[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
June 9, 2005
No. 04-13210
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 03-00023-CV-JTC-3
TANNER ADVERTISING GROUP, L.L.C.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
FAYETTE COUNTY, GEORGIA,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(June 9, 2005)
Before BARKETT, KRAVITCH and FARRIS *, Circuit Judges.
*
Honorable Jerome Farris, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge:
Tanner Advertising Group, L.L.C. (“Tanner”) appeals from the district
court’s denial of its request to permanently enjoin Fayette County, Ga (“Fayette
County”) from enforcing its Sign Ordinance (“Ordinance”). Tanner challenges the
Ordinance on First Amendment grounds and state constitutional grounds. The
central issue on appeal is whether Tanner has standing to challenge the
constitutionality of the statute as a whole under the overbreadth doctrine. For the
following reasons, we conclude that Tanner is entitled to overbreadth standing.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Tanner is a Georgia limited liability company in the business of erecting and
operating advertising signs to be used for both noncommercial and commercial
purposes. Tanner entered into lease agreements with owners of real property in
commercial and industrial zoning districts in Fayette County, in order to gain
permission from the land-owners to post a sign on each of the properties.
Fayette County’s Ordinance regulates the appearance, location, and number
of signs within its boundaries. In part, the Ordinance restricts the placement of
“off-premise signs.” Fayette County defines an off-premise sign as any sign “that
advertises a product, service, place, activity, person, institution, business or
solicitation which is not carried out on the premises upon which the sign is
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located.”1
Section 1-43 of the Ordinance regulates off-premise signs in the following
ways. First, only one off-premise sign is permitted per lot. Second, each off-
premise sign must comply with the height, area, separation, and setback
requirements set forth in the Ordinance.2 Third, each off-premise sign must be
made with a brown background and white lettering only. The Ordinance allows
off-premise signs to communicate either a commercial or noncommercial message.
Additionally, the Ordinance allows every lot in a residential area to post one
freestanding sign “for the purpose of displaying or expressing noncommercial
speech.” These signs may not exceed “six (6) square feet in area and three (3) feet
in height.” These signs also may not “be used to direct the public to a place or
event at a location other than the location upon which the sign is posted.”
Likewise, in nonresidential districts, noncommercial signs are prohibited from
directing the public to any place other than where the sign is posted.
Before erecting an off-premise sign, the Ordinance requires that an applicant
obtain a permit. To obtain a permit, an applicant must submit a completed
1
Conversely, an “on-premise sign” is defined as a “sign located on the same premises
which the advertised product, service, place, activity, person, institution, business or solicitation
is located.”
2
Fayette County limits the size of such signs to no more than “two (2) horizontal feet by
two (2) vertical feet in width” and the signs are restricted to “no more than three (3) feet above
ground level.”
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application including plans for placement and location of the sign and specification
of what message the sign will communicate.
Tanner submitted eight completed applications to Fayette County for permits
to erect the signs. Fayette County defined Tanner’s proposed signs as “off-premise
signs” and denied all of the applications because the proposals did not “comply
with § 1-43 of [the] Sign Ord[inance].”
In response to Fayette County’s denials of the applications, Tanner filed a
complaint in the district court arguing that the Ordinance is facially
unconstitutional and unconstitutional as applied to it. Tanner subsequently moved
to permanently enjoin Fayette County’s enforcement of the Ordinance. Following
a hearing, the district court denied Tanner’s request for a permanent injunction,
dismissed Tanner’s federal constitutional claims, and dismissed without prejudice
Tanner’s claims based on the Georgia Constitution. The court found that Tanner
had standing to sue only under § 1-43 of the Ordinance and that § 1-43 of the
Ordinance was content-neutral and a valid time, place, and manner restriction.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review the constitutionality of ordinances de novo. Café Erotica v. St.
Johns County, 360 F.3d 1274, 1282 (2004); Joel v. City of Orlando, 232 F.3d
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1353, 1357 (11th Cir. 2000).
