On April 16, 1981, we approved for publication in the Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases a grand jury handbook and a set of grand jury instructions. Because it later came to our attention that many general references to people in the handbook and the instructions were in masculine form, we requested the Committee on Standard Jury Instructions (Criminal) to submit revisions that would provide gender-neutral instructions. The committee’s report, which contains the recommended revisions, is appended to this opinion.*
We approve for publication these recommended revisions.
It is so ordered.
SHAW, C.J., and OVERTON, MCDONALD, BARKETT, GRIMES and KOGAN, JJ., concur.REPORT (No. 90-2) OF THE COMMITTEE ON STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS (CRIMINAL) '
TO THE CHIEF JUSTICE AND JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA:
On April 16,1981, the court approved for publication a grand jury handbook and a set of grand jury instructions. Because many general references to people in the handbook and the instructions are in masculine form, Justice Ehrlich asked the court’s committee to propose revisions that will provide gender neutral instructions. The full grand jury instructions with the committee’s proposed changes shown by deletion (shading) marks and by addition (underline) marks are provided below:
GRAND JURY INSTRUCTIONS
PRELIMINARY STATEMENTS
1.1 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, the oath you have just taken now constitutes you the grand jury for_(county) for this term of court. Your term begins today and will continue through the (date). You will not be expected to remain in continuous session, but you will be called from time to time when circumstances require your consideration. Your immediate duty will be to consider those matters to be presented to you at this time.
1.2 It is my duty to instruct you concerning your duties and it is your duty to follow these instructions as you understand them.
1.3 Your duties are those of an investigative body. You are authorized to inquire into and investigate both criminal and civil matters. You should be fully aware at all times of the enormous power vested in the grand jury. This power carries with it the profound responsibility to see that it is not abused. You are responsible only to the court.
1.4 No duty of citizenship is more important than service as a grand juror, for no other group of citizens has the opportunity to make a more valuable contribution to the administration of justice.
1.5 The grand jury system is of ancient vintage. History has proved its effectiveness in regulating the affairs of free people. The seven hundred years of its existence in its present form justifies it *1277as a guardian of all that is comprehended in the police power of the state.
1.6 You always should keep in mind that the grand jury is both a sword and a shield ... a sword because the power of the grand jury has a chilling and deterrent effect on those who violate the law ... it is a shield because of its power and duty to protect the innocent against persecution.
1.7 Your service as a grand juror will be a satisfying and rewarding experience for by it you will participate directly in the administration of justice. You will have the opportunity, if circumstances justify it, to inquire into, examine and investigate not only violations of the criminal law but all phases of the civil administration of government. You should bring to your task your most wholehearted and conscientious efforts. The grand jury is one of the keystones of democracy. Grand jurors upon being called into service are expected to exercise their honest convictions and best judgment in the administration of justice. The grand jury operates freely, unhampered and subject only to the restraint fixed by the limitations and requirements of the law itself.
1.8 The importance of your work as a grand juror of this county and your grave responsibility must be realized by each of you and be kept in mind during all of your investigations and deliberations.
2 INSTRUCTIONS ON CRIMINAL MATTERS
2.1 The function of the grand jury in criminal matters is to investigate and determine whether there is sufficient evidence to justify an indictment against an accused.
2.2 It is not your province to try the case and determine the guilt or innocence of the accused, and you are not expected to do this.
2.3 The guilt or innocence of a person indicted by the grand jury is determined by a trial jury that will be specially im-panelled to try the case. The trial jury hears all the evidence, on both sides, in an adversary proceeding under the supervision of a trial judge. Upon the trial based upon the indictment the accused is entitled to be present and have the assistance of counsel and a verdict is rendered only after the accused has had an opportunity to see and hear the witnesses, examine the evidence and have Ses the case argued by ⅜ counsel. The trial jury will be charged by the trial judge on the law applicable to the case. These safeguards are designed to protect and preserve the constitutional rights of an accused.
2.4 Your duty is only to ascertain whether there is “probable cause” a crime has been committed by the person so accused. If the evidence is sufficient to constitute “probable cause,” then it is your duty to find what is known as a “true bill.” If the grand jury does find a “true bill” and it is properly returned in open court, it then becomes the “indictment” on which the accused will be put to trial.
2.5 “Probable cause,” which must be shown to your satisfaction before you will be justified in returning a “true bill,” is defined as “a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious rmm person in the belief that a particular person is guilty of a particular crime.”
