[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
___________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
September 4, 2003
No. 02-14828 THOMAS K. KAHN
___________________________ CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 8:02-cv-850-T-17-TGW
INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
_____________________________
No. 02-14830
_____________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:02-cv-851-T-17-TBM
PROFILE AVIATION SERVICES, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(September 4, 2003)
Before ANDERSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and PROPST*, District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
CERTIFICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT TO THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
PURSUANT TO SECTION 25.031 OF THE FLORIDA STATUTES AND RULE
9.150 OF THE FLORIDA RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE.
TO THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA AND ITS HONORABLE
JUSTICES.
Indemnity Insurance Company of North America ("Indemnity") and Profile
Aviation Services, Inc., ("Profile") appeal from the dismissal of their tort claims in
their separate complaints against American Aviation, Inc. ("American") by the United
States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The tort claims were
dismissed on the basis that Florida's economic loss rule bars the claims. In deciding
this case, we must determine whether the district court properly interpreted and
applied Florida law. Because of substantial questions concerning the appropriate
Florida law to be applied in this case, we certify those questions of law to the
Supreme Court of Florida and postpone any further consideration of the consolidated
appeals in this case until we receive answers from that court.
*
Honorable Robert B. Propst, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Alabama, sitting by designation.
2
Summary Of Alleged Facts1 And Applicable Regulations
This action arises from the allegedly negligent maintenance and inspection of
an aircraft's landing gear by American. All mechanics who work on aircraft must be
FAA-certified. To become certified, a mechanic must graduate from a certified
aviation maintenance technical school (or have equivalent practical experience) and
must pass a written test on the construction and maintenance of aircraft, the federal
regulations, and provisions governing mechanics. They must also pass an oral and
a practical skills test. See 14 C.F.R. §§ 65.71, 65.75, 65.77, 65.79.
A FAA-certified mechanic who performs maintenance on an aircraft, airframe,
engine, etc., must follow the methods, techniques, and practices prescribed in the
aircraft's maintenance manual and perform the maintenance in such a manner that the
condition of the aircraft will be at least equal to its original or properly altered
condition. See 14 C.F.R. § 43.13. Moreover, when maintenance has been performed,
a FAA-certified mechanic must give approval before the aircraft, airframe, etc. is
returned to service. See 14 C.F.R. §§ 43.3, 43.7, 43.13. Before returning the aircraft
to service, the certified mechanic must also make an entry into the aircraft's logbook
regarding the inspection and maintenance performed. See 14 C.F.R. § 43.5.
According to appellants, an aircraft owner relies on these records to determine,
among other things, if the required maintenance has been performed, if the aircraft
can be returned to service, and when the next maintenance is scheduled.
1
Because these claims were dismissed for failure to state a claim, the appellants' factual
allegations must be taken as true.
3
On or around November 22, 1996, American's FAA-certified mechanics,
pursuant to a contract to which appellants are not parties,2 performed the required 30-
month end play maintenance and inspection on the landing gear of a Beechcraft
KingAir 100 aircraft, registration N924RM ("Aircraft"). During the course of the
inspection and repair, American's mechanics removed the Aircraft's right main
landing gear actuator and lower thrust bearing. After completing the work,
American's mechanics certified in the Aircraft's logbook that the work was done in
accordance with the Aircraft's maintenance manual and FAA regulations.3
Profile purchased the Aircraft subsequent to American's November 1996
maintenance and inspection. Appellants contend that they reasonably relied upon
American's representations in the logbook concerning the November 1996 work. On
May 14, 1999, the Aircraft was severely damaged when the right main landing gear
failed to extend during a landing. The alleged cause of the failed landing gear was
that the lower thrust bearing of the right main landing gear actuator was installed
backwards. Appellants contend that they could not have discovered American's
alleged negligence prior to the accident.
Proceedings In District Court
On May 10, 2002, Indemnity, which was the Aircraft's insurer, and Profile filed
separate four count complaints in the district court. Appellants sought to recover for
2
There appears to be some confusion on this point. The district court's opinion (see
Background) seems to indicate that there was a contract between the parties. The complaints
suggest that the contract was between American and a subsidiary of Profile, but not Profile itself.
All parties seem to agree that Profile was not a party to the contract.
3
Some of the maintenance work may have been performed by a subcontractor of American.
