THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
The Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc., Respondent,
v.
Gregory L. Martin and Rebecca L. Martin, Defendants,
and
The Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc., Respondent,
v.
Michael J. Frey and Grace I. Frey, Defendants,
and
The Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc., Respondent,
v.
Mark K. Quinn and Sherry B. Quinn, Defendants,
Of Whom Michael J. Frey is the Petitioner.
Appellate Case No. 2020-000667
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS
Appeal From Beaufort County
J. Ernest Kinard, Jr., Circuit Court Judge
Opinion No. 28102
Heard November 9, 2021 – Filed August 3, 2022
REVERSED AND REMANDED
Ian S. Ford, Neil Davis Thomson, and Ainsley Fisher
Tillman, all of Ford Wallace Thomson, L.L.C., of
Charleston, for Petitioner.
Andrew F. Lindemann, of Lindemann and Davis, P.A., of
Columbia; M. Dawes Cooke Jr., John W. Fletcher, and
Bradley B. Banias, all of Barnwell Whaley Patterson &
Helms, L.L.C., of Charleston; Stephen P. Hughes, of
Howell Gibson & Hughes, of Beaufort; and James Andrew
Yoho, of Boyle, Leonard & Anderson, P.A., of Charleston,
for Respondent.
CHIEF JUSTICE BEATTY: The Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc.
("the Club"), brought separate actions against three couples—the Martins, the Freys,
and the Quinns—following a dispute over membership dues. The circuit court
granted the Club's motion for summary judgment. The court of appeals consolidated
the parties' appeals and affirmed. Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Martin,
Op. No. 2019-UP-393, 2019 WL 6897780 (S.C. Ct. App. filed Dec. 18, 2019). We
granted a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by Michael J. Frey ("Frey") challenging
the award of summary judgment.1 Frey contends material questions of fact exist as
to whether the Club improperly billed him for continuing membership dues,
particularly where his membership was suspended over a decade ago and
membership was undisputedly optional when he joined. We reverse and remand.
1
Frey's wife, the Martins, and the Quinns are not participating in the appeal to this
Court.
I. FACTS
The Club is a social and recreational organization operating within a private,
gated, residential community on Callawassie Island, an area in Beaufort County.
Frey purchased a Golf Membership in 1995 for a capital contribution of $22,000.00
from the Club's predecessor, the Callawassie Island Club, Inc. ("the Island Club"),
thus becoming an equity member. In addition, he purchased real property on
Callawassie Island in a separate transaction.
The Island Club was established as a South Carolina nonprofit corporation to
provide amenities for the Callawassie Island development, including a golf course,
clubhouse, tennis facilities, and swimming pools. The Island Club had a specified
number of equity memberships available, which corresponded to the capacity of its
facilities: Golf Memberships (595), Spring Island Founder Memberships (40), and
Social Memberships (850 less the number of outstanding Golf Memberships).
Payment of an initial capital contribution, monthly dues, monthly food and beverage
minimums, and any special assessments were required to be an equity member of
the Island Club.
At the time Frey joined, equity memberships were not required to own
property on Callawassie Island. Rather, according to the Island Club's 1994 "Plan
for the Offering of Memberships in the Callawassie Island Club" ("the 1994 Plan"),
memberships were options to be offered "to purchasers of residential units or lots in
Callawassie and such other persons as the Club determines appropriate from time to
time." 2 The 1994 Plan, along with the Island Club's Bylaws and General Club Rules,
made up the core of the Island Club's organizational documents.
The Island Club's facilities, including the real property, equipment, and
supplies, were initially owned by the Callawassie Island Company, L.P., a Delaware
limited partnership ("the Partnership"). The 1994 Plan contemplated the eventual
transfer of ownership and control of the facilities from the Partnership to the Island
Club's equity members. In 2001, the transfer of assets was completed, and the Island
Club began operating under its current designation, the Club. In August 2001, the
Club issued a membership plan adopted by the board of directors ("the 2001 Plan"),
2
The Island Club reserved the right to offer recallable "non-equity associate
memberships" on an annual or seasonal basis to prospective members who were not
current property owners in order to promote the sale of residential units and lots on
Callawassie Island.
along with its own Bylaws and General Club Rules, which were similar in form to
the organizational documents of the Island Club.
