RENDERED: JULY 22, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1003-MR
MARLOWE VALENTINE APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE WILLIAM A. KITCHEN, III, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 17-CR-00544-001
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: GOODWINE, JONES, AND MAZE, JUDGES.
GOODWINE, JUDGE: Marlowe Valentine (Valentine), pro se, appeals from the
McCracken Circuit Court’s order denying his motion to vacate his sentence
pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 11.42 and denying his
request for an evidentiary hearing. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On July 23, 2017, police were called to investigate an incident
wherein Valentine stabbed Brandon Jackson (Jackson) multiple times with a knife
during an altercation. Record (R.) at 4. Valentine was appointed counsel from the
Department of Public Advocacy (DPA) at his preliminary hearing on August 1,
2017, and was continuously represented by the DPA throughout the course of the
proceedings. R. at 140. On September 15, 2017, a grand jury returned an
indictment charging Valentine with assault in the second degree, a Class C felony,
and with being a persistent felony offender (PFO) in the first degree. R. at 1-2.
Valentine’s girlfriend, Annie Yeager (Yeager), was also arrested
during this incident on charges of tampering with physical evidence and was a co-
defendant in the case. R. at 140. On or about May 5, 2018, while incarcerated at
the same facility, Valentine and co-defendant Yeager exchanged messages by
writing on the walls of the recreation area. R. at 83-87. These messages detail an
agreement to fabricate the story that Valentine believed the victim, Jackson, had a
gun at the time of the assault. R. at 83-87.
On June 6, 2018, Valentine negotiated a plea agreement with the
Commonwealth whereby he pled guilty to assault in the second degree and to
being a persistent felony offender (PFO) in the second degree. R. at 92-95. The
agreed sentence was for ten (10) years, and the final judgment sentencing
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Valentine was entered by the McCracken Circuit Court on June 7, 2018. R. at 100-
03.
On October 9, 2019, Valentine filed a motion to vacate under RCr
11.42 seeking to withdraw his guilty plea, set aside his sentence, and hold an
evidentiary hearing. R. at 106-17. Valentine claims he received ineffective
assistance of counsel, alleging that his trial attorney’s choices to not pursue an
insanity defense, self defense, or an innocence defense, as well as his alleged
misadvice regarding the effect of Valentine’s PFO status and failure to discuss the
possibility of an appeal with Valentine denied him effective assistance of counsel.
R. at 106-17. On December 6, 2019, the McCracken Circuit Court denied
Valentine’s motion without an evidentiary hearing. R. at 140-47. This appeal
followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When the trial court denies a request for an evidentiary hearing
attendant with an RCr 11.42 motion, appellate review is limited to “whether the
motion on its face states grounds that are not conclusively refuted by the record
and which, if true, would invalidate the conviction.” Lewis v. Commonwealth, 411
S.W.2d 321, 322 (Ky. 1967) (citations omitted). The factual findings of the trial
court are reviewed only for clear error, while the application of legal standards and
precedents in the trial court’s denial of an RCr 11.42 motion is reviewed de novo.
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Commonwealth v. Thompson, 548 S.W.3d 881, 887 (Ky. 2018); Commonwealth v.
McGorman, 489 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Ky. 2016) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
Valentine has failed to demonstrate that his counsel’s performance
was deficient or that the alleged errors made by counsel prejudiced the outcome of
his sentence. First, we conclude that Valentine has failed to state with specificity
how counsel’s performance was deficient. Second, we conclude that there is no
reasonable probability that the allegations about trial counsel’s performance, even
if true, prejudiced Valentine’s outcome.
A petition for relief under RCr 11.42 must meet the two prongs of
analysis under Strickland v. Washington: (1) performance, and (2) prejudice. 466
U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).1 Under Strickland, “First, the
defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires
showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as
the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment[,]” and “[s]econd,
the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.
This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the
1
Strickland is the controlling United States Supreme Court case law on the issue of ineffective
assistance of counsel and, in Gall v. Commonwealth, the Supreme Court of Kentucky adopted
the Strickland standard. 702 S.W.2d 37 (Ky. 1985).