2.6 You should vote to return a “true bill” if you find “probable cause” that a crime has been committed and that the accused probably did commit that crime. There may be instances when it seems probable that a crime has been committed and yet you feel that the accused is not guilty or you have a strong doubt in your mind as to §j guilt. In those cases you should vote not to return a “true bill,” for in those cases you should keep in mind that *1278you have heard only one side of the case and have no knowledge of the defendant’s side of the case. Certainly, if there is considerable doubt in your minds of the accused, then it cannot be expected that the State could convince a trial jury of a defendant’s guilt beyond every reasonable doubt, when the State’s case will be vigorously attacked and the trial jury also will hear the defendant’s story. A state attorney will advise and counsel the grand jury as its legal advisor and while you do not have to follow ⅜ that advice you should give ⅜⅛⅛⅞⅞§ it strong consideration. The state attorney also will be in a position to advise whether other evidence may be available at the time of trial ü if the accused=fff:ihe ahoulilzliB is indicted.
2.7 When so justified it is your solemn duty to cause the accused person to be indicted; likewise, when an indictment is not justified, it is equally your solemn duty to clear the accused person by returning a “no true bill.”
2.8 Our state constitution provides that no person may be tried for a capital crime except on presentment and indictment by a grand jury. A capital crime is one that is punishable by death. Although you have the authority to do so, the court recommends that a grand jury not investigate criminal matters other than capital cases unless they are of such public importance that they justify the additional time and expense of investigation by the grand jury. Again, you should give weight to the recommendations and advice of the state attorney in the matters you are investigating; however, the final decision rests with you. You should keep in mind, however, that the state attorney in most cases has thoroughly investigated the case bcforo-ilás too ugtT;tsfe~-yro and § will have the responsibility to prosecute the indictments resulting from your investigation. The state attorney rofeutog has the duty to provide you not only the evidence unfavorable to the person under investiga-bas any matters favorable to that person that are known ⅛⅛1⅞; consequently, §! the state attorney’s recommendations usually are both practical and well-founded.
2.9 The grand jury should not cause any subpoena to be issued for a witness nor permit any witness to appear before it without first consulting the state attorney or §§ an assistants. This is in order to avoid inadvertently giving immunity to a person who may be subject to indictment.
2.10 The court recommends that the grand jury call witnesses and consider evidence only in those matters that are under consideration for presentment or indictment, and refrain from calling witnesses or gathering evidence to be used in cases in which an indictment or information has already been filed. You of course may continue with any incomplete investigations, or call witnesses and consider evidence as to any new charges against a person already indicted.
3 CIVIL INSTRUCTIONS
3.1 The grand jury is not limited to investigation of criminal matters. It has broad powers to make inquiries into civil administration, regardless of whether criminal or irregular conduct is charged. It has power to investigate public offices to determine if they are being conducted according to law and good morals. It also has power to investigate the conduct of public affairs by public officials and employees, including the power to inquire whether those officials are incompetent or lax in the performance of their duties.
3.2 The grand jury should investigate every offense affecting the morals, health, sanitation and general welfare of the county. It should inquire into matters of governmental administration, including county institutions, buildings, offices and officers, and, when appropriate, make *1279presentment concerning the physical, sanitary and general conditions.
3.3 You are cautioned, however, that a grand jury investigation shall not be made the tool of any group in order to harass or oppress any individual or institution or to pry into private affairs without good cause. Indictments based on street rumors or common gossip will not be permitted. No person should be singled out by the grand jury for the purpose of censure or to hold them up to scorn or criticism by imputation or innuendo. It is improper to make a presentment using words of censure or repro-bation so that a public official or any other person is impugned or embarrassed, unless you return a “true bill.”
3.4 This is not to say, however, that the grand jury may not make a fair report on its findings even though the report incidentally may reflect negligence or incompetence on the part of a public official. There are no limitations on the grand jury telling the truth when circumstances justify it. Grand jury investigations of civil matters and local government are not uncommon. They are necessary and commendable if they produce good results. The searching eye and inquiring mind of the grand jury is an effective deterrent to evil and corruption; no officer or agency of government is above or beyond the reach of the grand jury. A public official or employee who conducts HI public work in a proper manner has no reason to fear the grand jury, and if there are reasons to do so, you should not hesitate to call any public official or employee before you.
4 PROCEDURE
4.1 The officers of the grand jury are the and foreperson foreperson, both to be appointed by the court, and the clerk, to be appointed by the foreman foreperson.
