[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JULY 17, 2001
No. 00-14177
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 97-0251-CV-UUB
ROSEMARY J. WASCURA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI, a municipal corporation,
NEIL CARVER, individually, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(July 17, 2001)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, FAY and BRIGHT*, Circuit Judges.
_____________________
*Honorable Myron H. Bright, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
ANDERSON, Chief Judge:
Plaintiff-Appellant Rosemary Wascura (“Wascura”) appeals from an order
of the district court granting summary judgment in favor of the Defendant-
Appellee, the City of South Miami (“the City”), on her claims under the Americans
with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., (“ADA”), and the Family Medical
and Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., (“FMLA”). Wascura originally
brought this action against the City and four individual Defendants – Neil Carver,
former Mayor of the City; R. Paul Young, former Vice Mayor of the City; and Ann
Bass and Thomas Todd Cooper, former City Commissioners – alleging violations
of the ADA and FMLA. The individual Defendants brought a motion to dismiss
Wascura’s FMLA claim against them in their individual capacities, but the district
court denied their motion. On interlocutory appeal, we reversed, holding that
public officials in their individual capacities are not “employers” under the FMLA
and, therefore, we concluded that we had no subject matter jurisdiction over
Wascura’s FMLA claim against the individual Defendants. See Wascura v.
Carver, 169 F.3d 683 (11th Cir. 1999). On remand, the district court granted the
City’s motion for summary judgment as to both claims, and Wascura appeals. For
the reasons stated below, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
2
Wascura worked as City Clerk from August 1981 until her termination on
May 16, 1995. Under the City’s charter, the City Clerk was an appointee who
served at the pleasure of a five-member Commission, consisting of the Mayor,
Vice-Mayor, and three other Commissioners. A majority vote of the
Commissioners was required in order to terminate the City Clerk.
At the time of Wascura’s termination, the five-member Commission
consisted of Mayor Neil Carver, R. Paul Young, Ann Bass, Thomas Todd Cooper,
and Thomas Cunningham (collectively, “the Commissioners”). Carver served as
Commissioner from February 1990 until February 1994 and served as Mayor of
the City from February 1994 until February 1996. Young served as Commissioner
from February 1994 until February 1996; Bass served as Commissioner from
February 1992 until February 1996; and Cooper served as Commissioner from
February 1990 until February 1996. According to Wascura’s deposition testimony,
Cunningham, who was never a party to this action, was HIV positive and died
subsequent to Wascura’s termination.
In August 1994, Wascura’s twenty-seven year old son, who was
experiencing the end-stages of AIDS and was unable to care for himself, moved in
with Wascura and her family. According to Wascura’s deposition testimony, in
January 1995, she notified each Commissioner about her son’s illness and the
3
possibility that she might need to take time off from work in order to care for her
son. Wascura testified with respect to their responses that several Commissioners,
including Mayor Carver, Cunningham, and Bass, expressed sympathy. She also
testified that she did not receive any negative verbal reaction or signs of
displeasure from any of the Commissioners when she told them about her son’s
illness. Wascura further testified that between January 1995, when she notified the
Commissioners of her son’s illness, and May 16, 1995, when she was terminated,
she took some time off from work to be with her son, but she could not remember
taking off “any large blocks of time.”
According to Wascura’s deposition testimony, on Friday, May 12, 1995,
Mayor Carver asked Wascura to come to his office. Wascura arrived at Carver’s
office, where the City’s labor attorney, Jim Crosland, was also present. Mayor
Carver told Wascura that he wanted her to resign immediately. Wascura testified
that Carver told her that he did not have to give her a reason for wanting her
resignation, and he said, “Things aren’t right. I don’t want you here. I want you to
resign. And if you need an excuse, you can use what’s going on at home.”
Between May 12 and May 16, Wascura contacted each of the other
Commissioners to tell them that Mayor Carver had asked for her resignation. Prior
to the Commission meeting on May 16, Wascura told Mayor Carver that she
4
refused to resign. At the Commission meeting, Mayor Carver made a motion for
Wascura’s termination, which passed by a unanimous vote of 5 to 0.