The Club's organizational documents were amended several more times after
the Club assumed control in 2001. Among the notable changes that occurred in 2001
was an amendment to the Callawassie Island development's covenants to provide
that all persons who purchased property on Callawassie Island after December 1,
2001 were required to purchase an equity membership in the Club and retain it so
long as they owned their property. 3 Although the new membership requirement did
not apply to existing property owners like Frey, he nevertheless encountered
difficulties in exiting the Club.
After nearly fifteen years as a dues-paying member, Frey wished to end his
Club membership, and he stopped paying dues in October 2009. There is evidence
in the record that the Club formally deemed Frey's account delinquent and placed
Frey's membership on the Club's suspension list in 2011.4 Frey retained ownership
of his property on Callawassie Island.
In 2012, the Club brought the instant action against Frey to collect allegedly
delinquent dues, fees, and assessments based on claims of breach of contract and
quantum meruit. The Club maintained that, when Frey purchased his property in
1995, he "could have elected to decline a membership with the Club at the time," but
his purchase of an equity membership and ownership of a lot "require[d] [him] to
remain [a member] in good standing under the terms and conditions of the governing
3
The membership requirement was included in the "Amended and Restated General
Declaration for Callawassie Island and Provisions for the Callawassie Island
Property Owners Association, Inc." ("the 2001 Property Declaration"), which was
adopted on December 1, 2001.
4
The record contains a published list of the Club's suspended members as of
November 15, 2011, which includes Frey. In addition, a "Member History" prepared
by the Club (for the time period of 11/1/07 to 2/27/14) shows Frey's status as "S,"
i.e., suspended, and an affidavit dated March 3, 2014 from the Club's General
Manager, Jeff Spencer, confirms in relevant part that the Club "ha[d] been forced,
owing to non-payment, to suspend [Frey's] membership rights and privileges
pursuant to the applicable documents."
documents, including the Plan and the Declaration."5 According to the Club, Frey
was required to continue paying dues until his membership was reissued by the Club
to a new member.
Frey, in turn, asserted Club membership was not contingent upon or linked to
the ownership of his property on Callawassie Island. Further, the organizational
documents at the time he signed a membership agreement provided a suspended
member "shall" be expelled after four months of nonpayment. Frey alleged he
should have been expelled from the Club four months after he stopped paying dues,
which would have terminated his membership and the accrual of additional financial
obligations. Frey contended the expulsion provision was unilaterally changed by the
Club by amending the Club Rules (around 2007 to 2008) to make expulsion subject
to the Club's discretion rather than compulsory. Frey further contended this change
was made without notice to, or voting by, the equity members, contrary to provisions
in the organizational documents that required any material alterations in the
controlling terms affecting equity members to be approved by a majority of the
members.
Frey additionally asserted the Club was obligated to keep a Resale List
whereby memberships would be reissued pursuant to an agreed-upon protocol, but
the Club did not do so and it has refused to provide full disclosure of its resale
activities. Frey stated the Club selectively permitted some individuals to leave the
Club without imposing the ongoing accrual of dues. In Frey's case, however, the
Club insisted—and continues to insist, more than a decade after Frey was suspended
from his "optional" membership—that Frey has a continuing obligation to pay dues
until the Club reissues his membership. It is undisputed that the Club has never
reissued Frey's membership. Frey alleged the Club effectively prevented him and
other members from leaving because only the Club can expel a member and reissue
memberships.
Based on the foregoing, Frey asserted several defenses and counterclaims
regarding the Club's policies and contended he had no further obligations to the Club.
5
"The Plan" apparently referred to the Club's 2001 Plan, as may be amended, and
"the Declaration" referred to the 2001 Property Declaration, see supra note 3. The
Club is a distinguishable entity from the Callawassie Island Property Owners
Association, Inc., which is not involved in this action. When Frey obtained his
equity membership in the Island Club (now the Club) in 1995, it was purchased in a
separate contractual agreement and the membership did not run with the land.