DUTIES OF THE l-'ORE-MAN: FOREPERSON: To preside over your sessions and see that they are carried on in an orderly fashion^ appoint your clerk at your first session; be responsible for seeing that no person participating in or advising the grand jury has any conflict of interest with §§ the duties © of a grand juror; consult with the state attorney concerning the scope, means and method of the grand jury’s investigation; report to the court any grand juror whom the foreman foreperson has reason to believe has violated ¾ the oath, duties or responsibilities, or who is subject to disqualification; sign all interim and final reports approved by the grand jurors; return to the court a list pudor his-hand of all witnesses who shall have been sworn by the grand jury; and sign presentments and indictments approved by the grand jurors.
DUTIES OF THE FOREPERSON: The person shall act in the absence of the .foreman foreperson and perform all the duties incumbent on the foreman foreperson.
4.2 DUTIES OF THE CLERK. The clerk shall keep an attendance record of the grand jurors present and absent at each session; keep minutes of the proceedings at each session. The minutes shall reflect the subject matter of the proceeding and the names of the witnesses testifying in relation. The clerk shall record the aye and nay vote on each vote taken by the grand jury, but by number only and not by the names of the grand jurors. The clerk also shall sign all interim and final reports approved by the grand jury.
(Give only if applicable) This grand jury has had a special fund budgeted for its use. The court will therefore appoint one of your number treasurer of this grand jury. The treasurer shall keep accounts of all receipts and disbursements of any funds received or disbursed by the grand jury.
*12804.3 The state attorney and Ss assistants are your legal advisors on all matters that come before the grand jury. It is your duty to give weight and careful consideration to fas this advice. The state attorney or 0HEHSiHtn§ an assistants shall be present at all times when you are making investigations, and will interrogate the witnesses and administer the necessary oaths.
The state attorney will draft “true bills” for the grand jury and will provide the means for the drafting of its presentments.
4.4 Every grand jury shall consist of not less than_ nor more than _per-sons. At least_of the jury must be present at all times when the jury is functioning. A favorable vote of not less than _ of those present is necessary to the finding of any “true bill,” presentment or report.
4.5 It is within your discretion to recess from day to day and week to week subject to the requirements of your duties. You are reminded, however, that the term of court is limited and the time within which you may act likewise is limited. You therefore should attend to your duties diligently and in as short a time as is compatible with the necessary attention to the work to be done.
4.6 The testimony and statements of those appearing before the grand jury may be recorded by stenographic or mechanical means. If after consultation with the state attorney you deem it necessary, you may call for the services of one of the official court reporters of this court. The court reporters are officers of the court and are bound to secrecy when serving the grand jury. The law requires that the notes, records and any transcriptions prepared by the court reporter be impounded and sealed when your work is completed. The court reporter’s notes may not be transcribed unless ordered by the court or the grand jury itself, and even after transcription they may not be inspected by any person other than the state attorney and the grand jury, except upon order of the court.
The decision to have a court reporter present during your sessions is to be made by the grand jury after due consideration to the nature of the work to be done, and it is recommended that the grand jury follow the advice of the state attorney on this question.
4.7 If necessary, the grand jury is authorized to obtain the services of a qualified interpreter of a foreign language. An interpreter will be provided you upon request.
4.8 Bailiffs provided by the sheriff will be available to the grand jury as needed.
4.9 It is the duty of the judges of this court not only to initially charge a grand jury concerning its duties but also to be available at all reasonable times to advise the grand jury in the event it becomes necessary. If at any time during your term you feel it necessary, you may call upon the court for any assistance it can render you.
4.10 This grand jury has a duty to cooperate with any other grand jury investigations being conducted in this county or elsewhere in the state if the administration of justice requires it, including making reports of your investigation available to any subsequent grand jury of the county.
5 DISQUALIFICATION OF A GRAND JUROR
5.1 A grand juror is disqualified from participating in an investigation of any person to whom the grand juror is related by blood or marriage or when a grand juror has a conflicting interest in any matter under investigation by the grand jury. ifva^gGrand jurors is found to be disqualified^ may excuse themselves or
*12811. He may excuse, or
2. may be excused by the court,
or
3 — -A a majority of the grand jurors may vote to prohibit |§i a juror’s participation in the investigation, deliberation or voting.
The court should be promptly advised of the disqualification of any juror.
6DISQUALIFICATION OF STATE ATTORNEY
6.1If the state attorney is disqualified from advising and participating in the duties of the grand jury, the court will appoint a special state attorney in=Ms
The state attorney will counsel! assists!! and ad-viseSg the grand jury; however, should any irreconcilable conflict arise between the state attorney and the grand jury, the court is available to assist in resolving the problems.