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defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at
2064. Stated simply, the defendant must prove both that counsel erred, and that
counsel’s deficiency prejudiced his case; otherwise, “it cannot be said that the
conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the
result unreliable.” Id.
The first prong of the Strickland standard is proving that counsel was
deficient. “[A] court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the
defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the
challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct.
at 2065 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As further stated in
Strickland, “the court should recognize that counsel is strongly presumed to have
rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of
reasonable professional judgment.” Id. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
As for the second prong of the Strickland standard, the defendant must
“affirmatively prove prejudice.” Id. at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2067. In the context of a
guilty plea, RCr 11.42 requires that a movant allege specific facts that would
render the plea involuntary under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process
Clause and would render the guilty plea invalid under the Sixth Amendment to rise
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to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel. Fraser v. Commonwealth, 59
S.W.3d 448 (Ky. 2001).
“A conclusory allegation to the effect that absent the error the movant
would have insisted upon a trial is not enough. The movant must allege facts that,
if proven, would support a conclusion that the decision to reject the plea bargain
and go to trial would have been rational[.]” Stiger v. Commonwealth, 381 S.W.3d
230, 237 (Ky. 2012) (citations and footnote omitted) (emphasis added). “The
likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.”
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 112, 131 S. Ct. 770, 792, 178 L. Ed. 2d 624
(2011) (emphasis added).
Turning to Valentine’s arguments, he first asserts that his counsel was
ineffective for failing to assert certain defenses, specifically insanity, self defense,
and actual innocence. As for his allegations of insanity, Valentine states numerous
times in his brief that he is mentally ill; however, he was found to be competent to
stand trial on March 26, 2018, after a competency hearing.2 R. at 65-66.
2
Valentine additionally alleges that his competency determination was “erroneous” based on the
standard of evaluation used. Appellant’s Brief at 5-6, 9. At the competency hearing, the court
considered the testimony of Dr. Tim Allen of Kentucky Correctional Psychiatric Center (KCPC)
and the report prepared by him. This report states that Valentine “demonstrated no evidence of
intellectual deficit in his ability to follow rules, care for himself, and communicate.” Psych Eval.
at 4. Further, the report stated that Valentine gave “suboptimal effort” on his psychological
testing, and that Allen’s opinion was that he had the “capacity to appreciate the nature and
consequences of the proceedings . . . .” Psych Eval. at 4, 8. Thus, we cannot conclude that there
was any error in the competency determination.
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Valentine’s trial counsel requested the competency hearing in a September 22,
2017 motion for a psychological examination. R. at 27. The motion states, “This
motion comes pursuant to a notice of Defendant’s possible intention to rely on a
defense of mental disease or defect as prescribed in Kentucky Revised Statutes
(KRS) 504.070.” R. at 27. Valentine’s counsel continued to investigate this
defense at an evidentiary hearing on March 22, 2018, where he competently argued
on Valentine’s behalf. R. at 144.
Furthermore, the trial court order denying Valentine’s RCr 11.42
motion states: “[Trial counsel] made arguments [regarding Valentine’s
competency] at the hearing . . . calling witnesses and clearly and competently
arguing for the Defendant. Moreover, [trial counsel’s] advocacy during those
hearings displayed a thorough awareness of the Defendant’s criminal, mental, and
personal history relevant to this case.” R. at 144. As such, it is clear that
Valentine’s counsel did investigate insanity as a defense, and this Court cannot say
that trial counsel was ineffective.3
Valentine also alleges that he acted in self defense, stating that he
believes this defense could have lowered his charges. Appellant’s Brief at 6-7. In
3
Valentine’s key citation to Davis v. Alabama in support of his allegation of counsel’s failure to
investigate his insanity defense is not applicable to this situation, as Valentine’s counsel
requested a competency hearing in which he was found to be competent. Davis v. Alabama, 596
F.2d 1214 (5th Cir. 1979), vacated by Alabama v. Davis, 446 U.S. 903, 100 S. Ct. 1827, 64 L.
