UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Anthony James RICHARDSON, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 99-12328.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
Oct. 17, 2000.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama. (No. 96-00224-CR-1),
Charles R. Butler, Jr., Chief Judge.
Before COX, BLACK and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Anthony James Richardson appeals his 180-month sentence for possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). He argues that he was improperly sentenced as an armed
career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4. For the reasons stated below, we affirm
the district court's sentence.
Richardson possessed a firearm as a felon on December 31, 1995. On January 29, 1997, he pleaded
guilty to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). On April 29, 1997,
the district court concluded that he qualified as an armed career criminal and enhanced his sentence pursuant
to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Richardson appealed. This Court vacated the sentence and remanded for
re-sentencing because the district court erroneously relied upon a conviction obtained after Richardson's
violation of § 922(g) to conclude that he qualified as an armed career criminal. See United States v.
Richardson, 166 F.3d 1360, 1361-62 (11th Cir.1999). On remand, the district court again concluded that
Richardson qualified as an armed career criminal and enhanced his sentence accordingly, but this time relied
upon two 1990 burglary convictions, which were listed as two counts, in the Clarke County, Alabama, Circuit
Court. Richardson appeals.
To qualify as an armed career criminal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), the defendant must violate
§ 922(g) and have "three previous convictions by any court ... for a violent felony or a serious drug offense,
or both, committed on occasions different from one another." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Richardson argues that
the court erred in concluding that the Clarke County burglary convictions constitute crimes committed on
occasions different from one another and that the court erred in considering evidence relevant to these
convictions beyond the indictments and judgments of conviction.1
We review for clear error a district court's factual findings and review de novo the district court's
application of law to those facts. United States v. Cover, 199 F.3d 1270, 1274 (11th Cir.2000). Whether two
crimes constitute a single criminal episode or two separate felonies for purposes of § 924(e) is an issue of law,
which we review de novo. See United States v. Lee, 208 F.3d 1306, 1307 (11th Cir.2000).
"[Section 924(e) ] does not require separate indictments; the final conviction under section 922(g)
must merely be preceded by three convictions for crimes that are temporally distinct." United States v.
Howard, 918 F.2d 1529, 1538 (11th Cir.1990). In Lee, the Court recently reiterated that " 'so long as
predicate crimes are successive rather than simultaneous, they constitute separate criminal episodes for
purposes of' " § 924(e)(1). 208 F.3d at 1307 (quoting United States v. Pope, 132 F.3d 684, 692 (11th
Cir.1998)). The Court stated that "by 'successive,' the Pope panel meant that the crimes were separated by
'a meaningful opportunity to desist ... activity before committing the second offense,' and that the crimes
reflected 'distinct aggressions, especially if the defendant committed the crimes in different places.' " Id.
Moreover, the Court explained that the crimes may represent one course of criminal conduct but still be
considered separate crimes where one crime was completed successfully and then the second "crime was
committed in a completely different venue." Id. at 1308.
Richardson concedes that the Clarke County indictments and judgments alone indicate that either he
or one of his accomplices burglarized Martin Searcy's building and either Richardson or one of his
accomplices burglarized Barry Wiseman's building. He contends, however, that the indictments and
judgments do not indicate whether the burglaries occurred simultaneously or successively. As Richardson
could not have been in Searcy's building and Wiseman's building simultaneously, he burglarized the buildings
successively or while he was burglarizing one, an accomplice was burglarizing the other, or his accomplices
burglarized both buildings. If he burglarized the buildings successively, then the crimes are on different
occasions and distinct criminal episodes. On the other hand, if he burglarized one while his accomplices
burglarized the other or his accomplices burglarized both simultaneously, then the answer is less clear. For
example, if Richardson drove his accomplices to the buildings, instructed them to burglarize the buildings
1
Richardson does not argue that his 1990 burglary conviction in the Washington County, Alabama,
Circuit Court does not count toward the three requisite convictions. Thus, the question is whether the
Clarke County convictions count as a single criminal episode or two violent felonies committed on
different occasions.
and the accomplices complied, the crimes would be simultaneous and temporally indistinct. Thus, the
indictments and judgments alone do not indicate whether the crimes were committed on occasions different
from one another.
The district court went further, however, and examined records beyond the judgment and indictment.
The district court concluded that the burglaries were separate offenses based on police reports and arrest
records related to the Clarke County burglaries submitted by the Government. Richardson argues that Taylor
v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), precludes consideration of these
documents. In Taylor, the Supreme Court first concluded that "a person has been convicted of burglary for
purposes of a § 924(e) enhancement if he is convicted of any crime, regardless of its exact definition or label,
having the basic elements of unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure, with
intent to commit a crime." Id. at 599, 110 S.Ct. at 2158. Next, the Supreme Court held that " § 924(e)
mandates a formal categorical approach, looking only to the statutory definitions of the prior offenses, and
not to the particular facts underlying those convictions" to determine if the conviction is such a burglary. Id.
at 600, 110 S.Ct. at 2159. In other words, "the only plausible interpretation of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) is that, like
the rest of the enhancement statute, it generally requires the trial court to look only to the fact of conviction
and the statutory definition of the prior offense." Id. at 602, 110 S.Ct. at 2160. Such a categorical approach
applies, the Court reasoned, because "Congress intended the sentencing court to look only to the fact that the
defendant had been convicted of crimes falling within certain categories and not to the facts underlying the
prior convictions." Id. at 600, 110 S.Ct. at 2159.2 The Court also expressed concerns about the "practical
difficulties and potential unfairness of a factual approach," in particular, the problems of attempting to prove
through trial transcripts or witnesses, conduct alleged to be a burglary. Id. at 601, 110 S.Ct. at 2159.