4
negligence (Count I), negligence per se (Count II), negligent misrepresentation
(Count III), and breach of warranty (Count IV). American moved to dismiss the
complaints, arguing that Florida's economic loss rule barred the tort claims and that
no breach of warranty action could be maintained because of a lack of privity between
appellants and American. In a series of orders, the district court agreed with
American and dismissed both complaints. The cases were consolidated for appeal.4
Issues
The issues are as follows:
(1) Whether the "economic loss" doctrine of Florida applies to alleged torts if
the defendant has provided services to a product rather than has sold a product.
(2) Whether the "economic loss" doctrine of Florida applies if there is no
contractual relationship between the plaintiffs and the defendant.
(3) Whether the "economic loss" doctrine of Florida applies to the facts of this
case with regard to damage to the total aircraft as opposed to mere damage to the
landing gear under the "other property" exception.
(4) Whether the providing of certified mechanical services falls under the
category of the "professional services" exception to the "economic loss" doctrine of
Florida or under some related services exception.
(5) Whether the negligent misrepresentation claim in this case provides an
exception to the "economic loss" doctrine of Florida.
4
It appears from the briefs that appellants have not appealed the dismissal of the breach of
warranty claim. For the purposes of this certification, we consider the interests of Indemnity and
Profile to be the same.
5
This court will recount the respective positions of the parties without approval
or rejection of those positions.
Appellants' Positions
A. In General
Appellants start with a history of Florida's economic loss rule. "The 'economic
loss' rule is a court-created doctrine which prohibits the extension of tort recovery for
cases in which only a purchased product has been damaged and there is no personal
injury or damage to 'other property,' and the losses or damage are economic in
nature." Moransais v. Heathman, 744 So.2d 973, 979 (Fla.1999) (citation omitted).
Appellants contend that a review of the economic loss rule in the Florida courts over
the last fifteen years shows an expansion and then contraction of the rule. See
Charles R. Walker, Note, Moransais v. Heathman and the Florida Economic Loss
Rule: Attempting to Leash The Tort-Eating Monster, 52 Fla. L.Rev. 769 (2000).
A case relied upon by the district court, which appellants contend is an example
of the "expansive" period of Florida's economic loss rule, is Casa Clara Condo.
Assoc., Inc. v. Charley Toppino & Sons, Inc., 620 So.2d 1244 (Fla.1993). The factual
and procedural posture of that case was as follows:
Apparently, some of the concrete supplied by Toppino contained a high
content of salt that caused the reinforcing steel inserted in the concrete to rust,
which, in turn, caused the concrete to crack and break off. The petitioners own
condominium units and single-family homes built with, and now allegedly
damaged by, Toppino's concrete. In separate actions the homeowners sued
numerous defendants and included claims against Toppino for breach of
common law implied warranty, products liability, negligence, and violation of
the building code. The circuit court dismissed all counts against Toppino in
each case. On appeal the district court applied the economic loss rule and held
that, because no person was injured and no other property damaged, the
6
homeowners had no cause of action against Toppino in tort. The district court
also held that Toppino, a supplier, had no duty to comply with the building
code.
Id. at 1245 (footnote omitted). The homeowners argued that limiting them to a
contractual remedy against the concrete supplier was unfair because they lacked
privity of contract with the supplier. The Florida Supreme Court, by a 4-3 vote, held
that the economic loss rule applied and barred all the owners' tort claims. Id. at 1247.
The court also rejected the argument that the "other property" exception to the rule
applied, holding that "[t]hese homeowners bought finished products—dwellings—not
the individual components of those dwellings. They bargained for the finished
products, not their various components. The concrete became an integral part of the
finished product and, thus, did not injure 'other' property." Id. at 1247.
Appellants point to the dissent in Casa Clara, in which three justices reasoned
that the economic loss rule
works well when the loss is suffered by one who is privy to the contract and
involves loss that was the subject matter of the contract. It works a mischief,
however, where as in this instance the injured party is not privy to the contract
but injury to third parties is reasonably foreseeable. The condominium owners
here suffered more than the loss of concrete; they suffered the loss of their
homes, a foreseeable consequence of faulty concrete....