7JURY FUNCTIONS ONLY AS A BODY
7.1The grand jury functions and operates only as a whole body. No individual or group of grand jurors aeting-^aEtiiaaiK may make, or attempt to independent investigation make, any whatsoever.
7.2The law provides that, if a grand juror knows or has reason to believe that an indictable offense triable in this county has been committedj Se the juror shall declare that fact to his — íullüw the other jurors for investigation. Individually, a juror may receive information but that information shall be reported immediately to the foreman foreperson or the state attorney for investigation if it is of interest to the grand jury or relevant to its investigations.
8CHILD LABOR, ELECTION, SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES LAWS
8.1CHILD LABOR LAW: The law requires that the court specifically charge the grand jury, and you are now charged, to investigate any alleged violation of the child labor laws of the state.
8.2 ELECTIONS: If requested by any candidate or qualified voter, the grand jury, if it convenes during a campaign period preceding an election day, shall investigate to determine if there are any violations of the election code. A “true bill” shall be returned if grounds exist for same.
8.3 SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES LAW: The subversive activities laws of this state make it unlawful for any subversive organization or foreign subversive organization to exist or function in the State of Florida. The court charges you that, if you have any information or belief concerning violation of the subversive activities laws, you will report the information to the court immediately. You are further charged thatA if circumstances make it appropriate, you will inquire into the violation of the subversive activities laws and may inquire generally into the purposes, processes and activities or other matter affecting communists or any related or other subversive organization.
9OATH
9.1 The court would now like to emphasize the importance of the oath that each of you has just taken. The oath is prescribed by law and contains in simple terms the solemn obligation by which you are bound, and which you must observe in every respect. It contains no unnecessary words. It means exactly what it says.
9.2 The oath, in part, is that “You, as grand jurors for_County do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will diligently inquire into all matters put in your charge and you will make true presentments of your findings; unless ordered by a court, you will not disclose the nature or substance of the deliberations of the grand jury, the nature or substance of any testimony or other evi*1282dence, the vote of the grand jury, or the statements of the state attorney.”
9.3 The importance of this part of the oath binding you to secrecy cannot be over-emphasized. I now charge you that you shall not under any circumstances discuss the matters to be kept secret unless you are released by court order. Your vote shall never be known; the opinion expressed by any of you on any matter before the grand jury shall never be made known; and the testimony given before you shall not be made known except by order of Court. This secrecy is binding upon you for all times.
9.4 The oath concludes as follows:
“You shall not make a presentment against a person because of envy, hatred, or malice, and you shall not fail to make a presentment against a person because of love, fear, or reward. So help you God.”
9.5 The oath, like the grand jury system itself, is of ancient vintage. It is in substance the same oath as was administered to grand juries under the common law. It is near perfect. It contains the rules and high standards of fearless and impartial justice that will govern you in your service as the grand jury of this county. Its solemn dictates are as appropriate today as they have been in the long past.
10 CONCLUSION
10.1 The instructions you have just been given constitute the general charges that are given to the grand jury as to its duties, responsibilities and procedures. You are admonished to give careful and serious consideration to all phases of all parts of the charge. You are to follow these charges, and having done so you should act according to the dictates of your own conscience and only in the best interest of the citizens of this county.
11 APPOINTMENT
11.1 The court appoints_as fees h¡bb foreperson, and _ as vice-forarmtfl foreperson. The ferenmn foreperson will appoint the clerk and advise the clerk of the circuit court of the clerk’s name so that it may be entered in the minutes of the court. You may now retire to the grand jury room and commence your labor.
GRAND JURY HANDBOOK INTRODUCTION
“Jury service is one of the highest duties of citizenship, for by it the citizen participates in the administration of jus-
Harlan Fisk Stone
Chief Justice
United States Supreme Court
You are one of those citizens who have been selected to perform this “highest duty of citizenship.”
In time of peace there is no higher duty a citizen can perform than that of jury service; however, few citizens when called to serve have any understanding of the principles that control the actions of the grand juror.
This handbook is intended only to give the juror a better understanding of the general nature of his or her functions, together with some suggestions as how best to carry them out. The court itself will be the final authority in its instructions to the grand jury. This handbook is not intended in any manner whatever as a substitute for the instructions given by the presiding judge.
WHAT IS A GRAND JURY
A grand jury is an investigative, reporting and accusing agency of the circuit court. It consists of citizens of a specified number who have been summoned and empaneled by a judge of the circuit court. *1283The grand jury is an agency and an arm of the circuit court and is uniquely independent.
The grand jury is answerable to no person or agency of government except the court that empanels it and, even then, only to the extent that it may exceed its authority and privileges.