B. Standing
1. Background
The doctrine of standing involves both a “case or controversy” requirement
stemming from Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, and a subconstitutional
“prudential” element. Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 162, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 1161,
137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997). The Supreme Court in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,
504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2136-37, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992),
articulated the Article III requirements for standing as follows: (1) the plaintiff
must demonstrate that it had suffered or is immediately likely to suffer a concrete
and particularized injury in fact; (2) the plaintiff must establish a causal connection
between the injury and the alleged conduct; and (3) the plaintiff must prove that
there is a likelihood that a favorable judicial decision will redress the injury. See
also Bennett, 520 U.S. at 167.
Even if these constitutional minimums have been met, judicially created
prudential limitations may defeat a party’s standing to maintain a suit. Id. at 162.
One prudential consideration suggests that a plaintiff “generally must assert his
own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal rights
or interest of third parties.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499, 95 S.Ct. 2197,
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2205, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975). This prudential principle provides courts with “the
assurance that the most effective advocate of the rights at issue is present to
champion them.” Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Envt’l Study Group, Inc., 438 U.S.
59, 80, 98 S.Ct. 2620, 2634, 57 L.Ed.2d 595 (1978).
The Supreme Court, however, has recognized some circumstances in which
the prohibition on asserting third parties’ legal interests may be relaxed. One
specific circumstance occurs when “there is some genuine obstacle [that causes]
. . . the third party’s absence from court . . . and the party who is in court becomes
by default the right’s best available proponent.” Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106,
116, 96 S.Ct. 2868, 2875, 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976).
This situation is particularly acute in the free speech context, where
individual private citizens who are denied the opportunity to express themselves
under an unconstitutional ordinance often find the barriers to legal redress to be too
high.
Many persons, rather than undertake the considerable burden (and
sometimes risk) of vindicating their rights through case-by-case litigation,
will choose simply to abstain from protected speech . . . harming not only
themselves but society as a whole, which is deprived of an uninhibited
marketplace of ideas.
Virginia v. Hicks, 539 U.S. 113, 119, 123 S.Ct. 2191, 2196, 156 L.Ed.2d 148
(2003). See also Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123, 129, 112
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S.Ct. 2395, 2400-01, 120 L.Ed.2d 101 (1992) (“the very existence of some broadly
written laws has the potential to chill the expressive activity of others not before
the court”).
Thus, the Supreme Court created the overbreadth doctrine to protect the
rights of others not before the court by allowing third parties to bring a facial
challenge to an unconstitutional ordinance. Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego,
453 U.S. 490, 505 n.11, 101 S.Ct. 2882, 2891 n.11, 69 L.Ed.2d 800 (1981);
Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88, 97-98, 60 S.Ct. 736, 741-42, 84 L.Ed.1093
(1940). “Facial challenges to overly broad statutes are allowed not primarily for the
benefit of the litigant, but for the benefit of society . . .” Sec’y of State of Md. v.
Joseph H. Munson. Co., 467 U.S. 947, 958, 104 S.Ct. 2839, 2847, 81 L.Ed.2d 786
(1984).
2. Tanner’s Standing Rights
In determining that Tanner did not have standing to challenge the entire
ordinance under the overbreadth doctrine, the district court relied heavily on this
Circuit’s previous decision in Granite State Outdoor Adver., Inc. v. City of
Clearwater, 351 F.3d 1112 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Clearwater”). The Clearwater court
stated that a plaintiff cannot gain standing under the overbreadth doctrine to assert
the rights of third parties not before the court until the plaintiff has fully satisfied
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all three constitutional standing requirements. Id. at 1116. The court conceded that
the plaintiff had suffered an actual injury as to one section of the code, and granted
overbreadth standing under that section. Id. at 1117. Nonetheless, the court
concluded that the injury was not sufficient to allow it to grant overbreadth
standing to the plaintiff to challenge the rest of the Ordinance. Id. Thus, the
Clearwater panel took the position that a plaintiff challenging the facial
constitutionality of a city’s sign ordinance under the overbreadth doctrine can only
challenge portions of the ordinance under which the plaintiff itself was actually
injured. Id. at 1116-17.