While I agree with the majority opinion that parties who have freely
bargained and entered a contract relative to a particular subject matter should
be bound by the terms of that contract including the distribution of loss, I feel
that the theory is stretched when it is used to deny a cause of action to an
innocent third party who the defendant knew or should have known would be
injured by the tortious conduct. Toppino knew that the concrete that was the
subject matter of the bargain between Toppino and the general contractor
would be incorporated into homes that would be bought and occupied by
innocent third parties.
Id. at 1249 (emphasis added). Appellants also cite the other dissenting opinion,
7
written by two justices, which stated:
[S]ome applications of the economic loss doctrine may have acceptable
viability. But surely it stretches reason to apply the doctrine in this context to
deny these homeowners any remedy.
....
... Moreover, I cannot subscribe to the majority's view that the defective
concrete has not damaged "other property" in the form of the houses' individual
components.
Id. at 1248. After Casa Clara, a court observed that the "economic loss rule is stated
with ease but applied with great difficulty." Delgado v. J.W. Courtesy Pontiac GMC-
Truck, Inc., 693 So.2d 602, 606 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1997) (citation omitted). In light
of this difficulty, appellants contend, the Florida Supreme Court began efforts to
refine or redefine the rule, which it admitted had been applied "to situations well
beyond our original intent." Moransais, 744 So.2d at 980.
In Moransais, the factual and procedural history was as follows:
In June 1993, petitioner Philippe Moransais contracted to purchase a
home in Lakeland, Florida, from Paul S. Heathman. Moransais also contracted
with Bromwell & Carrier, Inc. (BCI), a professional engineering corporation,
to perform a detailed inspection of the home and to advise him of the condition
of the home. The contract was signed for the corporation by one of the
respondents, Lennon D. Jordan, as chief of the civil engineering division.
Although the contract was signed by Jordan, it did not name as parties the
respondents, Jordan and Larry Sauls, who actually performed the inspection in
June of 1993. Moransais alleges that he relied on the engineers' inspection and
advice to purchase the home and that after the purchase he discovered defects
in the home that should have been, but were not, discovered in the engineering
inspection, and that such defects rendered the home uninhabitable.
Moransais filed an action against BCI for breach of contract and against
Jordan and Sauls for professional negligence as engineers licensed pursuant to
chapter 471, Florida Statutes (1993). The complaint alleged no bodily injury
or property damage other than the undisclosed and undetected defects in the
home. On the motion of Jordan and Sauls, the trial court dismissed the tort
8
actions against the two engineers with prejudice [because of the economic loss
rule].
Id. at 974. The Florida Supreme Court addressed the following two questions:
(1) Where a purchaser of a home contracts with an engineering corporation,
does the purchaser have a cause of action for professional malpractice against an
employee of the engineering corporation who performed the engineering services?
(2) Does the economic loss rule bar a claim for professional malpractice against
the individual engineer who performed the inspection of the residence where no
personal injury or property damage resulted?
Id. at 974.
In answering the first question, the court noted that engineering is a
"profession" as defined by Florida law. See Fla. Stat. § 95.11 (defining professional
as "any vocation requiring at a minimum a four-year college degree before licensing
is possible in Florida"). The court noted that under prior cases and the statutory
scheme, professionals in Florida are to be held responsible for their negligent acts.
744 So.2d at 977-79. Thus, the court concluded that the homeowners could assert
their cause of action "despite the lack of a direct contract" between the parties, and
even though the homeowners had direct contract remedies against the seller and the
engineering company that employed the individual engineers. Id. at 975, 984.
As to the second question, the court "acknowledge[d] that our prior
pronouncements on the [economic loss] rule have not always been clear, and,
accordingly, have been the subject of legitimate criticism and commentary." Id. at
980. Specifically, the court stated:
9
Unfortunately, however, our subsequent holdings have appeared to expand the
application of the rule beyond its principled origins and have contributed to
applications of the rule by trial and appellate courts to situations well beyond
our original intent.
Id. at 981. After discussing prior cases, the court went on to discuss Casa Clara,
noting that the decision "was not unanimous, especially as to our characterization of
'other property.' " Id. at 981. The court stated that "[m]ore recently this Court has
recognized the danger in an unprincipled extension of the rule, and we have declined
to extend the economic loss rule to actions based on fraudulent inducement and
negligent misrepresentation." Id. at 981. The court ultimately held that the economic
loss rule did not preclude the cause of action and noted:
Today, we again emphasize that by recognizing that the economic loss rule
may have some genuine, but limited, value in our damages law, we never
intended to bar well-established common law causes of action, such as those
for neglect in providing professional services. Rather, the rule was primarily
intended to limit actions in the product liability context, and its application
should generally be limited to those contexts or situations where the policy
considerations are substantially identical to those underlying the product
liability-type analysis. We hesitate to speculate further on situations not
actually before us. The rule, in any case, should not be invoked to bar
well-established causes of actions in tort, such as professional malpractice.
