[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
SEPTEMBER 06, 2000
________________________
THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
No. 99-13880
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 99-cv-0024-RLV
LARRY BOLIN,
KENNETH DAVID PEALOCK, et al.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
RICHARD W. STORY, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(September 6, 2000)
Before TJOFLAT, HULL and RONEY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
After being convicted of certain criminal offenses, plaintiffs brought this
civil rights action seeking injunctive and declaratory relief against numerous
judges and prosecutors, as well as an Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) agent.
Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s denial of plaintiffs’ recusal motions and the
Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of their action based upon absolute immunity. Upon
review, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Criminal Prosecution of Plaintiff Thompson
In 1995, Plaintiff Lloyd Thompson was convicted of a drug conspiracy in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Thompson’s conviction and sentence were affirmed
by this Court in an unpublished opinion on July 15, 1996. Thompson subsequently
filed a motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See United
States v. Thompson, Civil Action No. 1:97-cv-1815-WCO. Magistrate Judge John
R. Strother issued a report and recommendation in which he recommended that the
motion to vacate be denied. United States District Judge William C. O’Kelley
adopted the report and recommendation and subsequently declined to issue a
certificate of appealability. Thompson alleges that he appealed this ruling, but no
ruling has been made by this Court.
In addition, Thompson asserts that “in the course of reviewing his
paperwork, [he] found the following entry on his master docket sheet”:
2
11/6/97 72 ORDER by Mag Judge John R. Strother Jr. as to
defendant Lloyd Barry Thompson directing clerk to shred
sealed material. (yrm) [Entry date 11/20/97]”
Finally, Thompson asserts that “[i]t was patently obvious from the ruling of
defendant district judge William C. O’Kelly [sic] that he had not read any of
plaintiff Lloyd Barry Thompson’s § 2255 petition” and that “predictably” his
arguments will not be read by Article III judges in this Court either.
B. Criminal Prosecution of Plaintiffs Pealock and Bolin
In 1997, plaintiffs Kenneth Pealock and Larry Bolin, among others, were
indicted for conspiracy to defraud the United States. See United States v. Pealock,
2:97-cr-29-RWS. Pealock and Bolin were tried before United States District Judge
Richard W. Story, and found guilty on March 15, 1999. Pealock was sentenced to
a term of imprisonment, and Bolin had yet to be sentenced as of the time of the
district court’s ruling in this case.1 Defendant Assistant United States Attorney
David M. Leta handled the case for the government.
Pealock and Bolin allege that the only reason charges were brought against
1
Court records indicate that Bolin was sentenced to a forty-eight month term of
imprisonment on November 24, 1999.
3
Pealock was so that Leta could “score ‘career points’ by obtaining a $3,000,000.00
forfeiture of plaintiff Kenneth Pealock’s property.” Further, Pealock and Bolin
allege that “either defendant district judge Richard W. Story is being completely
dishonest in his rulings or someone else (i.e., the prosecutor) is writing his
opinions for him.”2
C. The Civil Complaint
Plaintiffs brought this action for declaratory and injunctive relief against
Judges O’Kelley and Story, Magistrate Judge Strother, most of the active and
senior judges of this Court,3 Assistant United States Attorney Leta, the United
States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia, Richard Deane, Ted
Robertson, an IRS agent who was allegedly involved in Pealock and Bolin’s
federal criminal trial, and unnamed law clerks and staff attorneys for this Court.
Plaintiffs state that “[t]he gravamen of plaintiffs’ Complaint is that the defendant
federal judges do not READ anything submitted by pro se litigants, thereby
defrauding them of the judgments that are rightfully theirs.” In addition, “[t]his
case also addresses perjury by a government witness before a grand jury,
2
Plaintiffs also attach a “Summary of Events” to their complaint describing what they allege
to be specific incidents of misconduct during the criminal prosecution of Pealock and Bolin.
3
There is only one judge on this Court, Judge Charles R. Wilson, who is not a named
defendant in this case as he was sworn in as a member of this Court after the filing of plaintiffs’
complaint.
4
capricious prosecution, denial of the right to have a disinterested prosecutor,
withholding of Brady material, and judicial dishonesty.”