Here, the district court found that Tanner had personally suffered an Article
III injury-in-fact only as to § 1-43. The court followed the reasoning set forth in
Clearwater and determined that Tanner had standing to challenge only that section
as applied to it, and under the overbreadth doctrine, as applied to non-commercial
speech. Tanner argues that it is entitled to challenge every unconstitutional aspect
of the Ordinance under the overbreadth doctrine. Tanner notes that the
overbreadth doctrine was designed to protect the freedom of speech, which is a
right of paramount importance under the Constitution.
As the Clearwater court stated, before a plaintiff can launch an overbreadth
challenge, the plaintiff must suffer an injury in fact. See Clearwater, 351 F.3d at
8
1116 (citing Virginia v. Am. Booksellers Ass’n., Inc., 484 U.S. 383, 392-93, 108
S.Ct. 636, 642-43, 98 L.Ed.2d 782 (1988); Village of Schaumburg, 444 U.S. 620,
634, 100 S.Ct. 826, 834, 63 L.Ed.2d 73 (1980); Bischoff v. Osceola County, 222
F.3d 874, 884 (11th Cir. 2000)). The Clearwater court overlooked our past
Eleventh Circuit precedent, however, when it assumed that under the overbreadth
doctrine, a plaintiff can only challenge the one section under which it suffered a
concrete injury. 351 F.3d at 1117-19.
Prior to Clearwater, if a claim was brought challenging the constitutionality
of a sign ordinance, and the plaintiff met the Article III minimal requirements for
standing under one provision of the ordinance, it was accepted that courts would
grant standing for the plaintiff to also make a broad facial challenge to the
constitutionality of the Ordinance as a whole. See, e.g., Metromedia, 453 U.S. at
505 n.11; Granite State Outdoor Adver. v. City of St. Petersburg, 348 F.3d 1278
(11th Cir. 2003) (“St. Petersburg”); Dimmitt v. City of Clearwater, 985 F.2d 1565
(11th Cir. 1993); National Adver. Co. v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 934 F.2d 283
(11th Cir. 1991) (“National”); Solomon v. City of Gainesville, 763 F.2d 1212 (11th
Cir. 1985). Even when a statute was constitutionally applied to the litigant but
might be unconstitutionally applied to third parties not before the court, then
overbreadth standing was proper. See Forsyth County, 505 U.S. at 129-30 (“It is
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well established that in the area of freedom of expression an overbroad regulation
may be subject to facial review and invalidation even though its application in the
case under consideration may be constitutionally unobjectionable.”). Thus, under
prior precedent, once a plaintiff could demonstrate that it suffered an injury in fact
as to one provision of a statute governing speech, the plaintiff gained standing to
challenge the statute as a whole.
Specifically, in Metromedia, the Supreme Court recognized that parties with
a commercial interest in speech may raise a facial challenge to an ordinance and
raise the noncommercial speech interests of third parties. 453 U.S. 490, 505 n. 11.
Additionally, in National, a panel of this Court held that an outdoor advertising
company had standing to assert claims for the alleged violations of First
Amendment rights on behalf of itself and its advertisers. 934 F.2d at 285. In St.
Petersburg, another panel of this Court assumed, without discussion, that the
plaintiff sign company had standing to facially challenge the city’s sign ordinance.
348 F.3d at 1280. Finally, in Solomon, this Court granted the plaintiff standing to
facially challenge an ordinance on the ground that it might substantially abridge
the First Amendment Rights of parties not before the Court. 763 F.2d at 1214-15.3
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The only case not directly in line with this precedent is Messer v. City of Douglasville,
975 F.2d 1505 (11th Cir. 1992), in which a panel in this Circuit concluded that the plaintiff did
not have standing to challenge the variance powers of the city board of appeals because the
plaintiff made no showing of individual injury in relation to the appeals process. The Court did,
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In light of the strong precedent from the Supreme Court and this Circuit
concerning the doctrine of overbreadth which preceded the Clearwater decision,
we are compelled to follow our “prior precedent” or “earliest case” rule and uphold
our decisions preceding Clearwater and disregard the narrow approach to the
overbreadth doctrine employed by the Clearwater court. The prior precedent rule
dictates that:
A prior panel decision of this Court is binding on subsequent panels and can
be overturned only by the Court sitting en banc. . . . When faced with an
intra-circuit split we must apply the “earliest case” rule, . . . a panel should
look to the line of authority containing the earliest case, because a decision
of a prior panel cannot be overturned by a later panel.
