NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 4 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HAWTHORNE HANGAR OPERATIONS, No. 21-55542
L.P., a California limited partnership; DAN
WOLFE, an individual, D.C. No.
2:20-cv-10744-PA-AS
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. MEMORANDUM*
HAWTHORNE AIRPORT, LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 11, 2022
Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,** District
Judge. Dissent by Judge VANDYKE.
Plaintiffs-Appellants Dan Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations, L.P.
appeal the district court’s grant of two dispositive motions based on the statute of
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the
District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.
limitations: (1) a motion to dismiss filed by Defendants-Appellees David Wehrly,
Levi Stockton, Hawthorne Airport, LLC, and Advanced Air, LLC (collectively, the
“Airport Partnership”) that the district court converted into a motion for summary
judgment and (2) a motion to dismiss filed by the City of Hawthorne (the “City”).
We affirm.
This appeal is part of a long-running dispute among former business
partners. In 2005 and 2007, the Airport Partnership entered into lease agreements
with the City that gave the Airport Partnership control of nearly all of Hawthorne
Municipal Airport. Among other things, the Airport Partnership sold fuel to planes
that stopped at the airport. In 2009, Wolfe and Wehrly formed Hawthorne Hangar
Operations and purchased a parcel of land adjacent to the airport. The purchase
agreement contained a restrictive covenant that barred them from using the
property to sell fuel to these visiting planes. Wolfe also signed an agreement with
the City allowing aircraft to travel between the airport and the newly acquired
property that expressly acknowledged the restrictive covenant. In 2014, Wolfe
bought out Wehrly’s share of Hawthorne Hangar Operations; in the sale
agreement, Wolfe again acknowledged the restrictive covenant. Nonetheless, in
August 2016, Wolfe sought a fuel concession agreement from the City to sell fuel
and in 2019, Wolfe unsuccessfully tried to lease a portion of the airport despite
having acknowledged that it had already been leased to the Airport Partnership.
2
In 2020—over a decade after first becoming aware of the restrictive
covenant regarding fuel sales—Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations sued the
Airport Partnership and the City for violating federal antitrust law by executing the
agreements that contained the restrictive covenant and gave the Airport Partnership
control of nearly all of the airport. They asserted four claims: two antitrust claims
(which brought this case into federal court) and two state law claims.
In response, the Airport Partnership and City filed motions to dismiss for
failure to state a claim. The district court focused on whether the antitrust claims
were barred by the statute of limitations. An antitrust claim must be filed “within
four years after the cause[s] of action accrued,” plus any additional time during
which the statute of limitations is tolled. 15 U.S.C. § 15b; Zenith Radio Corp. v.
Hazeltine Rsch., Inc., 401 U.S. 321, 338 (1971). This lawsuit was filed on
November 24, 2020, so the antitrust claims must have accrued no earlier than
November 24, 2016. The district court converted the Airport Partnership’s motion
into a motion for summary judgment, ruled that the antitrust claims accrued in
2009, and dismissed these claims as time-barred. The district court declined to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims and entered
judgment for the Airport Partnership and the City. It denied Wolfe’s and
Hawthorne Hangar Operations’ subsequent motion seeking relief from the final
judgment based on newly discovered evidence.
3
Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations now appeal. They argue that when
the pleadings and record are properly viewed through the standards applicable to a
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and a motion for summary judgment,
respectively, (1) the statute of limitations did not accrue until 2019 and,
alternatively, (2) the statute of limitations reset at some point after November 24,
2016, under the continuing violations doctrine. Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar
Operations also appeal the denial of their motion for relief from final judgment.
We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim and a motion for summary judgment de novo. Gibson v. Off. of Atty. Gen.,
State of Cal., 561 F.3d 920, 925 (9th Cir. 2009); Del. Valley Surgical Supply Inc. v.
Johnson & Johnson, 523 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 2008). We review the district
court’s denial of a motion for relief from final judgment for abuse of discretion.
Wood v. Ryan, 759 F.3d 1117, 1119 (9th Cir. 2014).
“Generally, a cause of action accrues and the statute begins to run when a
defendant commits an act that injures a plaintiff’s business.” Zenith Radio Corp.,
401 U.S. at 338. It is undisputed that the Airport Partnership and the City
committed the allegedly injurious acts in 2005 and 2007, when they executed the
agreements giving the Airport Partnership control over nearly all of the airport. See
id. The dispute is about when these agreements “injured [Wolfe and Hawthorne
Hangar Operations’] business.” Id.