The complaint asserts that both this Court and the “Northern District of
Georgia” treat pro se litigants differently than licensed attorneys in that magistrate
judges in the district court make reports and recommendations which are then
adopted by district judges who have not read the pro se pleadings. Further, the
complaint alleges that “[i]t has been clearly established that appellate court judges
in the Eleventh Circuit routinely do not read pro se briefs, but allow staff attorneys
to make ‘summaries’ for them instead.” The plaintiffs base this assertion on the
testimony of both former Chief Judges Joseph Hatchett and Gerald Tjoflat at a
March 28, 1998 public hearing of the Commission on Structural Alternatives for
the Federal Courts of Appeals in Atlanta, Georgia.
Plaintiffs’ complaint appears to allege that the failure of the defendant
judges to read pro se pleadings violates their right to equal protection, denies them
access to the courts, and amounts to obstruction of justice. In addition, the
complaint appears to allege that this practice constitutes a fraud on the court and
permitted Leta to present false testimony in the prosecution of Pealock and Bolin,
thus perpetuating the fraud on the court. Finally, the complaint alleges that the
defendant judges, court personnel, and U.S. Attorneys comprise an enterprise
5
which persists in a pattern of racketeering activity to obstruct justice.
Plaintiffs’ complaint seeks declarations that (1) pro se litigants “are entitled
to the same consideration in adjudication of their actions as any lawyer from any
‘blue chip’ law firm,” (2) “the practice of allowing staff attorneys to make
presentations to appellate panels too involved in other things” is unconstitutional,
(3) “the practice of issuing an Opinion without first reading the pleadings of a pro
se litigant” is unconstitutional, and (4) Defendant Judges Story and Strother are
“mentally incompetent by reason of bias.” Plaintiffs also seek to enjoin defendants
to provide (1) a report by this Court to Congress, (2) “extensive discovery . . . in
order to uncover and document the fraud in the judgments rendered against them
and the pathological bias of defendant federal district court judge Richard W.
Story, defendant senior district court judge William C. O’Kelly [sic], and federal
magistrate judge John R. Strother, Jr.,” and (3) an investigation by a grand jury
into the “criminal depredations of the defendants.” Further, plaintiff Thompson
seeks to void the judgment in Thompson v. United States, Case No. 1:97-cv-1814-
WCO.
D. Proceedings in the District Court
This action was before the Honorable Robert L. Vining, Jr., United States
District Judge for the Northern District of Georgia. The defendant Judges and U.S.
6
Attorneys filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ action on the basis of sovereign
immunity on April 22, 1999. An additional motion to dismiss was filed by
Defendant Ted Robertson on August 31, 1999. Prior to the district court’s ruling
on these motions, plaintiffs filed a motion for the recusal of Judge Vining on
March 25, 1999. The district court denied that recusal motion on May 3, 1999.
The plaintiffs filed another motion to recuse on June 17, 1999.
In an order dated September 27, 1999, the district court denied plaintiffs’
second motion for recusal and granted defendants’ motions to dismiss plaintiffs’
complaint. Specifically, the district court dismissed plaintiffs’ claims against the
defendant Judges and U.S. Attorneys on the basis of absolute immunity and the
claims against I.R.S. agent Robertson for failure to state a claim.4 Plaintiffs appeal
the district court’s orders denying recusal and dismissing this action.
II. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs raise several issues on appeal. Because plaintiffs have named most
of the active and senior judges of this Court as defendants, however, we must first
address our ability to decide this appeal before reaching the merits of these issues.
4
In response to the defendants’ motions to dismiss, plaintiffs clarified that their claims were
against defendants in their individual capacity. As a result, the district court found that
sovereign immunity was not at issue. Similarly, plaintiffs only assert claims against defendants
in their individual capacity on appeal, and thus no issue of sovereign immunity is presented to
this Court either.
7
A. Recusal by this Court
In ordinary circumstances, each of us would be disqualified from hearing
this appeal by virtue of being named as defendants. See 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(5)(i)
(providing that a federal judge “shall . . . disqualify himself [when] [h]e . . . is a
party to the proceeding”). There is an exception to this rule, however, in cases
where “the case cannot be heard otherwise.” United States v. Will, 449 U.S. 200,
213 (1980). Under this “rule of necessity,” a judge is not disqualified due to a
personal interest if there is no other judge available to hear the case. See id.;
Atkins v. United States, 556 F.2d 1028, 1036 (Ct. Cl. 1977).