Id. at 983 (footnote omitted). Appellants also cite the concurring opinion, written by
two justices, which stated: "the economic loss rule should be limited to cases
involving a product which damages itself by reason of a defect in the product." Id.
at 984. Appellants further cite the lone dissent, which stated that the case was
"controlled" by Casa Clara and that the majority "has effectively overruled our rather
recent decision in Casa Clara without saying so." Id. at 985.
Less than four months after Moransais, the Florida Supreme Court decided
10
Comptech Int'l, Inc. v. Milam Commerce Park, Ltd., 753 So.2d 1219 (1999). The
facts and procedural history of that case are as follows:
Comptech International, Inc. (Comptech) was leasing warehouse space from
Milam Commerce Park, Ltd. (Milam). The lease was renewed with a provision
that Milam would renovate the warehouse and create an office for Comptech
to use for its ongoing computer business. Comptech had previously used the
warehouse to store its computers and was to continue using the warehouse for
this purpose both during and after the renovations. The renewal contract
contained an indemnity clause stating that Comptech agreed to hold Milam
harmless for "all claims of every kind" including "damaged merchandise,
equipment, fixture or other property, or damage to business or for business
interruption, arising, directly or indirectly out of, from or on account of such
occupancy and use, or resulting from present or future condition or state of
repair thereof." Comptech, 711 So.2d at 1261. The indemnity clause did not
specifically state that Milam would be held harmless for its own negligence.
Milam hired a contractor to perform the renovations; however, the renovations
were performed negligently, causing damage to the computers located in the
warehouse. In addition, the landlord failed to obtain the required building
permits for the building addition. Comptech sued Milam for: (1) negligent
selection of contractor; (2) negligent construction; (3) violation of section
553.84; and (4) return of illegally collected rent. The Third District held the
negligence claims were barred by the economic loss rule, despite the statutory
duty created by section 553.84. The court also rejected Comptech's argument
that even if the economic loss rule applied, the computers should have been
exempted from the rule under the "other property" exception.
Id. at 1221-22. The Florida Supreme Court held that the economic loss rule did not
apply, at least in part because the case involved a statutorily created cause of action.
Id. at 1223. The court then considered whether the computers were "other property"
and thus exempted from the economic loss rule. In noting the rule's origin in the
context of product liability, the court stated that "[h]ad the courts adhered to these
requirements (a product, the product damaging itself, and economic losses), the
confusion that has abounded in this area of the law would have been minimized." Id.
at 1223-24. The court then quoted extensively and approvingly from Moransais. Id.
11
at 1224-26. Discussing the "other property" rule, the court stated:
This case is not a products liability or similar case. The subject of the contract
between the parties was not a product but a service. Thus, this case does not
involve "other property," as that term was used in East River and Florida
Power. The term is not truly applicable to a situation such as the one before
us where the subject of the contract is a service.
Id. at 1226. The court further stated that "[e]ven under a Casa Clara analysis, the
computers are 'other property' and not subject to the economic loss rule." Id. As the
court explained: "The 'product' purchased by Comptech was the renovation of the
warehouse. The computers placed in the warehouse were not an integral part of the
product and were therefore 'other property' under the Casa Clara rationale." Id. at
1226-27.
Appellants contend that after Moransais and Comptech,5 Florida appellate
courts have routinely refused to apply the economic loss rule to cases like this one,
i.e., a non-product liability tort action between parties who lack a contractual
relationship. See Appellant Br. at 23-25 (other cases, emphasizing lack of contractual
relationship). Here, the instant actions are not product liability actions. The parties
did not have a contractual relationship. Rather, appellants charge that American
negligently repaired the Aircraft and negligently misrepresented the condition of the
landing gear. Casa Clara should never apply to these cases, especially in light of the
fact that it has been severely curtailed and perhaps even overruled.
