[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
_______________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JUNE 05, 2002
No. 01-14973
THOMAS K. KAHN
_______________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 01-00307 CV-J-S
IN RE:
ALABAMA LAND AND MINERAL CORP.,
Debtor.
NATIONAL CITY BANK OF KENTUCKY,
f.k.a. National City Bank, Kentucky,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ANDRE M. TOFFEL, Trustee,
Defendant-Appellee.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
______________________________
(June 5, 2002)
Before BIRCH, HILL and HALL*, Circuit Judges.
*
Honorable Cynthia Holcomb Hall, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
BIRCH, Circuit Judge:
National City Bank of Kentucky (NCB) appeals the bankruptcy court’s
decision, affirmed by the district court, that NCB failed to perfect a security
interest in a $1,000,000.00 fund held in escrow for Alabama Land and Minerals
Corporation (“Alabama Land”) and Mid-South Resources Corporation (“Mid-
South”). On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court characterized
the $1,000,000.00 fund (“subject funds”) as a certificate of deposit (“CD”) and
reasoned that NCB’s interest was unperfected because NCB did not possess a
certificate. The district court granted summary judgment to the bankruptcy estates
of Alabama Land and Mid-South, represented by André Toffel (“Trustee”).
Whether NCB’s interest was perfected turns on how the subject funds are
characterized. We conclude that the district court’s characterization results in the
elevation of form over substance, and REVERSE the grant of summary judgment
in favor of the Trustee. Because the subject funds are more properly characterized
as a deposit account governed by the common law of the pledge, we conclude that
NCB’s interest in the subject fund was perfected, and REVERSE the district
court’s denial of NCB’s motion for summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
2
In late 1995, NCB entered into three agreements with Alabama Land. First,
NCB issued an irrevocable standby letter of credit for Alabama Land in favor of
Van-American Insurance Company (“Van-American”) in the amount of
$1,000,000.00. Second, NCB and Alabama Land entered into a “Reimbursement
and Security Agreement” in which Alabama Land agreed to reimburse NCB should
Van-American draw on the letter of credit.1 Third, Alabama Land and its parent,
Mid-South, applied for an escrow account in which to keep the subject funds
unless and until Van-American requested payment under the letter of credit. Under
the escrow agreement, Alabama Land and Mid-South had the right to request that
NCB invest the subject funds in a CD. Alabama Land and Mid-South deposited
the subject funds and requested investment, and NCB created CD # 50313123. It
is undisputed that NCB never issued a certificate to represent CD # 50313123.
On 1 June 1998, both Alabama Land and Mid-South filed voluntary Chapter
11 petitions, which were subsequently converted into Chapter 7. On 11 August
2000, Van-American presented a $ 1 million sight draft on the letter of credit. At
that point, NCB requested that the Trustee for the bankruptcy estate provide NCB
with $1,000,000.00 and the fee for drawing the funds. The Trustee did not do so.
1
In addition to the $1,000,000.00, Alabama Land agreed to pay a $2,500 drawing fee,
and interest at prime plus 4%. R1-2, Stip., ¶ 2.
3
NCB paid $1,000,000.00 to Van-American on 21 August 2000 in accordance with
the letter of credit, and retained CD # 50313123.2
NCB then sought relief from the automatic stay to apply the fund to the pre-
petition obligations of Alabama Land and Mid-South. The Bankruptcy Court
denied relief to NCB, and granted summary judgment to the Trustee. NCB
appealed to the District Court. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the
District Court denied NCB’s motion and granted the Trustee’s motion. NCB
appeals.
II. DISCUSSION
An appellate court reviews de novo the grant of summary judgment by a
bankruptcy court. In re Optical Tech., Inc., 246 F.3d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir. 2001).
Like the bankruptcy court and the district court, we will apply Kentucky state law.