Among his allegations, Frey maintained the Club violated South Carolina's
Nonprofit Corporation Act of 1994 ("the NCA") by (1) failing to treat members of
the same class the same with regard to their rights and obligations, particularly as to
their rights of transfer; (2) improperly restricting transfer rights; (3) failing to allow
members to approve fundamental membership changes; (4) improperly refusing to
expel Frey and, thus, end his ongoing financial obligations; and (5) failing to have
and maintain a fair and reasonable process for the termination of memberships. 6
The circuit court granted the Club's motion for summary judgment and
dismissed Frey's counterclaims. The circuit court awarded the Club damages of
$58,744.23 and attorney's fees of $9,132.23, for a total judgment of $67,876.46. The
circuit court reasoned that, even if Frey were expelled, he was obligated to continue
paying dues, fees, and assessments until the Club reissued his membership pursuant
to the Club's organizational documents, and it noted the decision whether to expel a
member had been changed from the time Frey became a member and was now solely
within the Club's discretion, rather than mandatory. The circuit court found it was
irrelevant whether the Club had improperly amended any of the organizational
documents regarding expulsion because the obligation to pay dues, fees, and
assessments until a membership was reissued was evident in the original 1994 Plan.
The circuit court rejected any relief under the NCA, finding "no violation of the
statutory provisions relied upon by" Frey. The circuit court reasoned that the NCA
recognizes a member of a nonprofit corporation is not relieved of "obligations
incurred or commitments made" to the corporation prior to the member's resignation,
suspension, or expulsion, so Frey's obligations were ongoing despite his suspension.
6
See, e.g., S.C. Code Ann. § 33-31-610 (2006) ("All members have the same rights
and obligations with respect to voting, dissolution, redemption, and transfer, unless
the articles or bylaws establish classes of membership with different rights or
obligations. All members have the same rights and obligations with respect to any
other matters, except as set forth in or authorized by the articles or bylaws."); § id.
33-31-611(c) ("Where transfer rights have been provided, no restriction on them is
binding with respect to a member holding a membership issued before the adoption
of the restriction unless the restriction is approved by the members and the affected
member."); id. § 33-31-620(a) ("A member [of a nonprofit organization] may resign
at any time."); id. § 33-31-621(a) (providing members of nonprofit corporations may
not be expelled or suspended, and no membership in such corporations may be
terminated or suspended, "except pursuant to a procedure that is fair and reasonable
and carried out in good faith").
See S.C. Code Ann. § 33-31-620(b) (2006) (obligations made prior to resignation);
id. § 33-31-621(e) (obligations made prior to suspension or expulsion). It also
rejected Frey's contention that discovery was prematurely ended by the grant of
summary judgment.
Frey appealed (along with his wife, who was then still a party). The Freys
and two other couples who were challenging the Club's policies (the Martins and the
Quinns) attempted to consolidate their appeals with that of Ronnie and Jeannette
Dennis, who had resigned from the Club and also disputed their ongoing
membership dues. The court of appeals declined to consolidate the appeals at that
time and instead allowed the Dennises' case to proceed first. The court of appeals
reversed the circuit court's grant of summary judgment to the Club and remanded
the Dennises' case for trial, finding genuine issues of material fact existed as to
whether the Dennises were liable for dues accruing after their resignation and
whether the Club's organizational terms violated the NCA. See Callawassie Island
Members Club, Inc. v. Dennis, 417 S.C. 610, 790 S.E.2d 435 (Ct. App. 2016)
("Dennis I").7
The court of appeals thereafter filed three unpublished opinions ruling on the
Martin, Frey, and Quinn appeals, in which it affirmed in part, reversed in part, and
remanded the cases to the circuit court. The court of appeals relied on its decision
in Dennis I and found the grant of summary judgment was error, noting the Club's
view would create an unreasonable situation in which the Club could refuse to ever
allow a member to terminate his or her membership. 8
7
There are three appeals involving the Dennises that will be discussed herein. To
distinguish them, the appeals shall be denominated Dennis I (the initial decision by
the court of appeals reversing the circuit court's grant of summary judgment), Dennis
II (this Court's decision reversing the court of appeals and reinstating summary
judgment, but remanding the case to the court of appeals to rule on the remaining
issues challenging summary judgment), and Dennis III (the decision of the court of
appeals on remand, which reversed the summary judgment order).