The rule of necessity is generally invoked in cases in which no judge in the
country is capable of hearing the case. See In re Petition to Inspect and Copy
Grand Jury Materials, 735 F.2d 1261, 1266-67 (11th Cir. 1984). At least two
courts have found, however, that where a plaintiff indiscriminately sues all of the
judges in a circuit, the fact that it is possible to convene a panel of disinterested
judges outside the circuit does not require transfer of the case or preclude the
application of the rule of necessity. See United States v. Switzer, 198 F.3d 1255
(10th Cir. 2000); Tapia-Ortiz v. Winter et al., 185 F.3d 8 (2d Cir. 1999).
Specifically, in Tapia-Ortiz, a pro se prisoner brought a RICO action against the
judges of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and its staff attorneys claiming that
8
they had failed, and would fail, to address properly the issues raised in cases on
appeal. The Second Circuit found that the fact that “it is possible to convene a
disinterested panel in another circuit does not require transfer here, where appellant
has indiscriminately named all then-current Second Circuit judges as defendants,
even those who had no role in deciding either of his appeals.” Tapia-Ortiz, 185
F.3d at 10.
Similarly, in United States v. Switzer, 198 F.3d 1255 (10th Cir. 2000), the
court determined that it did not have to recuse in the appeal of the denial of a §
2254 habeas petition. The petitioner in that case previously filed a pro se RICO
action against all of the active and senior judges of the Tenth Circuit Court of
Appeals, two district court judges of the Federal District Court for the District of
Colorado, a magistrate judge, the U.S. Attorney for Colorado, the Clerk of the
Tenth Circuit, and the Tenth Circuit’s Chief Staff Counsel. In the RICO action, the
petitioner alleged that the defendants conspired to obstruct justice in that no Article
III judge read the filings in his prior § 1983 and habeas cases, nor did they read the
orders and judgments issued in his § 1983 case, as the rulings on pro se filings are
routinely authored by law clerks and staff attorneys and signed by judges without
review. The Tenth Circuit followed the Second Circuit’s reasoning in concluding
that “under our duty to sit and the rule of necessity, a lawsuit brought
9
indiscriminately against all the active and senior judges on the Tenth Circuit Court
of Appeals does not operate automatically to render the court unable to hear and
decide an appeal brought by the plaintiff/petitioner.” Id. at 1258. In addition, the
Tenth Circuit applied this holding “both to appeals in which the judges are named
and to associated or subsequent appeals in which the plaintiff/petitioner is a party
but the judges are not named.” Id.
We are faced with a similar situation in this case. Because only one judge
currently serving on this Court was not named as a party, it is impossible to
convene a three-judge panel in which none of the judges have a personal interest in
this case. Further, plaintiffs have indiscriminately named all, except one, of the
current judges of this circuit regardless of their involvement in any of their appeals.
Given the similarity of the situation, and the persuasive nature of the Second and
Tenth Circuits’ reasoning, we follow both Tapia-Ortiz and Switzer in concluding
that the rule of necessity allows at least those judges on this Court who have not
been involved in plaintiffs’ prior appeals to hear this appeal. We therefore turn to
the merits of the issues raised by plaintiffs.
B. Recusal by the District Court
Before reaching the merits of the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’
action, we review the district court’s denial of plaintiffs’ motions for recusal by
10
that court. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), a judge “shall disqualify himself in any
proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” The
standard under § 455 is objective and requires the court to ask "whether an
objective, disinterested, lay observer fully informed of the facts underlying the
grounds on which recusal was sought would entertain a significant doubt about the
judge's impartiality." McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 906 F.2d 674, 678 (11th
Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). Under 28 U.S.C. § 455, it is well settled that the
allegation of bias must show that "the bias is personal as distinguished from
judicial in nature." United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971, 1002 (5th Cir. Unit B
1981), superseded on other grounds, United States v. Huntress, 956 F.2d 1309 (5th
Cir.1992);5 Phillips v. Joint Legislative Comm., etc., 637 F.2d 1014, 1019-20 (5th
Cir. 1981). As a result, except where pervasive bias is shown, a judge's rulings in
the same or a related case are not a sufficient basis for recusal. See Phillips, 664
F.2d at 1002-03.
Plaintiffs’ motions offer no factual evidence of the type of personal bias that
would sustain a doubt about Judge Vining's impartiality and require recusal in this
case. Plaintiffs base their motions upon the fact that Judge Vining has sat by
5
In Stein v. Reynolds Sec., Inc., 667 F.2d 33 (11th Cir. 1982), the Eleventh Circuit adopted
decisions of the former Fifth Circuit, Unit B, rendered after September 30, 1981, as binding
precedent.