TERM OF THE GRAND JURY
At least two terms of court are held each year and once the grand jury is empaneled, it will serve for the balance of the term of court. In exceptional cases, its term may be extended. The grand jury will not be in constant session but will be called in from time to time as necessary.
WHO ARE GRAND JURORS
Grand jurors are qualified electors of the county who have resided in Florida for at least one year and in the county for at least six'months before they are called.
All jurors are selected at random and their names are taken from the voter registration list.
The process of selecting jurors is done in most counties by the county commissioners and in some counties by a specially constituted jury commission.
When making up the jury list, the officers compiling it are required to select only citizens they believe to be law-abiding, and of proven integrity, good character, sound judgment and intelligence, and who are neither physically nor mentally infirm.
DISQUALIFICATION TO SERVE AS A GRAND OR PETIT JUROR
Any person who has been convicted of a felony or bribery, perjury, or larceny is disqualified to sit as a juror, unless his or her civil rights have been restored.
A person under prosecution for any crime is disqualified.
Most government officials are disqualified to serve on a jury.
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS AND PHRASES
Throughout this handbook and during your term as a grand juror certain terms will occur frequently. Some of these are:
Capital Crime. A capital crime is any crime for which the maximum punishment is death.
Circuit Court. The State of Florida is divided into 20 judicial “circuits.” Each circuit covers one or more counties. The circuit court is the highest trial court in the circuit.
Defendant. A “defendant” is a person who has been accused of a crime and is defending himself or herself in a court against the criminal charge. The words “defendant” and “accused” are used interchangeably.
Felony. A “felony” is any crime which is punishable by imprisonment in a state penitentiary for a term in excess of one year. A “misdemeanor” is any crime which is punishable by imprisonment in a county correctional facility for a term of not more than one year.
Indictment; True Bill. A “true bill” is a charge brought by the grand jury accusing a person of a crime. A true bill, when it is filed in court, then becomes an “indictment.”
Judge. The judge presiding over the trial is often called or referred to as “the court.”
No True Bill. A “no true bill” is a finding by the grand jury that on a given charge no indictment should be filed.
Presentment. A “presentment” is a presentation to the court of a grand jury’s report of its actions and recommendations.
State Attorney. Each circuit in the State of Florida has a “state attorney” who, together with assistants, prosecutes all crimes and offenses in the circuit and coun*1284ty courts in §| the circuit. Some other states refer to this officer as a “district attorney” or “prosecuting attorney.”
GRAND JURY AND PETIT JURY DISTINGUISHED
There are two kinds of juries: grand juries and petit juries.
The grand jury consists of up to 23 members. A petit jury, depending upon the type of trial, consists of either 6 or 12 members.
The grand jury and the petit jury have entirely different purposes and functions. A petit jury actually tries a case and renders a verdict of guilty or not guilty after hearing both sides. A grand jury does not try a case on the issue of guilt or innocence. The grand jury rarely hears both sides. Its function is simply to hear witnesses as to a charge of crime, by the State, and to determine whether the person, or persons, so charged should be brought to trial. The grand jury has been called both a sword and shield of justice — a sword because it is a terror to criminals, a shield because it is protection of the innocent against unjust prosecution.
The tremendous power of the grand jury obviously creates grave and solemn responsibilities to see that these powers are not perverted or abused. A grand jury, being possessed with these tremendous powers and unless motivated by the highest sense of justice, might find indictments not warranted by the evidence and thus become a source of oppression to the citizenry.
Conversely, a misguided grand jury might dismiss charges against those who should be prosecuted. The importance of the grand jury’s power is emphasized by the fact that it is one of the most independent bodies known to the law.
HISTORY OF THE GRAND JURY
The grand jury originated more than seven centuries ago in England. It was recognized in the Magna Charta granted by King John of England upon the demand of the people in 1215 A.D. Its present form evolved in the period 1327 to 1377. Its origins can be traced back even further. As early as 997 A.D. a Danish king, “Ethelred the Unready,” charged an investigative body of his reign that it should go about its duty by =accusing no innocent person, and sheltering no guilty one.=
This high principle is echoed in the oath that you took as a grand juror:
“You, as grand jurors for_County do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will diligently inquire into all matters put in your charge and you will make true presentments of your findings; unless ordered by a court, you will not disclose the nature or substance of the deliberations of the grand jury, the nature or substance of any testimony or other evidence, the vote of the grand jury, or the statements of the state attorney; you shall not make a presentment against a person because of envy, hatred, or malice, and you shall not fail to make a presentment against a person because of love, fear, or reward. So help you God.”