4
We agree with the district court that even when accepting the well-pled
allegations in the complaint as true and viewing the evidence in the record in the
light most favorable to Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations, they were first
injured in 2009—after (1) Wolfe and Wehrly formed Hawthorne Hangar
Operations to buy the airport-adjacent property, (2) Wolfe signed a letter to Wehrly
affirming his intent to sell fuel, (3) Wolfe accepted the restrictive covenant in the
purchase agreement, and (4) Wolfe signed an agreement with the City that
acknowledged that restrictive covenant. This conclusion is buttressed by a 2017
email in which Wolfe admitted that he thought he had legal claims in 2009 and
“believed that it would be easy later to prove the wrong[]doing.” Further,
additional events between 2009 and November 24, 2016—alleged in the complaint
and reflected in the record—likely would have started the clock on the statute of
limitations such that the antitrust claims would still be untimely even if they had
not accrued in 2009. For example, in 2014 (when Wolfe bought out Wehrly) Wolfe
and Wehrly contested the restrictive covenant barring Wolfe and Hawthorne
Hangar Operations from selling fuel to visiting planes. And in August 2016, Wolfe
sought the fuel concession agreement from the City so he could sell fuel.
Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations argue that the statute of
limitations was reset and that their claims are timely under the continuing
violations doctrine. This doctrine provides that later wrongful acts by a defendant
5
can sometimes allow a plaintiff to assert a claim regarding earlier conduct that
would otherwise be barred by the statute of limitations. To state a continuing
violation of the antitrust laws “a plaintiff must allege that a defendant completed an
overt act during the limitations period that meets two criteria: ‘1) It must be a new
and independent act that is not merely a reaffirmation of a previous act; and 2) it
must inflict new and accumulating injury on the plaintiff.’” Samsung Elecs. Co. v.
Panasonic Corp., 747 F.3d 1199, 1202 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Pace Indus., Inc. v.
Three Phoenix Co., 813 F.2d 234, 238 (9th Cir. 1987)). The party seeking relief
under the doctrine bears the burden of satisfying these elements. NLRB v. Don
Burgess Const. Corp., 596 F.2d 378, 383 n.2 (9th Cir. 1979).
Under the facts of this case, the continuing violations doctrine does not
permit Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations to assert their otherwise-untimely
antitrust claims. Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations principally rely on two
events from 2017 to support their continuing violations arguments: (1) the
installation of a fence that blocked planes at the airport from entering the adjacent
property to purchase fuel and (2) the filing of a state court lawsuit by the Airport
Partnership. Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations argue that each of these
events constituted a new and independent act that inflicted new and accumulating
injury thereby resetting the statute of limitations. But given that we have concluded
that the statute of limitations started running in 2009, neither event occurred during
6
the limitations period (which ended in 2013) and thus neither can be the basis for
the application of the continuing violations doctrine and extension of the
limitations period. 1 See Samsung Elecs. Co., 747 F.3d at 1202. In addition, Wolfe
and Hawthorne Hangar Operations have not explained how either of these events
would impact the analysis relating to the City, which did not build the fence and
was not a party to the state court action.
In sum, Wolfe and Hawthorne Hangar Operations have not satisfied their
burden of showing that they are entitled to relief under this doctrine based on the
installation of the fence or any of the other acts they reference. This conclusion is
unaltered by Wolfe’s and Hawthorne Hangar Operations’ motion for relief from
final judgment, which they filed to admit newly discovered evidence relating to the
fence. See Coastal Transfer Co. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., 833 F.2d 208, 211
(9th Cir. 1987). Applying an abuse of discretion standard, we affirm the district
court’s denial of this motion. We also deny the Airport Partnership’s and the City’s
pending motion to file supplemental briefing.
The district court correctly determined that Wolfe’s and Hawthorne Hangar
Operations’ antitrust claims accrued and the statute of limitations began running
1
Characterizing the filing of a lawsuit as a new antitrust violation sufficient to
restart the statute of limitations also seems at odds with the Noerr-Pennington
doctrine, which provides that the filing of a lawsuit and other petitioning activity
generally cannot constitute an antitrust violation. See Kearney v. Foley & Lardner,
LLP, 590 F.3d 638, 643–44 (9th Cir. 2009).
7
before November 24, 2016, and correctly concluded that the continuing violations
doctrine does not save the antitrust claims in this case.
The district court is AFFIRMED.