Appellants further argue, even if the economic loss rule generally applies to
5
They also contend that prior to Moransais and Comptech, the economic loss rule, if applied
properly, was limited to product liability cases and cases involving an actual contract between the
parties. See Value House, Inc. v. MCI Telecomm. Corp., 917 F.Supp. 5, 7
(D.D.C.1996)(discussing Florida cases); see also Appellant Br. at 25-26.
12
cases of this type, there are at least three exceptions that would keep it from applying
in this particular case.
B. Other Property
Appellants contend that the damaged Aircraft was "other property" under an
economic loss rule exception. The landing gear, unlike the concrete at issue in Casa
Clara, was not an "integral part" of the Aircraft. The Aircraft's parts are independent
and distinct from one another. Although they work together, each part is
manufactured and serviced separately from another (airframe, powerplant, propeller,
radio, instruments, and accessories), and component parts are interchangeable and
independently certifiable as to airworthiness under the FAA regulatory scheme. See
14 C.F.R. §§ 43.3, 43.7, 145.59. Moreover, this case differs from Casa Clara, where
the court found that the homeowners had no interest in the individual components,
but rather only in the entire home. Here, appellants are vitally interested in knowing
that each and every component part was inspected, in proper working order, and
serviced in accordance with FAA regulations. Lastly, although Comptech may not
have overruled Casa Clara, it at least limited Casa Clara to its facts.
C. Professional Services
Appellants argue that this case does not fall under the economic loss rule
because it involved "professional services" and is thus controlled by Moransais. As
noted by the court in Moransais, the economic loss rule was not intended "to bar
well-established common law causes of action, such as those for neglect in providing
professional services." 744 So.2d at 983. Although the court in Moransais dealt with
13
a specific statutory definition of "professional," this is not the only definition. See
Garden v. Frier, 602 So.2d 1273 (Fla.1992), in which the court stated:
We limit the definition of "professional" set forth above to the context of the
professional malpractice statute. It is not our intent that this definition be
applied to any other reference to "professionals" or "professions" elsewhere
in the Florida statutes, regulations, or rules, or in court cases that deal with
issues other than the statute of limitations at issue here. We recognize that
there may be occasions when courts, legislators, rulemaking authorities, and
others may use the terms "profession" and "professional" more broadly or
more narrowly than we do here today.
Id. at 1277 (emphasis added). The court further stated:
We do not deem it possible to develop a comprehensive list of professions
ourselves.... Some licensing authorities, for example, merely incorporate by
reference professional standards developed by agencies or organizations that
are not even part of Florida government....
Id. at 1277 n. 9. See also Black's Law Dictionary 1226 (7th ed.1999)(defining
"professional"). Here, it is clear that FAA-certified mechanics are highly trained and
should be deemed professionals. Only mechanics who are FAA-certified are allowed
to perform the type of work at issue in this case. The district court's suggestion,
relying on Lochrane Eng'g, Inc. v. Willingham Realgrowth Inv. Fund, Ltd., 552 So.2d
228, 232 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1989), that these mechanics simply provide "manual
services" flies in the face of the FAA regulatory scheme.
D. Negligent Misrepresentation Exception
Finally, appellants contend that the negligent misrepresentation claim does not
fall under the economic loss rule because American is in the business of supplying
information as recognized by section 552 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which
provides:
14
One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any
other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false
information for the guidance of others in their business transactions, is subject
to liability for pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon
the information, if he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in
obtaining or communicating the information.
(emphasis added). See also First Fla. Bank, N.A. v. Max Mitchell & Co., 558 So.2d
9 (Fla.1990)(adopting section 552). In rejecting appellants' claim for negligent
misrepresentation, the district court relied on Palau Int'l Traders, Inc. v. Narcam
Aircraft, Inc., 653 So.2d 412 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1995). Palau also involved a suit by
a subsequent purchaser of an aircraft, and, relying on Casa Clara, the court held that
the economic loss rule barred an action for negligent inspection which caused the
purchaser to incur the expense of repairing the aircraft. 653 So.2d at 415-18.
However, as noted above, Casa Clara is of questionable authority, while in
Moransais the court stated that the rule should be limited to "actions in the product
liability context." 744 So.2d at 983. Moreover, in Palau there was no claim that
"other property" was damaged; rather, the plaintiff only sought the cost of the repairs
that should have been made. Also, the Palau court's conclusion that a FAA-certified
mechanic is "in the business of servicing airplanes ... not in the business of supplying
information," 633 So.2d at 418, ignores the FAA regulatory scheme whereby repair
stations, like American's, regularly supply information in an aircraft's logbook.