The early colonists brought the grand jury system to this country from England. It has been with us ever since. It is recognized in the Constitution of the United States and in the Constitution of .Florida.
THE GRAND JURY AS AN ACCUSING AND INVESTIGATIVE BODY
Our constitution provides that no person shall be brought to trial for a capital crime except upon indictment of a grand jury. This means that no one may be prosecuted for a capital crime except by a vote of the grand jury. Except for capital crimes, the state attorney may initiate all other criminal charges. The grand jury of course may indict for any crime that the evidence justifies.
The wisdom of leaving to the state attorney the bringing of charges as to crimes less than capital crimes and traffic viola*1285tions is readily apparent. If the grand jury was required to initiate the prosecution of less serious crimes through indictment, the grand jury would be so overwhelmed with complaints that it could not perform its more important duties.
Charges of crime may be brought to your attention in several ways: by the court; by the state attorney; from personal knowledge brought to your body by any member of the grand jury; and, lastly, by private citizens who have a right to be heard by a grand jury in formal session and with the grand jury’s consent. The bulk of the grand jury’s work probably will be concerned with cases brought to its attention by the state attorney. In most instances a person being considered for indictment by the grand jury will have been held preliminarily on a charge brought before a judge sitting as a committing magistrate, who bound that person over for action by the grand jury. The accused will be either in custody or on bail. Your action, therefore, should be reasonably prompt in either voting an indictment as to the charge or returning a “no true bill.”
The grand jury should consult with the state attorney or an assistant state attorney in advance of undertaking a formal investigation on the grand jury’s own initiative.
A grand juror may not be subject to partisan secret influences. Consequently, no one has the right to approach j a juror in that juror that an indictment should or should not be found. Any individual who wishes to be heard by the grand jury should be referred to the state attorney or to the forcmiat foreperson of the grand jury, and thereafter be heard only in formal session of the grand jury. order to persuade
It is imperative that you always keep in mind that as a grand juror you are a public official, with the duty of protecting the public by enforcing the law of the land. Therefore, even though you may think a certain law to be unduly harsh or illogical, that should not influence your judgment in carrying out your duties as a grand juror. A citizen has the right to endeavor to change the law. A grand juror, being a public official, has a duty to enforce the law as it exists despite any personal inclinations to the contrary.
The grand jury in addition to the duty of formally indicting those charged with crime has the further important duty of making investigations on its own initiative, which it will report as a “presentment.” This duty permits investigation of how public officials are conducting their offices and discharging their public trusts. The grand jury may investigate as to whether public institutions are being properly administered and conducted. It has the power to inspect those institutions and, if necessary, may call before the grand jury those in charge of the operations of public institutions as well as any other person who has information and can testify concerning them. If the grand jury finds that an unlawful, improper or corrupt condition exists, it may recommend a remedy.
The grand jury may not act arbitrarily. Investigations shall not be based upon street rumor, gossip or whim, and the investigations cannot be the subject of a grand jury presentment. The grand jury can only investigate those matters that are within its jurisdiction, geographic and otherwise. The limitations of the grand jury’s jurisdiction have been set forth for you by the court in its instructions.
It is important to keep in mind that no individual should be unjustly criticized or held up to scorn or public resentment, particularly when it is remembered that the individuals who may be criticized had no opportunity to defend hnnsglf themselves or give reply to the charges that.jmv=bi ww.rie-íurainst-mm. A grand juror must keep in mind that the grand jury is the ultimate instrument of justice and should *1286never be subverted to become the vehicle for harrassment or oppression.
OFFICERS OF THE GRAND JURY
The judge who presided over the empaneling of the grand jury in §3 the “charge to the grand jury” advised you formally and in great detail as to how the grand jury is organized and functions. In summary, the grand jury consists of 18 or, in some places, of 23 members. Its officers are the fersman foreperson, who will preside over the grand jury deliberations to make sure they are carried on in an orderly fashion including overseeing the examination of the witnesses; a vice-fereBigs foreperson, who will preside in the absence of the foreperson or if for any reason the foreperson is not able to carry out his or her duty; and the clerk, who will keep a record of the proceedings had before the grand jury and formally make return of these records to the clerk of the circuit court for safekeeping. The fprerroiB foreperson and vice-fgm^ffi foreperson are appointed by the judge and the clerk is appointed by the ft>aaa¡g£ foreperson. The state attorney or ¾ assistant! state attorneys will act as the legal advisers to the grand jury. If necessary the grand jury also will be provided an official court reporter or recorder to record the proceedings had before the grand jury.