11
designation on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in the past, has a long term
working relationship with a large majority of the defendants, and oversaw a grand
jury investigation of one of the plaintiffs. We conclude that these allegations are
not sufficient to cause an objective, disinterested, lay observer to entertain a
significant doubt about Judge Vining’s impartiality. Accordingly, we affirm the
district court’s denial of Plaintiffs’ motions for recusal.
C. Absolute Judicial Immunity
Plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s grant of absolute immunity from
plaintiffs’ claims of injunctive relief to the defendant judges. Judges are entitled to
absolute judicial immunity from damages for those acts taken while they are acting
in their judicial capacity unless they acted in the “‘clear absence of all
jurisdiction.’” Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356-57 (1978); Simmons v.
Conger, 86 F.3d 1080, 1084-85 (11th Cir. 1996). This immunity applies even
when the judge’s acts are in error, malicious, or were in excess of his or her
jurisdiction. See Stump, 435 U.S. at 356.
In Pulliam v. Allen, 466 U.S. 522 (1984), however, a divided Supreme Court
held that judicial immunity did not protect a state judge from claims for injunctive
relief in a § 1983 action. In making this determination, the Court concluded that,
consistent with the development of immunity in English common law, American
12
courts had never adopted a rule of absolute judicial immunity to claims for
injunctive relief. Id. at 536. In addition, the Court noted that, as of the time of its
opinion, seven Circuits had indicated that there was no immunity from prospective
injunctive relief and that the limitations already imposed by the requirements for
obtaining injunctive relief “severely curtail the risk that judges will be harassed
and their independence compromised by the threat of having to defend themselves
against suits by disgruntled litigants.” Id. at 537-38. Finally, the Court addressed
the concern that allowing federal judges to grant injunctive relief against state
judges under § 1983 would be inconsistent with the doctrines of comity and
federalism. In this regard, the Court stated that nothing in § 1983 indicates that
Congress intended to insulate state judges completely from federal review of their
actions, and, because that statute allowed for suits against state officials and did not
limit the relief available against judges, the Court declined to create such a limit.
See id. at 540-42.
The dissent in Pulliam disagreed with the majority’s analysis of English
common law, arguing instead that the common-law remedies pointed to by the
majority were not analogous to suits for injunctive relief against judges and
therefore did not support the majority’s position that such relief was available.
Further, the dissenting Justices were of the opinion that the prerequisites for
13
injunctive relief did not provide a sufficient protection to judicial independence
from the threat of vexatious litigation and pointed to the case before them as an
example. As a result, the dissent concluded that there was “no principled reason
why judicial immunity should bar suits for damages but not for prospective
injunctive relief.” Id. at 557.
The precise question of whether this Pulliam limit on judicial immunity
applies to federal judges as well, when sued pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown
Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), is one of
first impression in our circuit. It has been addressed, however, by several district
courts and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. See Mullis v. United States
Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada, 828 F.2d 1385 (9th Cir. 1987);
Kampfer v. Scullin, 989 F. Supp. 194, 201-02 (N.D.N.Y. 1997); Stephens v.
Herring, 827 F. Supp. 359, 361-65 (E.D.Va. 1993); Page v. Grady, 788 F. Supp.
1207 (N.D.Ga. 1992); Wightman v. Jones, 809 F. Supp. 474 (N.D.Tex. 1992);
Neville v. Dearie, 745 F. Supp. 99 (N.D.N.Y. 1990); see also Dorman v. Higgins,
821 F.2d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 1987). Most of these courts have held that the doctrine
of absolute judicial immunity serves to protect federal judges from injunctive relief
as well as money damages.
In Mullis, the Ninth Circuit pointed out several “anomalies” in the potential
14
application of the Pulliam exception to judicial immunity to federal judges.
Specifically, the court stated that in cases in which a federal judge meets the
preconditions for judicial immunity—that he or she acted in his or her judicial
capacity—there will “invariably” be an adequate remedy at law through either
ordinary appeals or an extraordinary writ. Further, the court stated that the
availability of these alternate remedies would diminish a plaintiff’s ability to show
a serious risk of irreparable harm as well. See Mullis, 828 F.2d at 1392.
The Mullis court also noted that to allow injunctive relief against federal
judges would be to permit a “horizontal appeal” from one district court to another
or even “reverse review” of a ruling of the court of appeals by a district court. Id.
at 1392-93. The court then went on to conclude that these problems suggested that
the Pulliam exception should not apply in suits against federal judges. Finally, the
Mullis court noted that this conclusion was supported by the absence of explicit
statutory authority for a suit against a federal judge as was present in the § 1983
action against a state judge at issue in Pulliam. Id. at 1393-94.