In contrast, determining whether crimes were committed on occasions different from one another
requires looking at the facts underlying the prior convictions. See e.g., United States v. Sweeting, 933 F.2d
962, 967 (11th Cir.1991)("The underlying incident for Sweeting's prior conviction was the burglarizing of
one home, fleeing to another home when the police approached, and hiding in a closet to escape detection
2
As a result of adopting this categorical approach, the Taylor Court ultimately held that "an offense
constitutes 'burglary' for purposes of a § 924(e) sentence enhancement if either its statutory definition
substantially corresponds to 'generic' burglary, or the charging paper and jury instructions actually
required the jury to find all the elements of generic burglary in order to convict the defendant." Taylor,
495 U.S. at 602, 110 S.Ct. at 2160. Richardson does not argue that the burglary convictions in Clarke
County do not substantially correspond to generic burglary.
by the police. We agree with appellant that this should count as only one conviction for purposes of
sentencing, as it constitutes a single episode even though there were separate punishable acts."); Pope, 132
F.3d at 692 ("Because Pope had completed his first burglary when he made the decision to commit the second
burglary by breaking into another office 200 yards away, the two crimes were committed on 'occasions
different from one another.' "); Lee, 208 F.3d at 1308 ("Lee here successfully completed his first crime. He
got away. Only after he was spotted some two miles away ... did he set into motion the chain of events
leading to his second crime, and that crime was committed in a completely different venue. That break makes
the crimes successive, distinct aggressions.").
Richardson further argues that United States v. Spell, 44 F.3d 936 (11th Cir.1995), limits any inquiry
beyond the fact of conviction to "examining easily produced and evaluated court documents, including the
judgment of conviction, charging papers, plea agreement, presentence report adopted by the court, and the
findings of a sentencing judge." Id. at 939. Although Spell was concerned with a different provision than
Taylor, the issue was similar. In Spell, the Court determined whether the defendant's Florida burglary
conviction was for a crime of violence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. The police report and arrests records,
Richardson argues, are beyond the limited inquiry prescribed by Spell and are of insupportable reliability.
Whether the Clarke County burglaries were committed on "occasions different from one another,"
i.e. whether they were "temporally distinct" or "successive rather than simultaneous," is a question unsuited
to a categorical approach that relies on an examination of the criminal statute. The mere fact of conviction
does not answer this question. Furthermore, the court documents referred to in Spell—especially in a case
such as this one where the defendant pleaded guilty to the crimes—often do not provide sufficient information
to determine whether crimes were separate or part of a single criminal episode.3 As noted above, in making
this determination, this Court has repeatedly examined the underlying facts. See, e.g., Sweeting, 933 F.2d
at 967; Pope, 132 F.3d at 691-92; Lee, 208 F.3d at 1308. Thus, the court did not err in examining the
underlying facts.4
We recognize, however, that the reliability of police reports is far from absolute. We further
3
It is common in many jurisdictions for indictments to simply track the statutory language for the
given crime and provide few, if any, of the specific facts underlying the indictment.
4
We note that this Court in its prior opinion instructed that "[o]n remand, the district court is not
precluded from soliciting facts about the Clarke County burglaries to determine whether they were
separate convictions for the purpose of applying" § 924(e)(1). Richardson, 166 F.3d at 1362.
recognize the risk of converting a sentencing procedure into a mini-trial of the facts. Cf. Spell, 44 F.3d at 939
("As the Supreme Court explained in Taylor v. United States, the practical difficulties of holding mini-trials
on a defendant's prior convictions counsel against looking beyond the fact of conviction."). Richardson,
however, has not contested the accuracy of the police reports in this case. Moreover, the facts which the
police reports relay in this case are those which ordinarily such a report most reliably relays. In particular,
the reports indicate that Martin Searcy reported that his camphouse in Manilla was burglarized between 5:00
p.m. November 28, 1989, and 5:45 p.m. December 1, 1989, and that Barry Wiseman reported that his
residence in Mobile was burglarized between 12:00 a.m. December 3, 1989, and 8:00 p.m. December 4, 1989.
Based on these reports which undisputedly indicate that the burglaries took place on different days
at different locations, we conclude that the district court did not err in concluding that the Clarke County
burglaries were committed on occasions different from one another. Accordingly, we affirm its application
of the armed career criminal enhancement pursuant to § 924(e)(1).
AFFIRMED.