If the grand jury has its own budget, a treasurer of the grand jury may also be appointed to keep account of all receipts and disbursements made to or from the grand jury budget.
If any question should arise concerning how the grand jury shall operate or function, you may apply to the judge, who will advise you.
PROCEDURES
Not less than 18 members of a 23-mem-ber grand jury, and 15 of an 18-member grand jury must always be present to constitute a quorum. If less than a quorum existSi the proceedings of the grand jury must be halted until a quorum is present. SjgGrand jurors, who, because of an emergency, find! that they will be unable to attend a grand jury session should advise the grand jury clerk or foreman foreperson immediately.
An affirmative vote of at least 12 members of the grand jury is necessary to the return of a true bill or indictment. Therefore, even though a quorum is present it still requires at least 12 votes of individual members, rather than a mere majority of those present, in order to return a true bill.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GRAND JURY
Most of the work of the grand jury involves hearing witnesses and determining the sufficiency of evidence on the issue of whether that evidence, without regard to possible defenses, justifies indictment. Generally, the state attorney or ⅛-⅛¾⅛⅛⅛⅛ ⅛ assistant state attorneys will present and explain the charge to the grand jury and advise as to the witnesses who will be presented, either voluntarily or upon being summoned on the request of the state attorney or the grand jury itself. The grand jury may call any witness it deems appropriate and necessary.
The witnesses will be called one by one and placed under oath to tell the truth. Generally, the state attorney will administer the oath. This oath should be administered in a solemn, dignified and deliberate manner in order to impress upon the witness the seriousness of the situation and Bs the duty to be truthful. The state attorney or Si assistants state attorneys ordinarily will undertake to question the witnesses first. If the Tdrermm foreperson, or any member of the grand jury desires to do so, they then also may propound questions. It is suggested, however, that any question first be submitted to the state attorney, who will determine whether the question is appropriate.
*1287SpgGrand jurors should keep in mind that teas they are acting in a judicial capacity and sitting in judgment of evidence before ten them. For this reason all questioning should be done in a calm, impartial and objective manner without indicating the personal feelings of the person asking the questions.
Occasionally, a witness when brought before the grand jury refuses to testify or answer questions. If this occurs, both the question the witness has refused to answer and the fact of §s refusal should be carefully recorded. The matter then should be brought before the court, with a complete copy of the record, in order to obtain from the court a ruling on whether the witness may be compelled to answer the question. In most instances a refusal to answer is based upon the claim of the witness that the answer will violate §§ tiie constitutional right against self-incrimination. If the answer does tend to incriminate the witness, S the witness cannot be made to answer. If it does not, however, Se the witness will be ordered to answer under penalty of contempt.
An accused person cannot be compelled to annear testify before a grand jury testify; although one under investigation by the grand jury may appear voluntarily to testify. In that event, however, the grand jury should proceed with great caution and should not permit one under investigation to testify until after first conferring with the state attorney. If an accused, or any person under investigation, is permitted to testify before the grand jury without waiving § the constitutional right against self-incrimination, any indictment or presentment would be null and void.
It is clear that the matter of forcing a witness to testify or of giving the accused an opportunity to testify raises complicated legal questions. The advice of the state attorney and, when necessary, a ruling from the court, therefore, always should be sought when these questions arise.
Finally, it should be kept in mind that neither an accused nor an ordinary witness is permitted to have ⅞ a lawyer wFEfhliñ in i the grand jury room. To permit a lawyer to appear with Sjg the client when testifying before the grand jury would be unlawful.
DETERMINATION WHETHER TO RETURN AN INDICTMENT OR A NO TRUE BILL
When the grand jury has heard all necessary or available witnesses and is prepared to deliberate on the issue whether to indict or return a no true bill, the ftmentii foreperson must compel all persons to leave the grand jury room except the members of the grand jury themselves. No other person is permitted in the grand jury room during its deliberations, even including the state attorney, court reporter and interpreter.
When the question of whether to indict or return a no true bill is presented, ⅞⅞ all grand jurors has have the right to comment on the evidence and to express Ej§ their views of the matter. Only when all members of the grand jury have expressed themselves and each has been given the opportunity to be heard should a vote be taken. A vote to return an indictment can be found only upon the affirmative vote of 12 members of the grand jury.
Similar proceedings should be taken when the matter to be discussed is not a criminal charge or indictment but a presentment, as noted above.
If all persons, except the grand jurors, are not removed from the grand jury room during its deliberations, any indictment or presentment would be nullified.