Wascura then filed this action, alleging violations of the ADA, 42 U.S.C. §
12101 et seq., and the FMLA, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq. In granting the City’s
motion for summary judgment on her ADA claim, the district court first noted that
Wascura failed to produce any direct evidence of discrimination. The district court
then analyzed Wascura’s ADA claim under the McDonnell-Douglas1 burden-
shifting analysis and concluded that Wascura failed to adduce any evidence
suggesting that the City’s proffered, non-discriminatory reasons for the
Commission’s decision to terminate her were pretextual. In granting the City’s
motion for summary judgment on her FMLA claim, the district court held that
Wascura failed to provide the City with notice of her intention to take FMLA-
qualifying leave sufficient to invoke her FMLA rights. The district court also held
that Wascura failed to establish a prima facie case of interference with her FMLA
rights, because she never exercised or attempted to exercise her right to take
FMLA-leave.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo.
1
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973).
5
See Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets of Florida, Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1357 (11th
Cir. 1999). “Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.
at 1358 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). We review the record and draw all
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See id.
III. DISCUSSION
A. ADA Claim
The ADA mandates that covered employers shall not “discriminate against a
qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in
regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of
employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and
privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). Under the Act, the term
“discriminate” is defined to include, among other factors, “excluding or otherwise
denying equal jobs or benefits to a qualified individual because of the known
disability of an individual with whom the qualified individual is known to have a
relationship or association.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(4).
In the absence of direct evidence of discrimination,2 a plaintiff may establish
2
We agree with the district court that Wascura has failed to provide any direct evidence
of discrimination. See Denney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172, 1182 (11th Cir. 2001) (“Direct
evidence is evidence that establishes the existence of discriminatory intent behind the
employment decision without any inference or presumption.”) (quoting Standard v. A.B.E.L.
6
a prima facie case of an ADA violation through circumstantial evidence using the
familiar burden-shifting analysis employed in Title VII employment discrimination
cases. See Hilburn v. Murata Electronics North America, Inc., 181 F.3d 1220,
1226 (11th Cir. 1999). A plaintiff attempting to establish a prima facie case of
“association discrimination” under the ADA must establish: (1) that she was
subjected to an adverse employment action; (2) that she was qualified for the job at
that time; (3) that her employer knew at that time that she had a relative with a
disability; and (4) that “the adverse employment action occurred under
circumstances which raised a reasonable inference that the disability of the relative
was a determining factor in [the employer’s] decision.” Id. at 1230–31.
Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, the
defendant-employer must articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the
challenged action. See Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1024 (11th Cir.
2000) (en banc). “However, the employer’s burden is merely one of production; it
‘need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered
reasons. It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as
Servs., Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 (11th Cir. 1998)); Damon, 196 F.3d at 1359 (“‘[O]nly the most
blatant remarks, whose intent could be nothing other than to discriminate . . .’ will constitute
direct evidence of discrimination.”) (quoting Earley v. Champion Int’l Corp., 907 F.2d 1077,
1081-82 (11th Cir. 1990)). Mayor Carver’s statement to Wascura on May 12, 1995 – “Things
aren’t right. I don’t want you here. I want you to resign. And if you need an excuse, you can
use what’s going on at home” – is at most weak circumstantial evidence of discrimination.
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to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff.’” Id. (quoting Texas Dep’t of
Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254-55, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 1094
(1981)).
“If the defendant articulates one or more such reasons, the presumption of
discrimination is eliminated and ‘the plaintiff has the opportunity to come forward
with evidence, including the previously produced evidence establishing the prima
facie case, sufficient to permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the reasons
given by the employer were not the real reasons for the adverse employment
decision.” Id. (quoting Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1528 (11th
Cir. 1997)). If the plaintiff fails to proffer sufficient evidence to create a genuine
issue of material fact as to whether each of the defendant’s proffered reasons is
pretextual, the defendant is entitled to summary judgment. See id. at 1024-25.
Assuming arguendo that Wascura has established a prima facie case, we
conclude that she has failed to adduce sufficient evidence from which a reasonable
jury could find that the City’s proffered, non-discriminatory reasons for her
termination were pretextual. Because each Commissioner testified as to his or her
own reasons for voting to terminate Wascura, we examine each Commissioner’s
proffered reasons separately. We then examine Wascura’s attempts to show that
such reasons were pretextual.