See KRS § 355.9-103(1)(b) (1996) (providing that “perfection . . . of a security
interest in collateral [is] governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the collateral
is when the last event occurs on which is based the assertion that the security
interest is perfected or unperfected”). The Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”)
2
CD # 50313123 is still active at NCB. Because the rate of interest accrual under the
Reimbursement and Security Agreement exceeds the rate of interest earned by the CD, Alabama
Land and Mid-South owe NCB a sum greater than the amount held by NCB in the CD.
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has been adopted in Kentucky. KRS § 355.1-101 (1958). It is relevant that we are
applying the version of the UCC in effect at the time of the transactions; we are not
applying Revised Article 9, which took effect in Kentucky on 1 July 2001. KRS §
355.9-101 (2001).
Whether we uphold the ruling of the bankruptcy court turns on our
characterization of the subject funds. According to the bankruptcy court, the
subject funds should be characterized as a CD. Relevant Kentucky law provides
that a CD is a negotiable instrument, KRS § 355.3-104(10)(1996), and that the
only method of perfecting an interest in such an instrument is possession. KRS §
355.9-304(1)(1996). The bankruptcy court reasoned that because NCB did not
possess the instrument, i.e., the certificate, NCB’s interest was not perfected.
We acknowledge that multiple characteristics of the subject funds support
the bankruptcy court’s decision: NCB created an account labeled CD # 50313123,
Alabama Land received a receipt for the creation of a CD, the subject fund
generated interest and matured periodically. The bankruptcy court’s decision,
however, is fundamentally flawed in two respects. The first flaw is global: the
substance of the transaction was NCB’s transfer of credit in consideration for
Alabama Land’s collateral. The second flaw of the bankruptcy court’s decision is
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technical: the CD was not represented by a negotiable instrument. As such,
possession of the certificate was not the appropriate test for perfection.
First we address the substance of the transaction. Kentucky law has long
recognized that “[t]he substance instead of the form of a transaction must control in
its interpretation and in determining the rights or liabilities of the parties.” Ducker
v. Latonia Deposit Bank, 46 S.W.2d 493, 494 (Ky. 1932). Reading the three
agreements between NCB and Alabama Land, it is clear that the substance of the
transaction was the creation of a letter of credit. NCB issued the letter in favor of
the Van-American Insurance Company. R1-2, Ex. A. In return, Alabama Land
agreed that
If at any time and from time to time [NCB] require[s]
collateral (or additional collateral) security, we agree to
deliver, convey, transfer and/or assign to [NCB] as
security for our obligations and liabilities hereunder . . .
howsoever created, arising or evidenced, whether joint or
several, direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, now or
hereafter existing, due or to become due (collectively,
“Liabilities”), such collateral security as you may
request.
R1-2, Ex. B, ¶ 4. The “Letter of Credit Escrow Account Agreement” makes it
clear that NCB extended the letter of credit in exchange for collateral: “in
consideration of the issuance of the Letter of Credit . . . the parties hereto hereby
agree . . . on the date hereof, to pay into the Letter of Credit Account, an amount of
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cash equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the Letter of Credit amount.” R1-2,
Ex. C, ¶ C1. Alabama Land and its parent, Mid-South, explicitly granted NCB a
security interest: “The Applicant does hereby sell, mortgage and grant a security
interest to the Bank in the monies deposited in the Letter of Credit Account
(‘Security Interest’), such Security Interest perfected by the Bank’s possession and
control of such monies.” Id. at ¶ C4. There is no question that the substance of the
transaction was the extension of credit by NCB in consideration for a security
interest in the subject funds deposited by Alabama Land.3
The Trustee responds by pointing to a provision in the Letter of Credit
Escrow Account Agreement: “The Applicant may request that the Bank invest
some or all of the cash in the Letter of Credit Account in one or more certificates of
deposit issued by the Bank.” R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ C3. While it is true that NCB invested
the subject funds in a CD in response to Alabama Land’s request, this fact does not
alter the substance of the transaction between the parties. NCB did not relinquish
its security interest in the subject funds by investing them in a CD. Had Alabama
Land not requested investment, or if NCB had refused the request, the substance of
3
The agreements between NCB and Alabama Land also provided that in the event of
default, “all of [Alabama Land’s] Liabilities, direct and indirect, to [NCB] . . shall . . . become
immediately due and payable.” R1-2, Ex. B, ¶ 5. Default was defined to include a draw by
Van-American against NCB under the letter of credit. R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ C5. It is the default
provision which NCB seeks to enforce.