Appellee's Positions
A. In General
American notes that Florida's economic loss rule "prohibits tort recovery when
a product damages itself, causing economic loss, but does not cause personal injury
15
or damage to any property other than itself." Casa Clara, 620 So.2d at 1246. That
court further stated that "economic losses are 'disappointed economic expectations,'
which are protected by contract law, rather than tort law. This is the basic difference
between contract law, which protects expectations, and tort law, which is determined
by the duty owed to an injured party." Id. at 1246 (citations omitted). The court also
noted:
The purpose of a duty in tort is to protect society's interest in being free from
harm and the cost of protecting society from harm is borne by society in
general. Contractual duties, on the other hand, come from society's interest in
the performance of promises. When only economic harm is involved, the
question becomes "whether the consuming public as a whole should bear the
cost of economic losses sustained by those who failed to bargain for adequate
contract remedies."
Id. at 1246-47 (citations omitted). In rejecting the plaintiff's argument that an
exception should be created for homeowners, the court stated:
If a house causes economic disappointment by not meeting a purchaser's
expectations, the resulting failure to receive the benefit of the bargain is a core
concern of contract, not tort, law. There are protections for homebuyers,
however, such as statutory warranties, the general warranty of habitability, and
the duty of sellers to disclose defects, as well as the ability of purchasers to
inspect houses for defects. Coupled with homebuyers' power to bargain over
price, these protections must be viewed as sufficient when compared with the
mischief that could be caused by allowing tort recovery for purely economic
losses. Therefore, we again "hold contract principles more appropriate than
tort principles for recovering economic loss without an accompanying physical
injury or property damage." If we held otherwise, "contract law would drown
in a sea of tort."
Id. at 1247 (citations and footnotes omitted).
This case, American argues, falls squarely within the holding and rationale of
Casa Clara. Here, there has been no personal injury and no injury to other property.
Here, the public safety concerns that support tort actions are not present because only
16
the aircraft sustained damage. Thus, there is no reason to spread the cost to the public
as a whole. This is clearly a case of "disappointed economic expectations," and
appellants could have protected themselves in several ways. They could have
required a detailed and independent inspection, obtained additional insurance, or
secured a warranty under an independent warranty scheme. Also, finding for
appellants would require aviation repair stations to become guarantors to unknown
and remote third parties for routine maintenance and logbook entries. Plus, American
notes, Casa Clara has not been overruled and remains the law in Florida.
American also contends that Moransais, relied upon by appellants, explicitly
applied solely to professional negligence cases. See 744 So.2d at 974 (statement of
the issue before the court), 983-84 (holding of the case). Here, appellants have not
alleged professional negligence against American. There is no evidence that any of
American's mechanics earned "a four-year college degree before" possible licensing.
Id. at 976. American also contends that any such claim would be barred by the
applicable statute of limitations. See Appellee Br. at 17 n.3. Finally, in contrast to
Moransais, appellants cannot allege that they hired American or that American knew
that they were intending to rely on their work.
Even if Moransais did apply, American contends, appellants' tort claims would
still be barred. Appellants have alleged that there was a duty to service the Aircraft's
landing gear in a manner such that it would be reasonably safe to use, that American
breached that duty, that the breach caused the injury, and that there were damages.
Clearly, American argues, this is a products liability case under Florida law. See
17
Pritchett v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., (M.D.Fla. April 12, 1994)("In Florida
... the elements of the negligence cause of action in a product liability case are: 1.
The manufacturer must have a legal duty to design and manufacture a product
reasonably safe for use; 2. The manufacturer must fail to comply with that duty; 3.
The plaintiff must have an injury that is legally caused by the manufacturer's breach
of duty; and 4. The plaintiff must have suffered damages.").
Moreover, the policy considerations applicable in a products liability case
apply here as well. Appellants were in the best position to anticipate problems and
could have protected themselves with contract language, warranties, negotiations, and
additional insurance. A finding for appellants would spread the cost to other
consumers, even though appellants failed to avail themselves of the opportunities for
protection.