Ed. 2d 256 (1980). Furthermore, the Firth Circuit’s opinion in Davis is not binding precedent as
to Kentucky Courts.
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support of his self-defense claim, Valentine claims that he believed that the victim
had a gun in his vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 6. He further claims to attach a
picture of the “brick hammer” to his brief, though no such photo is attached.
Appellant’s Brief at 6. However, the record clearly shows that on May 5, 2018,
Valentine and Yeager, who were incarcerated at the same facility, “exchanged
messages in a recreation area detailing their intent to fabricate a story about the
victim’s possession of a gun at the time of the assault.” R. at 144. These messages
stated the following: “Buttercup I go to trial July 30 now I have to prove he had a
Gun. Love you – I’ll be there [] they want me to testify but Im Not[.] Testify for
me say he had a gun okay baby[.]” R. at 87. The trial court found on the face of
the record, that in light of Valentine’s attempted perjury by fabricating a claim of
self defense, his trial counsel appears to have given him reasonable advice
regarding his guilty plea and trial counsel was not ineffective. We find no error.
Valentine also briefly claims temporary insanity based on voluntary
intoxication, and states that he believes this defense could have also lowered his
charges. He argues that there was “voluminous extrinsic testimonial evidence” to
support his insanity claim that his attorney did not investigate, but gives no other
facts to support this assertion. Appellant’s Brief at 5-6. We will not search the
record to find support for Valentine’s underdeveloped arguments: “It is not our
function as an appellate court to research and construct a party’s legal
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arguments[.]” Hadley v. Citizen Deposit Bank, 186 S.W.3d 754, 759 (Ky. App.
2005); see also Prescott v. Commonwealth, 572 S.W.3d 913, 923 (Ky. App. 2019);
Milby v. Mears, 580 S.W.2d 724, 727 (Ky. App. 1979) (holding that this Court
“confine[s] itself to errors pointed out in the briefs and will not search the record
for errors.”). As such, we conclude that the trial court’s determination that
counsel’s failure to investigate a defense based on voluntary intoxication was not
in error.
Next, Valentine contends that he was innocent of assault under KRS
503.050, which states, “The use of physical force by a defendant upon another
person is justifiable when the defendant believes that such force is necessary to
protect himself against the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by the
other person.” Valentine claims “actual innocence” based on a self-defense
justification, but he never alleges that he did not commit the act in question.
Valentine is confusing innocence of the offense with his claimed self-defense
justification. The police citation from the incident states, “During an investigation
into an assault, it was determined the above individual stabbed Brandon Jackson
multiple times during an argument. Witnesses state they observed the above
individual in possession of the knife after the altercation, and he stated, ‘I have
done something bad.’” R. at 4 (emphasis added). Furthermore, Valentine pled
guilty to the assault on June 6, 2018. R. at 100. In Kentucky, “the effect of a
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guilty plea is to waive all defenses . . . .” Quarles v. Commonwealth, 456 S.W.2d
693, 694 (Ky. 1970). Therefore, Valentine’s trial counsel was not ineffective for
failing to pursue innocence as a defense.
Valentine further argues that his guilty plea was involuntary based on
(1) his counsel’s alleged misrepresentation of a potential PFO enhancement, and
(2) his alleged inability to voluntarily enter a guilty plea due to his mental illness.
Valentine first argues that counsel was deficient for failure to discuss the effect of
a PFO status enhancement with him. To reiterate, ineffective assistance of counsel
claims concerning guilty pleas are evaluated “not on whether a court would
retrospectively consider counsel’s advice to be right or wrong, but on whether that
advice was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal
cases.” McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771, 90 S. Ct. 1441, 1449, 25 L.
Ed. 2d 763 (1970).
Valentine fails to specify how counsel misadvised him in this respect.