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the agreement between the parties would be the same; the only difference would be
that Alabama Land would have earned no interest.
With the global flaw addressed, we turn to the technical flaw in the
bankruptcy court’s decision: application of UCC Article 9. Because CD #
50313123 was not evidenced by a written certificate — a fact not in dispute — the
CD is not governed by Article 9. The issue is definitional. Under the version of
Article 9 in effect at the time of these transactions, a CD is defined as “an
instrument containing an acknowledgment by a bank that a sum of money has been
received by the bank and a promise by the bank to repay the sum of money.” KRS
§ 355.3-104(10)(1996) (emphasis added). An “instrument” is defined as a
“negotiable instrument.” KRS § 355.3-104(2)(1996). A “negotiable instrument” is
defined as
an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount
of money . . . if it:
(a) Is payable to bearer or to order at the time it is issued
or first comes into possession of a holder;
(b) Is payable on demand or at a definite time; and
(c) Does not state any other undertaking or instruction by
the person promising or ordering payment to do any act
in addition to the payment of money . . .
KRS § 355.3-104(1)(1996). The only written evidence that the fund had been
invested in a CD was a “Confirmation and Advice” statement issued periodically
by NCB. R1-2, Ex. D. Because the Confirmation and Advice statement is not
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payable to bearer or to order, it is not a negotiable instrument. As such, the subject
funds cannot be characterized as a CD.
How then should we characterize the subject funds? We find guidance in
Revised Article 9. Although not in effect at the time of the transactions at issue,
Revised Article 9 provides clarification of former Article 9. See United States v.
Carroll, 6 F.3d 735, 746 (11th Cir. 1993) (concluding that it is permissible to use
clarifying amendments to interpret an earlier provision of the Sentencing
Guidelines). Revised Article 9 provides that “[t]he revised definition [of deposit
account] clarifies the proper treatment of nonnegotiable or uncertificated
certificates of deposit. Under the definition, an uncertificated certificate of deposit
would be a deposit account.” UCC § 9-102, comment 12.4 Because the UCC
characterizes “uncertificated certificates of deposit” as deposit accounts, we accept
the oxymoron and characterize the subject funds accordingly.
A “deposit account” is a “demand, time, savings, passbook or like account
maintained with a bank, savings and loan association, credit union or like
organization, other than an account evidenced by a certificate of deposit.” KRS §
355.9-105(1)(e)(1986). Under the law in effect at the time of the transactions
4
The use of the Official Comments to interpret the UCC provisions is sanctioned under
Kentucky law, provided there is no conflict between the comment and the provision. KRS §
355.1-110 (1990). In this case, there is no conflict.
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between NCB and Alabama Land, deposit accounts were expressly excluded from
the scope of Article 9. KRS § 355.9-104(12)(1986).5 The fact that the transaction
fell outside the scope of Article 9, however, did not preclude the creation of a
security interest. In re Ricky Gifford, 174 B.R. 231, 233 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1994).
Rather, the fact that Article 9 does not govern means that some other state or
federal law must. Id.