Similarly, in Page v. Grady, 788 F. Supp. 1207 (N.D.Ga. 1992), the
Northern District of Georgia concluded that the rationale of Pulliam does not apply
in suits against federal judges. In Page, the court noted that suits against state
officials are explicitly allowed by § 1983 and that suits for injunctive relief against
15
state judges were necessary to effectuate the historical practice of federal court
oversight of state courts. 788 F. Supp. at 1211. Because these policies are not at
issue in suits against federal judges, and Bivens actions against federal officials are
judicially-created remedies anyway, the Page court found that it was inappropriate
to limit absolute judicial immunity in Bivens suits against federal judges. Id. at
1211-12. The court also noted that to find otherwise would be to allow a new
method of oversight of federal court actions by co-equal or inferior federal courts.
See id. at 1212; Stephens, 827 F. Supp. at 361-65; Wightman, 809 F. Supp. at 476-
79.
There is an opposing position that warrants discussion, however.
Specifically, the dissent in Mullis quotes Pulliam’s conclusions that the absence of
immunity from prospective relief prior to that time had not chilled judicial
independence and that such independence was adequately protected by the
requirements for injunctive relief as follows:
We never have had a rule of absolute judicial immunity from
prospective relief, and there is no evidence that the absence of that
immunity has had a chilling effect on judicial independence . . . The
limitations already imposed by the requirements for obtaining
equitable relief against any defendant–a showing or an inadequate
remedy at law and of a serious risk of irrevocable harm (citations
omitted), –severely curtail the risk that judges will be harassed and
their independence compromised by the threat of having to defend
themselves against suits by disgruntled litigants.
16
Mullis, 828 F.2d at 1394-95 (O’Scannlain, J. dissenting) (alterations in original);
see Scruggs v. Moellering, 870 F.2d 376, 378 (7th Cir. 1989) (questioning Mullis’
need for reliance upon absolute immunity when the court’s conclusion that an
adequate remedy at law existed led to the same result), abrogated on other grounds,
Antoine v. Byers & Anderson, Inc., 508 U.S. 429 (1993); Dorman v. Higgins, 821
F.2d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 1987) (citing Pulliam, without discussion, for the
proposition that a federal probation officer’s quasi-judicial immunity from
damages claims regarding the preparation of a pre-sentence report did not bar
similar claims for injunctive relief); Neville v. Dearie, 745 F. Supp. 99, 102
(N.D.N.Y. 1990) (citing Dorman for the proposition that judicial immunity does
not bar claims for injunctive relief against federal judges).
In addition, the Supreme Court has previously held that it is inappropriate to
create a distinction between state and federal officials for the purposes of immunity
as follows:
There is no basis for according to federal officials a higher degree of
immunity from liability when sued for a constitutional infringement as
authorized by Bivens than is accorded state officials when sued for the
identical violation under § 1983. The constitutional injuries made
actionable by § 1983 are of no greater magnitude than those for which
federal officials may be responsible.
Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 500 (1978). We have similarly stated that the
immunities provided federal officials in Bivens actions are coextensive with those
17
provided state officials from § 1983 actions. See Abella v. Rubino, 63 F.3d 1063,
1065 (11th Cir. 1995); Charles v. Wade, 665 F.2d 661, 666 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982);
Barker v. Norman, 651 F.2d 1107, 1122 (5th Cir. 1981).6 Thus, this issue is a
closer one than it would seem at first blush. After considering both sides of the
issue, however, we find the stronger argument favors the grant of absolute
immunity to the defendant federal judges in this case. Thus we affirm the district
court’s dismissal of the claims against the defendant judges.
Further, even assuming arguendo that the Pulliam decision applies equally in
Bivens actions against federal judges, that decision has been partially abrogated by
statute. Specifically, in 1996, Congress enacted the Federal Courts Improvement
Act (“FCIA”), Pub. L. No. 104-317, 110 Stat. 3847 (1996), in which it amended §
1983 to provide that “injunctive relief shall not be granted” in an action brought
against “a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial
capacity . . . unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was
unavailable.” At least two district courts have determined that this amendment also
limits any injunctive relief available against federal judges. See Jones v. Newman,
6
None of these cases directly addresses the scope of absolute judicial immunity, however.