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Mayor Carver
Carver testified that, prior to being elected Mayor, he had formed an opinion
that Wascura could not be trusted, “[b]ased on her personality and demeanor and
dealing[s] with other people.” Carver testified that his initial judgment about
Wascura was confirmed when he heard complaints about her performance as City
Clerk. For example, Edward Cox, the City Manager from November 1994 until
November 1996, had complained to Carver that Wascura had distributed incorrect
and outdated information at a meeting concerning the annexation of City property.3
Carver also testified about complaints that Wascura was selling hand bags out of
the Clerk’s office and that she had purchased a lamp for her personal use and
charged it to a city account. Carver testified that, even though she reimbursed the
city for the lamp, she did not have to pay sales tax because the city is exempt from
having to pay sales tax. He also testified that Wascura charged courier services to
3
Cox testified that his dealings with Wascura deteriorated after the annexation meeting
where Wascura disseminated incorrect information, and he testified that he spoke with the
Mayor and the other Commissioners about this matter. Cox testified that Wascura’s information
was both incorrect and outdated. It was his opinion that Wascura was close to a faction in the
City that was opposed to annexation and that that had something to do with her distribution of
the erroneous information. He also testified that gathering and distributing such information was
not in her realm of responsibility. Further, it was his opinion that she had to have known both
that it was not her responsibility and that the information was not accurate. Cox testified that he
confronted Wascura, asked her why she did this, and told her not to interfere in matters within
his jurisdiction. He also testified that he was aware that Mayor Carver and several other
Commissioners were not pleased with Wascura and that, “[i]n most every city commission
meeting, [the Commissioners] would bring up issues of shortcomings of the city clerk.”
9
a city account, for which the City was never reimbursed. Carver further testified
that Wascura signed his name to documents she was not supposed to sign for him
and that she worked for outside organizations while she was supposed to be
working for the City. Carver testified that his “political judgment” precipitated the
timing of the meeting when he asked Wascura for her resignation. He testified that
he had waited until that time to seek her resignation, because he thought that he
might get enough votes for her termination if she refused to resign. Carver stated
that he did not give Wascura a reason for why he was seeking her resignation,
because he did not want to give her the opportunity “to manipulate things” and to
“twist” what he said.
Cooper
Cooper testified that he was a personal friend of Wascura and her husband,
but that he believed that it was in the best interest of the City for Wascura to resign.
He formed this belief after Edward Cox, the City Manager, and Earl Gallop, the
City Attorney, told Cooper that “they had lost trust in [Wascura] and her ability to
do her job” after Wascura had disseminated incorrect information at an annexation
meeting against the wishes of the City Manager. This meeting with Cox and
Gallop took place within a month of Wascura’s termination. Cooper also recalled
hearing Mayor Carver complain about Wascura’s performance as City Clerk. He
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testified that he could tell that Carver “was exasperated or angry at the kind of the
quality of the work that was being produced.”
Bass
Bass testified that she believed that Wascura was unqualified to perform her
duties as City Clerk because she “lacked some of the integrity necessary for the
position.” One instance in which Commissioner Bass found Wascura lacking
integrity was when Wascura called Bass aside to tell her something that another
Commissioner was planning to talk about at an upcoming Commission meeting.
This occurred sometime between two years and six months prior to Wascura’s
termination. Bass believed that Wascura’s action constituted a violation of
Florida’s Sunshine law. Bass also believed that Wascura’s purchase of a lamp for
her personal use through a city account demonstrated her lack of integrity. This
purchase apparently occurred sometime around November 1994, approximately six
months before Wascura’s termination. Bass testified that she never confronted
Wascura to discuss her concerns about Wascura’s lack of integrity because she was
“not good at that” and “just removed [herself] from it.” Bass claimed that, because
of her concerns about Wascura’s integrity, she “pull[ed] back from official
dealings with [Wascura] and just maintain[ed] an acquaintanceship” with her.