8
FILED
Hawthorne Hangar Operations LP v. Hawthorne Airport LLC, No. 21-55542
AUG 4 2022
VanDyke, J., dissenting:
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I respectfully dissent from the majority for two reasons. First, there is a
genuine dispute of material fact about whether Plaintiffs intended to enter the fuel
sales business during the time the majority suggests. And second, the majority
misunderstands and misapplies the continuing violations doctrine.
When reviewing summary judgment rulings, “[w]e must determine, viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, whether there are
any genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court correctly applied
the relevant substantive law.” Del. Valley Surgical Supply Inc. v. Johnson &
Johnson, 523 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 2008). The majority opinion concludes that
there are no material factual disputes about when Plaintiffs’ alleged injury occurred
because the record clearly establishes that Dan Wolfe intended to enter the fuel sales
business in 2009.
I disagree. There is substantial evidence to support the conclusion that Wolfe
did not intend to start selling fuel to the public until much later than 2009—which is
more than enough to create a genuine factual dispute about the issue. For example,
Wolfe mentions in a 2014 email that “[w]e definitely do not want to become fuel
sellers to anyone except our hangar-mates/tenants. We will not compete with Jet
Center.” The record also includes an email written in 2014 by a Private Defendant
1
that states “Dan [Wolfe] has no intention [of] competing with us in the area of fuel
sales.” To be sure, the majority mentions arguably contrasting evidence that could
indicate Plaintiffs’ intent to sell fuel in 2009 (or any time before the four-year statute
of limitations deadline). But such conflicting evidence is not uncommon in cases
positioned for summary judgment, and it is hornbook law that in such circumstances
summary judgment is inappropriate. The district court thus erred by granting
summary judgement.
I also disagree with the majority’s continuing violations analysis. Per the
majority, the continuing violations doctrine doesn’t apply because Private
Defendants built the fence in 2017, after the original four-year statute of limitations
period. To justify this conclusion, the majority cites only to Samsung Elecs. Co. v.
Panasonic Corp., 747 F.3d 1199, 1202 (9th Cir. 2014). But nowhere in Samsung
did we say that the continuing violations doctrine applies only to injuries sustained
during the original limitations period. In fact, Samsung established the opposite,
citing numerous cases where an action that occurred after the initial statute of
limitations had run restarted the statute of limitations. See id. at 1203 (collecting
cases). This point was made most clearly in Hennegan v. Pacifico Creative Servs.,
Inc., 787 F.2d 1299 (9th Cir. 1986), where our court specifically held the initial
“statute of limitations does not bar the Hennegans from seeking damages for injuries
inflicted after [the original statute of limitations deadline].”). Id. at 1301. Indeed,
2
the whole point of the continuing violations doctrine is that it is “an exception to this
time limit.” Samsung, 747 F.3d at 1202.
With a proper view of the doctrine in mind, the clock should be restarted in
this case. Under circuit precedent, a continuing violation is an overt act that must:
(1) be new and independent and not a reaffirmation of a previous act; and (2) inflict
new and accumulating injury on the plaintiff. See Pace Indus., Inc. v. Three Phoenix
Co., 813 F.2d 234, 238 (9th Cir. 1987). Here, Private Defendants’ reconstruction of
the fence, as well as their suit against Plaintiffs in state court, were both overt acts
that should have restarted the limitations period.
The construction of a new fence is a continuing violation. This was not a
continuation of some previous plan, nor was it a passive decision. Private
Defendants actively constructed a barrier to hinder the Plaintiffs’ ability to sell fuel.
And the building of the fence clearly inflicted a “new and accumulating injury.” Id.
Wolfe had already invested over $1.2 million into the fueling capabilities on his
parcel of land, but the fence acted as a literal barrier of entry for potential clients to
use his services. Placing a new physical obstacle in a competitor’s path for
customers causes obvious harm and clearly furthers his injury, and therefore
qualifies as a continuing violation. See Hennegan, 787 F.2d at 1300 (“A civil cause
of action under the [antitrust laws] arises at each time the plaintiff’s interest is
3
invaded to his damage, and the statute of limitations begins to run at that time.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
Private Defendants’ suit against Plaintiffs in state court is another overt
instance of a continuing violation. Pace addressed this exact question and held “that
the last overt act in the enforcement of this contract was the initiation of the lawsuit
in state court.” 813 F.2d at 239 (emphasis added). Given that Private Defendants
filed their enforcement action against the Plaintiffs in 2017, this suit is undoubtedly
within the (restarted) four-year statute of limitations prescribed by the Sherman Act.
I respectfully dissent.
4