Abella merely contains a general comment on the coextensiveness of remedies and immunities
under § 1983 and Bivens, Charles discusses witness immunity, and Barker involves qualified
immunity. Indeed, Abella contains a footnote explicitly stating that the court does not address
the issue of absolute immunity. See Abella, 63 F.3d at 1065-66 n.3.
18
1999 WL 493429 (S.D.N.Y. 1999); Kampfer v. Scullin, 989 F. Supp. 194
(N.D.N.Y. 1997). As the court in Jones explained, there are two reasons
supporting the applicability of this amendment in Bivens actions. First, as a
general matter federal courts incorporate § 1983 law into Bivens actions. See
Antoine v. Byers & Anderson, Inc, 508 U.S. 429, 433 n.5 (1993). In addition, to
the extent that federal judicial officers are not immune from suits for injunctive
relief, their liability is based on § 1983 law as set out in Pulliam. As a result, even
assuming arguendo that Pulliam does apply to federal judges, the 1996 amendment
to § 1983 would limit the relief available to plaintiffs to declaratory relief. As
discussed below with regard to the defendant prosecutors, plaintiffs are not entitled
to declaratory relief as there is an adequate remedy at law. Therefore, for this
reason as well, the district court properly dismissed plaintiffs claims against the
defendant judges.
D. Defendant Prosecutors
Prosecutors are also entitled to absolute immunity from damages for acts or
omissions associated with the judicial process, in particular, those taken in
initiating a prosecution and in presenting the government’s case. See Imbler v.
Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430-31 (1976); Jones v. Cannon, 174 F.3d 1271, 1281
(11th Cir. 1999); Fullman v. Graddick, 739 F.2d 553, 558-59 (11th Cir. 1984).
19
Our predecessor court has held that prosecutors are not immune from claims for
injunctive relief, however. See Tarter v. Hury, 646 F.2d 1010, 1012 (5th Cir.
1981) (“[P]rosecutors do not enjoy absolute immunity from [declaratory and
injunctive relief] claims.”). Further, we have found no case distinguishing between
state and federal prosecutors in this regard as has been done between state and
federal judges. However, we do not resolve this question because the district
court’s dismissal of plaintiffs claims against the defendant prosecutors may so
clearly be upheld on an alternate ground.
In order to receive declaratory or injunctive relief, plaintiffs must establish
that there was a violation, that there is a serious risk of continuing irreparable
injury if the relief is not granted, and the absence of an adequate remedy at law.
See Newman v. Alabama, 683 F.2d 1312 (11th Cir. 1982). As aptly noted by the
Ninth Circuit in Mullis, there is an adequate remedy at law for the violations
alleged by plaintiffs in their complaint. Specifically, plaintiffs may appeal any
rulings, or actions taken, in their criminal cases not only to this Court but also to
the Supreme Court. In addition, plaintiffs may seek an extraordinary writ such as a
writ of mandamus in either this Court or the Supreme Court. See 28 U.S.C. §
1651. Accordingly, there is an adequate remedy at law and plaintiffs are not
entitled to declaratory or injunctive relief in this case. As a result, the district court
20
was correct in dismissing plaintiffs’ claims, albeit for a different reason.7
E. Dismissal of Claims Against Defendant Robertson
Plaintiffs also allege that the district court erred in dismissing their claims
against defendant Robertson. The district court dismissed these claims for failure
to state a claim based upon the fact that plaintiffs’ complaint fails to allege any
specific misconduct by Robertson. Plaintiffs assert that there is ample evidence in
the record to prove their allegations of misconduct against Robertson and refer the
court to materials filed in the criminal case against plaintiff Pealock. Regardless of
whether the district court could have properly taken judicial notice of these
materials in ruling upon Robertson’s motion to dismiss, we note that the same
alternate remedies available to plaintiffs for their claims against the defendant
judges and prosecutors are also available for their claims against Robertson.
Accordingly, plaintiffs are not entitled to declaratory or injunctive relief against
Robertson either and we affirm the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims
against him as well.
III. CONCLUSION
The district court did not err in denying plaintiffs’ motions for recusal. We
7
Even were the defendant judges not entitled to absolute immunity, the remaining claims for
declaratory relief against them would be properly dismissed for this reason as well.
21
also conclude that the defendant judges are entitled to absolute immunity and
plaintiffs cannot show the absence of an adequate remedy at law for their claims
and therefore are not entitled to the declaratory or injunctive relief sought in their
complaint. As a result, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this action.
AFFIRMED.
22