THE STATE ATTORNEY AS LEGAL ADVISOR TO THE GRAND JURY
The court in its charge to the grand jury outlined the part that the state attorney will play in assisting the grand jury. The state attorney will assume responsibility for presenting witnesses and bringing testimony before the grand jury. The state attorney is ol'J.'icii=Fis a public official and is entitled to the confidence and cooperation of the grand jury.
*1288It occurs sometimes, however, that even the best of advisors may be in error. If a difference of opinion arises between the state attorney and the grand jury and it cannot be resolved amicably, the matter should be brought before the presiding judge for a ruling.
SECRECY OF GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS
Secrecy as to all grand jury proceedings is of the utmost importance. This includes not only the actions upon an indictment or a presentment but even the fact that any such matter was considered, or any witness was called. It is only in this manner that the grand jurors themselves can be protected from pressure by persons who may be involved by the action of the grand jury. Secrecy also is the only protection that a witness may have before a grand jury, which will protect ⅞⅞ the witness from being tampered with or intimidated before ■he-beatüaes testifying at the trial. Further, secrecy may prevent one under indictment, or subject to indictment, from escaping while the issue of mthittmaiSHB indictment is under consideration. It also should be remembered that secrecy may encourage witnesses to give the grand jury frankly and candidly^ any knowledge they may have concerning crime or corruption. Lastly, and of equal importance to all other consideration of secrecy is the fact that an innocent person who has been subjected to a charge but not indicted should be protected from the embarrassment and disgrace attendant upon the making of a charge before a grand jury.
The pledge of secrecy is paramount. It also is permanent.
A grand juror will not communicate to ¡as family, §§ friends, associates or anyone concerning any matter that takes place in the grand jury room. The only time this veil of secrecy may be lifted is by order of the court after a full hearing, and then only in exceptional cases.
PROTECTION AND IMMUNITY OF GRAND JURORS
ASgGrand jurors are § fully protected from actions against §§⅞ them by being an independent body answerable to no one except the court that empanels it. No inquiry may be made to learn what i grand jurors said or how hc-imH&hasg they voted. The law gives the grand juror complete immunity for ¾ official acts. There is only one exception: if a grand juror himself testifies as a witness for the grand jury as to a commission of a crime and |§ that testimony is perjured, § the juror could be prosecuted for that perjury. This complete protection for the official acts obviously is vital to the operation of the grand jury and points up that grand jurors should be citizens of unquestionable integrity and high character.
ON BEING A GRAND JUROR-SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS
Attend all sessions of the grand jury. Your attendance should be regular and on time. If you are unable to attend a session and wish to be excused, obtain permission from the fmamraH foreperson. The unexpected lack of a quorum could cause a great loss of money, as well as the time of the jurors, the authorities and the witnesses. The public is depending on you.
Pay close attention to testimony given and the evidence presented.
Be courteous to the witnesses and your fellow jurors.
Fix the time and place of your meetings, keeping in mind the convenience of the public and the witnesses as well as yourselves and the state attorney.
Do not interrupt until the state attorney has finished Si questioning if the witness. In all probability the evidence you are interested in will be brought out by §⅞ those questions.
Listen to the opinions of your fellow jurors, but maintain your own independent viewpoint.
Be independent, but not obstinate.
Be absolutely fair. You are acting as a judge. You therefore must be guided by your own good conscience and sense of justice.
*1289All jurors have an equal voice in determining whether an indictment shall be returned. Each ⅞§¾⅛ of you has a right to state Sjs your reasons.
Do not remain silent when the case is under discussion and then, after a decision has been made, criticize the acts of the grand jury.
A reckless grand jury is as bad as a weak grand jury.
Do not attempt to investigate matters beyond the province of the grand jury, or merely because someone suggested an investigation.
Above all, refrain from discussing grand jury matters with fellow jurors outside of the grand jury room.
Each juror has a duty and responsibility equal to yours. Each juror is entitled to be satisfied with the evidence. If others wish to pursue a matter further, no effort should be made to dismiss the witness or shut off proper discussion.
CONCLUSION
Your membership on the grand jury is an honor. You are one of the few citizens who have been called upon to perform this service. Your service as a grand juror will be a source of pride and satisfaction to you if you devote to it the responsible participation and dedicated service that the grand jury is entitled to expect from its members.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Harry Lee Coe III
HARRY LEE COE III Chair
Florida Bar No. 14352
122 Courthouse Annex
Tampa, FL 33602
813/228-7964
We have edited the report in one particular to clarify the definitions of felony and misdemeanor.