Morrison v. Amway Corp., 323 F.3d 920, 929 (11th Cir. 2003) (citations and
quotation marks omitted). Because this Court sitting en banc has not overruled St.
Petersburg, Dimmitt, National, and Solomon, and because they came before the
Clearwater decision, we hold that Tanner has standing to make a facial challenge
to the Ordinance as a whole.
Additionally, we note that the Supreme Court and Eleventh Circuit cases
that came after Clearwater reaffirm this Circuit’s previous authority concerning the
overbreadth doctrine. See e.g., City of Littleton v. Z.J. Gifts D-4, L.L.C., 541 U.S.
774, 124 S.Ct. 2219, 159 L.Ed.2d 84 (2004). In Littleton, the Supreme Court
however, allow the plaintiff to make a blanket facial challenge to the rest of the Ordinance as a
whole without regard to the plaintiff’s individual injury for the remaining subsections.
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granted the plaintiff overbreadth standing to facially challenge the judicial review
provisions of the Littleton “adult business” licensing scheme even though the
plaintiff brought a lawsuit before even attempting to obtain a license under the
city’s ordinance. Id. at 2222, 2226. Furthermore, the Court did not limit the
plaintiff’s facial standing to the specific provision that rendered the plaintiff’s use
unlawful under the city’s regulation. In fact, the Court permitted the plaintiff to
make a facial challenge without ever even discussing the plaintiff’s individual
injury. Id. Similarly, in Café Erotica, a panel of this Court determined that two
adult businesses had standing to challenge the County’s sign ordinance as applied
and on its face. 360 F.3d at 1281. This court concluded that the adult businesses
could facially challenge the ordinance under the overbreadth doctrine because it
placed unbridled discretion in the hands of county officials. Id.
Finally, we note that in Solantic, LLC v. City of Neptune Beach, __ F.3d __,
2005 WL 1262094, *5-16 (11th Cir. 2005) this Court afforded the plaintiff
standing to make a broad challenge to all unconstitutional elements of the sign
code even though the plaintiff had not suffered an injury from all the provisions in
the code. Thus, we conclude that because Tanner suffered an injury in fact as to
section 1-43 of the statute, it has standing to challenge the statute as a whole.
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C. Remaining Issues on Appeal
Tanner also appealed the district court’s findings that § 1-43 of the
Ordinance was not overbroad and is a content-neutral time, place, and manner
restriction. In light of our conclusion that Tanner should be granted overbreadth
standing to challenge the Ordinance as a whole, these issues should be reexamined
on remand taking into account § 1-43's interplay with the other provisions in the
statute.
Additionally, Tanner appeals the district court’s decision not to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over Tanner’s state law claims. Tanner claims that the
Ordinance violates provisions of the Georgia Constitution, in addition to the
Federal Constitution. A district court may exercise jurisdiction over all state law
claims which “derive from a common nucleus of operative fact” as a substantial
federal claim. United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 724-25,
86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966); Palmer v. Hosp. Auth. of Randolph County,
22 F.3d 1559, 1563-64 (11th Cir. 1994). The district court may, however, decline
to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim if “the district court has
dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367;
Palmer, 22 F.3d at 1568. On remand, this issue will depend on the district court’s
disposition of the other issues. Thus, we decline to address these other issues
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raised on appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the district court’s denial of Tanner’s standing to challenge the
Ordinance as a whole is REVERSED. We REMAND the case to the district court
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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