Young
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Young, who was the fifth member of the Commission to vote for Wascura’s
termination, testified that he was surprised that the motion to terminate Wascura
was made at the meeting on May 16, 1995. He had previously advised Wascura
that, if she could not work things out with the Mayor, she should try to “cut [her]
best deal,” and he thought that she would resign and negotiate “a package.” Thus,
when he realized at the meeting on May 16 that Wascura had decided to refuse to
resign and instead “to go to a public confrontation with the Commission,” he was
“stunned.” Young testified that he decided to vote for Wascura’s termination in
order to avoid a public confrontation.
Wascura’s Attempts to Show Pretext
In response to the City’s articulated reasons for the Commission’s decision
to terminate her, Wascura offered evidence in an attempt to show that these reasons
were pretextual. She first pointed to the temporal proximity between the date that
she notified the Commissioners of her son’s illness – January 1995 – and the date
that she was terminated – May 16, 1995. While a close temporal proximity
between two events may support a finding of a causal connection between those
two events, see Brungart v. BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., 231 F.3d 791,
799 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating that the “general rule is that close temporal proximity
between the employee’s protected conduct and the adverse employment action is
12
sufficient circumstantial evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact of a
causal connection”), the three and one-half month period between Wascura’s
notification to the Commissioners of her son’s illness and her subsequent
termination does not, standing alone, show that the City’s articulated reasons for
her termination were pretextual, see, e.g., Conner v. Schnuck Markets, Inc., 121
F.3d 1390, 1395 (10th Cir. 1997) (holding that four-month time lag between
plaintiff’s participation in protected activity and his termination was, by itself,
insufficient to justify an inference of causation); Richmond v. Oneok, Inc., 120
F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997) (affirming district court’s holding that three-month
period of time between plaintiff’s protected activity and termination was, standing
alone, insufficient to establish a causal connection). Cf. Donnellon v. Fruehauf
Corp., 794 F.2d 598 (11th Cir. 1986) (in a case where “the defendant’s witnesses
never articulated clearly and consistently the reason that the plaintiff was
discharged,” holding that there was substantial evidence that the plaintiff was
discharged in retaliation for filing a sex discrimination complaint, including the
fact that she was discharged less than one month after filing her complaint).
In a somewhat related argument, Wascura contends that the fact that her
alleged misconduct, about which the Commissioners testified, pre-dated her notice
to the Commissioners of her son’s illness shows that the City’s proffered reasons
13
for her termination were pretextual. We disagree. First, Mayor Carver testified
that he chose to wait until May 1995 to seek Wascura’s resignation because it was
not until then that he thought that he might be able to get enough votes to terminate
her if she refused to resign. Bass testified that she chose not to discuss her
“integrity” concerns with Wascura because she was not “good at that” and she
instead chose to remove herself from dealings with Wascura. Cooper testified that
he did not learn of the City Manager’s and City Attorney’s lack of trust in Wascura
until one month prior to Wascura’s termination. Finally, Young testified that he
voted to terminate Wascura, not because of her alleged misconduct, but rather
because he wanted to avoid a public confrontation. Therefore, the fact that
Wascura’s alleged misconduct, about which Carver, Bass, and Cooper testified,
might have predated Wascura’s notice to the Commissioners of her son’s illness
does not appreciably contribute to a showing that the City’s proffered reasons for
her termination were pretext for discrimination.
Wascura next points to her long period of employment with the City and the
lack of documentary evidence of any complaints concerning her performance as
evidence that the City’s proffered reasons for her termination were pretextual.
While the lack of complaints or disciplinary reports in an employee’s personnel file
may support a finding of pretext, see Stanfield v. Answering Serv., Inc., 867 F.2d
14
1290, 1294 (11th Cir. 1989), it is undisputed that there was no formal review
process of the City Clerk. The only performance reviews that Wascura submitted
as evidence of her good performance were completed in 1979 and 1980, while
Wascura was serving as Deputy City Clerk. Furthermore, while Wascura had
served as City Clerk for fourteen years, Carver, Young, Bass, and Cooper had
served on the Commission for a much shorter period of time.