American also argues that the absence of privity does not bar the application
of the economic loss rule. Appellants should be barred from claiming that there is no
privity, since they sought to establish some type of contractual relationship with
respect to their breach of warranty claim. See Appellee Br. at 22. However, even
assuming that there is no privity, the economic loss rule would apply. American
contends that the economic loss rule can apply to situations where there is no
contractual relationship between the parties. See, e.g., Airport Rent-A-Car, Inc. v.
Prevost Car, Inc., 660 So.2d 628, 630-31 (Fla.1995); Casa Clara, 620 So.2d at 1248;
Appellee Br. at 22-23. American quotes from Florida Bldg. Inspection Servs., Inc.
v. Arnold Corp., 660 So.2d 730 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1995), in which the court stated:
18
Under limited circumstances, Florida courts have recognized exceptions to the
economic loss doctrine, and have allowed recovery from certain types of
negligent providers of services who were not in privity with the plaintiff.
However, in these cases a duty was established to plaintiffs who were
identifiable third party beneficiaries of the contract to provide services.
Id. at 732 (citations omitted). The court held that a warehouse sublessee could not
recover in tort against a roof inspector hired by the lessee because there was "no
indication that the services provided by [the inspector] to [the lessee] were intended
to primarily and directly benefit [the sublessee]." Id. at 733. The court reasoned that
the sublessee
was fully capable of assuring the condition of the roof by choosing and hiring
its own inspectors rather than relying upon CPS's inspector. The fact that
Arnold chose to accept the risk of relying upon the information supplied by
CPS does not impose a duty upon FBIS, who did not know what CPS did with
the report after it was delivered.
Id. at 733. Here, appellants conceded that they could not amend the complaint to
claim intended beneficiary status. See Appellant Br. at 9. As in Arnold, there is no
indication that American intended to primarily and directly benefit appellants. Also,
as in Arnold and as noted above, appellants had the means to protect their own
interests, but did not.
Here, Indemnity has filed suit in the United States District Court for the District
of South Carolina against Stevens Aviation, Inc., the entity that inspected the aircraft
landing gear actuators, alleging, among other things, breach of warranty. Since
Indemnity, as subrogee of Profile's interest, has a contractual remedy against another
19
party, the economic loss rule can apply.6
B. Other Property
American argues the landing gear is an integral part of the Aircraft. It would
be absurd to suggest that appellants bought an assortment of aircraft parts, not the
aircraft itself. American cites several cases to support its position that the landing
gear component was an integral part of the Aircraft itself. See, e.g., Casa Clara, 620
So.2d at 1247; Premix-Marbletite Mfg. Corp. v. SKW Chems., Inc., 145 F.Supp.2d
1348, 1360 (S.D.Fla.2001)(damage to finished product by component "does not come
within the economic loss rule's other property damage exception"). See Appellee Br.
at 27-28 (other cases). American contends that " 'other property' [is] such damage as
would occur if defective brakes on truck caused it to run into and damage a home."
American Univ. Ins. Group v. Gen. Motors Corp., 578 So.2d 451, 454
(Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1991)(citing American Home Assurance Co. v. Major Tool &
Machine, Inc., 767 F.2d 446 (8th Cir.1985)). Here, Profile bargained for and bought
an airplane, not an amalgamation of parts and components. The landing gear would
be useless if not integrated into the Aircraft. The Aircraft is simply not "other
property." Appellants' reliance on Comptech is misplaced, because that case clearly
involved computers which obviously were not an integral part of a warehouse in
which they were stored.
C. Professional Services
6
To support this argument, American cites Excess Risk Underwriters, Inc. v. Lafayette Life
Ins. Co., 208 F.Supp.2d 1310, 1314 (S.D.Fla.2002).
20
The "professional" exception articulated in Moransais does not apply.
Appellants have not pled a professional malpractice action and should not be allowed
to argue that exception now. Moreover, American argues, the four-year degree
requirement set out in Moransais has been consistently applied to determine whether
or not someone is a professional. See Appellee Br. at 31-33. Although the
FAA-certified mechanics do undergo extensive training, "[t]here can be no
equivalency exception" to the four-year college degree requirement. See Garden v.
Frier, 602 So.2d 1273, 1275 (Fla.1992). FAA-mechanics are not required to a have
a four-year college degree, and thus are not professionals.