The law that governs the transaction between NCB and Alabama Land is the
common law of the pledge. Long recognized under the common law of Kentucky,
a pledge is a transfer of property as security for a debt. Cochran & Fulton v. Ripy,
Hardie & Co., 76 Ky. 495 (1877). The law of the pledge was fully developed by
the time the UCC was created, and now finds application both within and without
the UCC. Kunkel v. Sprague Nat’l Bank, 128 F.3d 636, 644 (8th Cir. 1997). In
Kentucky, the use of the pledge as a security device is evident in both statutory and
common law. See, e.g., KRS § 132.270 (1968) (reporting taxes on pledged
property); KRS § 287.280 (1992) (maximum debt to a bank correlated with the
value of the debtor’s pledge); Kentucky Util. Co. v. South East Coal Co., 836
5
Under Revised Article 9, commercial deposit accounts fall within the scope of the
UCC. 9-109(a)(1) & (d)(13)(2000).
10
S.W.2d 388, 390 (Ky. 1991); Farmers Bank & Trust Co. v. Brazell, 902 S.W.2d
830, 832 (Ky. Ct. App. 1995).
The Supreme Court has defined the three elements necessary to create a
pledge: (1) debt, (2) the offer of property to secure the debt, and (3) the transfer of
the property from the debtor (pledgor) to the creditor (pledgee). Mechanics’ &
Traders’ Ins. Co. v. Kiger, 103 U.S. 352, 356 (1880). In the case at bar, all three
elements are present. First, Alabama Land incurred debt when NCB extended the
letter of credit to Van-American. Second, Alabama Land — through its parent
Mid-South — offered the subject funds as security. Third, Mid-South transferred
the subject funds to NCB.
Two points warrant discussion. First, it should be emphasized that the debt
incurred by Alabama Land and the property pledged by Mid-South are two
different entities, both conceptually and physically. Alabama Land’s debt was the
letter of credit extended by NCB to Van-American; its security was the
$1,000,000.00 transferred to NCB. The Letter of Credit Escrow Account
Agreement makes this distinction clear: “[t]he letter of Credit obligates the
Applicant to deposit $1,000,000 cash into an account at the Bank, as security for
the Letter of Credit.” R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ B. The conceptual distinction is made more
concrete by the physical distinction. When Van-American made a draw on the
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letter of credit, NCB transferred funds in order to satisfy the obligation. Still in the
possession of NCB is CD # 50313123: the funds pledged by Alabama Land.
The second point warranting discussion is the definition of possession. “It is
the universal rule with reference to pledges of personal property as security for
debt that possession, either actual or symbolic, of the thing pledged must be
delivered by the pledgor to the pledgee, in order to create the lien.” S.J. Marx
Co.’s Trustee v. Marx, 3 S.W.2d 644, 645 (Ky. 1928). If the pledgor retains
control over the thing pledged, the pledgee does not have possession. Title Ins. &
Trust Co. v. Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 109 S.W.2d 814, 815
(Ky. 1937). The Trustee argues that Alabama Land retained control over the
subject funds, so NCB’s security interest was not perfected under the common law
of the pledge.
The Trustee’s argument finds little support in the facts. Alabama Land’s
influence over the subject funds was such that it could (1) “request” that NCB
place the security in a CD, and (2) establish maturity dates (provided that NCB
granted the request to place the fund in a CD). Alabama Land did not have such
control that it could remove the subject funds from NCB, or implement a different
investing strategy. On paper, the Trustee’s argument is weaker still. The Letter of
Credit Escrow Account Agreement provides that “[d]uring the term of the Letter of
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Credit, the Bank shall have absolute and sole control of all monies deposited into
the Letter of Credit [Escrow] Account.” R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ 7. We conclude that NCB
had control over — and thus possession of — the fund pledged by Alabama Land
as security for the letter of credit.
III. CONCLUSION
The uncontested facts in this case support that Alabama Land transferred
$1,000,000.00 to NCB as security for a letter of credit extended to Van-American
Insurance Company. The subject funds are properly characterized not as a CD, but
as a deposit account. Under the common law of the pledge, NCB perfected its
security interest in the deposit account. Accordingly, we REVERSE the grant of
summary judgment in favor of the Trustee, REVERSE the denial of summary
judgment in favor of NCB, and REMAND so that the district court may address
costs and any issues related to interest.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
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