However, the record shows that Valentine has previously been convicted of first-
degree manslaughter and sentenced to ten (10) years’ imprisonment, as well as
second-degree escape, for which he was sentenced to five (5) years. R. at 145. As
noted by the trial court, these prior felony offenses occurred after Valentine was
eighteen (18) years of age or older, and the final discharge of those sentences
occurred within five (5) years of the assault offense at issue here. R. at. 145. This
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satisfies the conditions for status as a first-degree persistent felony offender. See
KRS 532.080(3). Valentine then received the minimum sentence for assault in the
second degree with a PFO enhancement. KRS 532.080(6)(b).
Valentine next claims that his guilty plea was invalid because he did
not knowingly waive his rights due to his mental illness. This allegation is clearly
refuted by the record. As previously stated, Valentine was proven to be competent
to stand trial. R. at 65-66, 144. Furthermore, on June 6, 2018, Valentine
demonstrated to the trial court that he understood the Boykin4 colloquy, the plea
agreement, the rights he was waiving by pleading guilty, the nature of the charges
against him, and that his entry of the guilty plea was knowing and voluntary. R. at
146. Furthermore, the trial court stated that “Defendant expressed satisfaction with
his counsel’s performance at that time and acknowledged his counsel’s awareness
of all the facts of the case.” R. at 146. For these reasons, we conclude that
Valentine’s entry of the plea agreement was knowing and voluntary.
Valentine’s next argument as to ineffective assistance of counsel is
that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to inform him that he could appeal
the trial court’s competency determination. He claims that Garza v. Idaho allows
defendants to appeal rights initially waived by entry of a guilty plea; however,
Garza is legally and factually different from Valentine’s case because it involved
4
Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969).
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an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on trial counsel’s disregard of the
defendant’s specific instructions. ___ U.S. ___, 139 S. Ct. 738, 203 L. Ed. 2d 77
(2019). In Garza, unlike in Valentine’s case, trial counsel failed to file a notice of
appeal “in light of [the defendant’s] clear requests.” Id. at 746.
Valentine’s signed guilty plea states: “I further understand that the
Constitution guarantees to me the following rights: . . . (e) The right to appeal my
case to a higher court.” R. at 94. Valentine was informed and understood his plea
agreement, which included his understanding that he was waiving his right to
appeal. Valentine’s knowing waiver of his right to appeal shows that he was
undoubtedly aware that he had the right to appeal prior to his guilty plea. Even so,
Valentine himself quotes Grigsby v. Commonwealth, which says, “Although
Appellant may have had [the right to appeal], the fact that it was not separately
enumerated to him does not render the plea invalid, because Boykin does not
require separate enumeration of each right waived.” 302 S.W.3d 52, 56 (Ky. 2010)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, even if Valentine’s plea
agreement had no mention of his right to appeal, his plea was not invalid.
Valentine clearly knew of his right to appeal and that he was waiving it, and as
such, his argument is refuted by the record.
Finally, Valentine argues that he was entitled to an evidentiary
hearing. Stanford v. Commonwealth, 854 S.W.2d 742, 743 (Ky. 1993). An
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evidentiary hearing is only required on an RCr 11.42 motion “if there is a material
issue of fact that cannot be conclusively resolved, i.e., conclusively proved or
disproved, by an examination of the record.” Fraser, 59 S.W.3d at 452 (citations
omitted). As indicated above, all issues in this appeal can be conclusively decided
based on the record and no material issues of fact exist. Therefore, we conclude
that there is no error in the trial court’s decision to not have an evidentiary hearing
in this case.
Valentine has neither stated with specificity how or that he was
prejudiced by any particular deficient performance of counsel. There is no
reasonable probability that but for any of the alleged errors, Valentine would have
insisted on going to trial instead of pleading guilty and receiving the minimum
sentence. We therefore conclude that Valentine is not entitled to RCr 11.42 relief.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the McCracken Circuit
Court’s order denying Valentine’s RCr 11.42 motion.
ALL CONCUR.
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Marlowe Valentine, pro se Daniel Cameron
La Grange, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Ken W. Riggs
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
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