has given OPM broad authority to regulate the field in
which OPM negotiates the insurance contracts. See, e.g., 5 U.S.C. § 8902(e)
(allowing OPM to prescribe minimum standards for benefit plans). Finally, OPM has
the ability to take a broad, national view when it interprets plans which serves the
function of ensuring consistent, nationwide application. See, e.g., Caudill, 999 F.2d
at 79.
We conclude OPM’s expertise justifies deference in this case.5 “Deference, of
course, does not mean abdication of careful judicial review.” Northwest Pipeline, 61
F.3d at 1486. We will defer to OPM’s interpretation as long as that interpretation is
reasonable and relies on ample factual and legal support. See id.
B. Contractual Interpretation
5
Two Circuits, although not commenting specifically on Chevron or its interplay with prior case
law, have held that the arbitrary and capricious standard of review applies to OPM’s benefits
decisions based on OPM’s interpretation of provisions of an insurance contract. See Nesseim v. Mail
Handlers Benefit Plan, 995 F.2d 804, 807 (8th Cir. 1993); Harris v. Mutual of Omaha Cos., 992
F.2d 706, 712 (7th Cir. 1993).
10
The insurance policy between Appellees and PCA contains six sections
governing benefits: medical and surgical benefits; hospital/extended care benefits;
emergency benefits; mental conditions/substance abuse benefits; prescription drug
benefits; and other benefits. The parties focus on two specific provisions of the policy
– one in the medical and surgical benefits section, the other in the mental
conditions/substance abuse benefits section.
The medical and surgical benefits section states “[a] comprehensive range of
preventive, diagnostic and treatment services is provided by Plan doctors and other
Plan providers.” Under the limited benefits subsection, the plan provides:
Short-term rehabilitative therapy (physical, speech, cardiac, and
occupational) is provided on an inpatient or outpatient basis for up to
two months per condition if significant improvement can be expected
within two months; . . . Speech therapy is limited to treatment of certain
speech impairments of organic origin.
The medical and surgical benefits section concludes by stating that it does not cover
long-term rehabilitative therapy.
The mental conditions/substance abuse benefits section, by contrast, provides
that “[t]o the extent shown below, this Plan provides the following services necessary
for the diagnosis and treatment of acute psychiatric conditions, including treatment of
mental illness or disorders: diagnostic evaluation, psychological testing, psychiatric
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treatment (including individual and group therapy), [and] hospitalization (including
inpatient professional services).”6
The parties agree that autism is a mental health disorder for purposes of the
plan. OPM concluded, and contends here, that Appellees sought coverage for speech
therapy and the plan (in the medical and surgical benefits section) specifically limits
coverage for speech therapy to two months. Appellees counter that coverage for
autism, a mental disorder, arises from the mental conditions section, specifically the
“psychiatric treatment” of “individual therapy.”
While the plan might be susceptible to either reading, we conclude OPM did not
act arbitrarily or capriciously. Instead, OPM offers a reasonable interpretation that the
plan considers speech therapy a “medical benefit,” as evidenced by the specific
provision governing speech therapy in the medical and surgical benefits section.
Appellees contend that speech therapy qualifies as the psychiatric treatment of
individual therapy. The plan, however, contains no indication that individual therapy,
which OPM argues suggests the common understanding of counseling by a
psychiatrist, includes speech therapy. Appellees rely on the fact that a psychiatrist
prescribed the therapy as evidence that speech therapy amounts to psychiatric
6
The four items after the colon appear as bullet points in the policy. For simplicity, we have
listed them without the accompanying bullet points.
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treatment. However, the plan provides benefits, and sets out limitations, based upon
the type of coverage sought, not the caregiver who provides it. For instance, if a
psychiatrist prescribed drugs as part of a treatment for a mental condition, the
prescription drug benefit section and its limitations would apply instead of the
seemingly unlimited coverage provided by the mental conditions section. Similarly,
OPM did not act arbitrarily or capriciously when it determined that the specific
provision for speech therapy in the medical benefits section, instead of the open-ended
mental conditions section, controls coverage for speech therapy.7 Accordingly, the
district court erred by entering summary judgment for Appellees.8
III. CONCLUSION
The district court erred by conducting a de novo review and OPM did not reach
an arbitrary or capricious interpretation of the provisions of the policy. Accordingly,
we reverse the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Appellees and
7
Appellees argue the specific provision for speech therapy does not apply. They point out the
provision only governs “rehabilitative” therapy, which Appellees define as returning an individual
to a former level of functioning, not “habilitative” therapy, which Appellees define as assisting an
individual to reach a new level such as helping Appellee’s daughter learn the ability to speak. OPM
counters that the common meaning of “rehabilitative” therapy applies to assisting an individual to
reach a normal level of activity, regardless of whether that individual previously functioned at that
level. While we again recognize potential merit in each argument, Appellee’s position does not
render OPM’s interpretation arbitrary or capricious.
8
Due to our resolution of the substantive issues involved in this appeal, Appellees are not the
“prevailing part[ies]” and OPM’s position was “substantially justified.” Accordingly, the district
court correctly denied attorneys’ fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412.
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remand for the district court to enter judgment in favor of OPM. Appellees are not
entitled to attorneys’ fees because they did not prevail in this action.
AFFIRMED, IN PART, REVERSED, IN PART, AND REMANDED.
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