As evidence of pretext, Wascura next points to Carver’s failure to give her a
reason why he wanted her to resign at the meeting on May 12, 1995, and the
Commission’s failure to give her a reason for her termination on May 16, 1995. In
support of this argument, Wascura cites Donnellon v. Fruehauf Corp., 794 F.2d
598 (11th Cir. 1986). However, in Donnellon, a case which was adjudicated at a
bench trial, “the defendant’s witnesses never articulated clearly and consistently
the reason that the plaintiff was discharged.” Id. at 601-02. There was also
substantial evidence in Donnellon that the defendant had discharged the plaintiff in
retaliation for her filing a sex discrimination complaint. See id. at 601.
In this case, by contrast, Carver testified that he chose not to give Wascura a
reason why he wanted her resignation, because he did not want to give her an
opportunity “to manipulate things” and to “twist” what he said. As discussed
above, he also testified as to his numerous reasons for voting to terminate her.
15
This is not a case where “the defendant’s witnesses never articulated clearly and
consistently the reason that the plaintiff was discharged.” See id. at 601-02.
Instead, each of the Commissioners testified as to his or her reasons for voting to
terminate Wascura.
It is also significant in this case that Wascura has been able to adduce
virtually no evidence of discriminatory intent. To the contrary, Wascura herself
testified in deposition that she remembered several of the Commissioners
expressing sympathy, and none of the Commissioners expressing displeasure,
when she told them that her son had AIDS and that she might need some time off.
There is absolutely no evidence that any Commissioner exhibited fear with respect
to Wascura’s association with her diseased son or otherwise indicated any
discriminatory animus. The only hint is Mayor Carver’s alleged statement
to Wascura when he asked for her resignation – that, if she “need[ed] an excuse,
[she could] use what’s going on at home.” As discussed in note 2, supra, this
statement is at most weak circumstantial evidence of any discriminatory intent on
the part of Mayor Carver. On its face, the statement attributed by Wascura to the
Mayor does not suggest that the decision to terminate her was influenced by
Wascura’s son’s illness, but rather that the termination decision was being made
for other reasons, and that Wascura might save face by using her son’s illness as
16
the excuse for her resignation. Moreover, Wascura was pressed at her deposition
as to whether or not Mayor Carver indicated that her son’s illness influenced his
decision. She admitted that he never said that. In her deposition, Wascura was
repeatedly asked direct questions to this effect; she repeatedly answered in the
negative. For example, in one such question, counsel asked: “But he never said to
you, look, I don’t approve of people who contract the AIDS virus. I want you out
of here.” Wascura answered: “Oh, no, he never said that.”
Later in her deposition, Wascura asserted that she had concluded in her own
mind that the decision was in fact influenced by her son’s illness, because she saw
no other reasons for the decision and because of the temporal proximity. However,
as noted above, there are ample legitimate reasons reflected in this record. Indeed,
Commissioner Cooper, who considered himself a personal friend of Wascura and
her husband, testified that when she called him shortly before the May 16 public
meeting at which Wascura was terminated, he told her that he was sorry because he
considered her a friend, but that he felt at this point that it was the best thing for the
City for her to resign because the City Manager and City Attorney had lost
confidence in her. He also testified that he had made the same comments and
given the same reasons at the May 16 public meeting. Later questioning of him in
deposition indicated that the minutes of that meeting corroborate the fact that he
17
had made reference to the loss of trust in Wascura.
In light of the ample legitimate reasons for the termination decision
proffered by the City, the truth of which was never effectively challenged, and in
light of the fact that Wascura adduced virtually no evidence of discrimination, we
cannot conclude that a reasonable jury could find for the Plaintiff based merely on
the three and one-half month temporal proximity and the very weak inference from
the Mayor’s alleged comment that Wascura could use the illness as a face-saving
excuse. After a careful analysis of the entire summary judgment record, we cannot
conclude that Wascura has adduced evidence to generate a genuine issue of fact as
to the reasons proffered by the City for Wascura’s termination. Cf. Reeves v.
Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2109 (2000)
(holding that “a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to
find that the employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact
to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated”).