D. Negligent Misrepresentation
The negligent misrepresentation exception does not apply because American
is not in the business of supplying information for the benefit of appellants. It is
undisputed that American is in the business of maintaining and inspecting aircraft and
that the only reason it makes entries into a logbook is because of FAA regulations.
Moreover, in First Florida Bank, N.A. v. Max Mitchell & Co., 558 So.2d 9
(Fla.1990)(adopting the exception), the court stated:
[W]e are persuaded by the wisdom of the rule which limits liability to those
persons or classes of persons whom an accountant "knows" will rely on his
opinion rather than those he "should have known" would do so because it takes
into account the fact that an accountant controls neither his client's accounting
records nor the distribution of his reports....
Id. at 15. Here, there is no evidence that American knew that appellants would rely
on the information supplied in the logbook. Indeed, appellants conceded that they
could not amend their breach of warranty claims because they could not in good faith
21
allege that they enjoyed intended beneficiary status. The exception has been
employed in "very limited circumstances." See Palau, 653 So.2d at 417. See also
Appellee Br. at 36 (other cases).
Palau, which found that an aircraft repair station did not "supply information"
under § 552, is still good law, and nothing in Moransais or Comptech suggests that
the Florida Supreme Court would have decided the case differently. See Appellee Br.
at 37-40 (discussion of Palau ).7 See also Rocky Mountain Helicopters, Inc. v. Bell
Helicopter Textron, Inc., 24 F.3d 125, 132-33 (10th Cir.1994)(holding that § 552 did
not apply to similar FAA required information regarding a helicopter).
Conclusion
This court has summarized the positions of the parties without approval or
rejection. These summaries are not intended to limit the arguments of the parties
before the Supreme Court of Florida.
While we have summarized the respective positions of the parties, we do not
suggest how the state law(s) should be interpreted or applied. "Where there is any
doubt as to the application of state law, a federal court should certify the question to
the state supreme court to avoid making unnecessary Erie 'guesses' and to offer the
state court the opportunity to interpret or change existing law." Mosher v. Speedstar
Div. of AMCA Intern., Inc., 52 F.3d 913, 916-17 (11th Cir.1995) (citation omitted).
We have a doubt as to the correct answers to the following questions of Florida law:
7
American also notes that FAA regulations require an aircraft's owner to annually conduct a
complete inspection of the aircraft. See 14 C.F.R. § 91.409(a)(1), (d)(4). Thus, between the date
of the alleged negligence and the date of the incident, the aircraft would have been inspected at
least twice. See Appellee Br. at 39.
22
I. WHETHER THE "ECONOMIC LOSS" DOCTRINE OF FLORIDA APPLIES
TO ALLEGED TORTS IF THE DEFENDANT HAS PROVIDED SERVICES
TO A PRODUCT RATHER THAN HAS SOLD A PRODUCT.
II. WHETHER THE "ECONOMIC LOSS" DOCTRINE OF FLORIDA APPLIES
IF THERE IS NO CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
PLAINTIFFS AND THE DEFENDANT.
III. WHETHER THE "ECONOMIC LOSS" DOCTRINE OF FLORIDA APPLIES
TO THE FACTS OF THIS CASE WITH REGARD TO DAMAGE TO THE
TOTAL AIRCRAFT AS OPPOSED TO MERE DAMAGE TO THE
LANDING GEAR UNDER THE "OTHER PROPERTY" EXCEPTION.
IV. WHETHER THE PROVIDING OF CERTIFIED MECHANICAL SERVICES
FALLS UNDER THE CATEGORY OF THE "PROFESSIONAL SERVICES"
EXCEPTION TO THE "ECONOMIC LOSS" DOCTRINE OF FLORIDA OR
UNDER SOME RELATED SERVICES EXCEPTION.
V. WHETHER THE NEGLIGENT MISREPRESENTATION CLAIM IN THIS
CASE PROVIDES AN EXCEPTION TO THE "ECONOMIC LOSS"
DOCTRINE OF FLORIDA.
CERTIFICATION
We certify the above-styled questions to the Supreme Court of Florida. The
phrasing used in these certified questions should not restrict that Court's
consideration of the problems of state law posed by this case. This extends to any
restatement of the issues by that Court and the manner in which the answers are
given. To assist that Court's consideration of the case, the entire record, along with
the briefs of the parties, shall be transmitted to the Supreme Court of Florida.
QUESTIONS CERTIFIED.
23