Finally, Wascura argues that the fact that none of the Commissioners besides
the Mayor intended to seek her termination shows that they merely “rubber-
stamped” the Mayor’s recommendation, without any independent investigation
into the reasons for her discharge. We conclude that what happened here does not
support a finding of pretext. “We have repeatedly and emphatically held that a
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defendant may terminate an employee for a good or bad reason without violating
federal law. We are not in the business of adjudging whether employment
decisions are prudent or fair. Instead, our sole concern is whether unlawful
discriminatory animus motivates a challenged employment decision.” Damon, 196
F.3d at 1361 (internal citations omitted). Therefore, even if the Commissioners did
in fact merely “rubber-stamp” the Mayor’s recommendation that Wascura be
terminated, this alone is insufficient to show pretext for discrimination. This is not
a case in which a plaintiff has created a jury issue with respect to discrimination on
the part of a dominant decision-maker whose decision was rubber-stamped by
others.
Viewing the record as a whole, we conclude that Wascura has failed to come
forward with sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable jury that the City’s
proffered reasons for terminating Wascura were pretext for discrimination.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order granting summary judgment to the
City on Wascura’s ADA claim.
B. FMLA Claim
Under the FMLA, an eligible employee is entitled to up to twelve weeks of
leave each year to care for the employee’s child, spouse, or parent who has a
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serious health condition. See 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1).4 “To preserve the
availability of these rights, and to enforce them, the FMLA creates two types of
claims: interference claims, in which an employee asserts that his employer denied
or otherwise interfered with his substantive rights under the Act, see 29 U.S.C. §
2615(a)(1), and retaliation claims, in which an employee asserts that his employer
discriminated against him because he engaged in activity protected by the Act, see
29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1) & (2); 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(c).” Strickland v. Water Works
and Sewer Bd. of the City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199, 1206 (11th Cir. 2001).
Wascura claims that the City violated the FMLA when it terminated her a
few months after learning of her intent to take leave to care for her son and prior to
the time that she took her intended FMLA-leave. While the City argues that
Wascura’s claim is really one for retaliation, we, like the district court, accept
Wascura’s characterization of her FMLA claim as one for interference with her
FMLA rights. We conclude that the district court’s order granting summary
judgment to the City on Wascura’s FMLA claim was appropriate.
“To state a claim under the FMLA, a plaintiff must prove three elements at
trial: (1) he availed himself of a protected right under the FMLA; (2) he suffered
4
It is undisputed that Wascura was an eligible employee and that her son had a serious
health condition.
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an adverse employment decision; and (3) there is a causal connection between the
protected activity and the adverse employment decision.” Parris v. Miami Herald
Publ’g Co., 216 F.3d 1298, 1301 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing Earl v. Mervyns, Inc.,
207 F.3d 1361, 1367 (11th Cir. 2000)). “On summary judgment, however, the
employee must raise only a material issue of fact, which he may generate through
reasonable inferences, regarding each element of his claim.” Id.
It is undisputed that Wascura suffered an adverse employment action. With
respect to the first element – that she availed herself of a protected right – we
assume arguendo, but expressly do not decide, that Wascura raised a genuine issue
of material fact. However, we conclude that she failed to raise a genuine issue with
respect to the third element – causation. For the same reasons that we concluded
that Wascura failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could find
that the City’s proffered reasons for her termination were pretextual with respect to
her ADA claim, we conclude that Wascura failed to present evidence from which a
reasonable jury could find any causal connection between Wascura’s notice to the
Commissioners in January 1995 of her potential need to take time off to care for
her son and her subsequent termination on May 16, 1995. As explained above, the
City adduced evidence of legitimate reasons for its termination action unrelated to
Wascura’s indication that she might want to take time off in the future to care for
21
her son, and Wascura failed to create a genuine issue of fact with respect to any
causal connection between her notice to the Commissioners of her potential need to
take time off because of her son’s AIDS and her termination. Aside from the
temporal proximity, Wascura introduced virtually no evidence of a causal
connection. In light of the other evidence in the record, the three and one-half
month temporal proximity is insufficient to create a jury issue on causation. We
conclude that Wascura failed to adduce sufficient evidence to permit a reasonable
jury to find for her.
IV. CONCLUSION
Wascura failed to adduce sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury
could find that the reasons proffered by the City for her termination were
pretextual. She also failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could
find that the notice that she gave to the Commissioners of her potential need to take
time off in the future to care for her son was in any way causally related to the
City’s decision to terminate her. Therefore, the district court properly granted
summary judgment in favor of the City on Wascura’s ADA and FMLA claims.
AFFIRMED.
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