8
See Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Martin, Op. No. 2018-UP-178, 2018
WL 2059555 (S.C. Ct. App. filed May 2, 2018); Callawassie Island Members Club,
Inc. v. Frey, Op. No. 2018-UP-179, 2018 WL 2059557 (S.C. Ct. App. filed May 2,
2018); Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Quinn, Op. No. 2018-UP-180,
2018 WL 2059558 (S.C. Ct. App. filed May 2, 2018).
During this interval, this Court issued a writ of certiorari to review the decision
in Dennis I. We reversed in Dennis II, thereby reinstating summary judgment for
the Club,9 but we remanded the case to the court of appeals to rule on the Dennises'
remaining issues challenging summary judgment that were not ruled upon by the
court of appeals after it found other issues dispositive. Callawassie Island Members
Club, Inc. v. Dennis, 425 S.C. 193, 821 S.E.2d 667 (2018) ("Dennis II").
After this Court's decision in Dennis II, the court of appeals granted rehearing
in the Frey, Martin, and Quinn cases, consolidated the appeals, and issued the
opinion that is now before this Court pursuant to Frey's petition for a writ of
certiorari. See Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Martin, Op. No. 2019-UP-
393, 2019 WL 6897780 (S.C. Ct. App. filed Dec. 18, 2019). In this revised decision,
the court of appeals affirmed the grant of summary judgment to the Club, along with
damages and attorney's fees, and determined there was no evidence the Club's
membership provisions violated the NCA. The court of appeals indicated it felt
constrained to reach this result, however, based on the precedent from this Court in
Dennis II. See, e.g., Martin, 2019 WL 6897780 at *4 ("Because the governing
documents at issue in [Dennis II] are the same documents at issue in the instant
cases, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to the Club on its claims against
Appellants."); id. at *6 ("In light of the supreme court's holding in [Dennis II], we
have no choice but to hold the requirement that members continue to pay dues, fees,
and other charges after resignation until their membership is reissued is not
prohibited by the Act.").
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"When reviewing the grant of summary judgment, the appellate court applies
the same standard applied by the trial court pursuant to Rule 56(c), SCRCP."
Fleming v. Rose, 350 S.C. 488, 493, 567 S.E.2d 857, 860 (2002); see also Rule 56(c),
SCRCP (stating summary judgment shall be granted "if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law").
9
We note the parties and the courts have used a variety of shortened monikers to
identify the parties over the course of this litigation, and in Dennis II the Club was
referred to as "the Members Club."
"When determining if any triable issues of fact exist, the evidence and all
reasonable inferences must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party." Fleming, 350 S.C. at 493–94, 567 S.E.2d 857 at 860 (citing Summer v.
Carpenter, 328 S.C. 36, 492 S.E.2d 55 (1997)).
This Court applies de novo review to questions of law, so it need not defer to
the determination of the court below. See Brock v. Town of Mount Pleasant, 415
S.C. 625, 628, 785 S.E.2d 198, 200 (2016) (stating "[t]he interpretation of a statute
is a question of law," and "[t]his Court may interpret statutes, and therefore resolve
this case, 'without any deference to the court below'" (citations omitted)); Milliken
& Co. v. Morin, 399 S.C. 23, 30, 731 S.E.2d 288, 291 (2012) (observing actions for
breach of contract and "[w]hether a contract is against public policy or is otherwise
illegal or unenforceable" are generally questions of law that are reviewed de novo
by an appellate court (citations omitted)).
III. DISCUSSION
Frey, the sole remaining petitioner here, 10 challenges the propriety of
summary judgment in this matter. Frey argues that in revising its original decision,
the court of appeals misconstrued this Court's precedent in Dennis II; disregarded
established principles of contract law, the NCA, and public policy; improperly
denied his counterclaims and discovery requests; and deprived him of appellate
review of the issue of attorney's fees.
As to the precedent involving the Dennises, Frey argues his formal
suspension—and the expulsion that should have followed—are distinguishable from
the situation involving the Dennises, which concerned different provisions in the
governing documents and the NCA governing resignation. Frey states members who
are expelled, unlike those who resign, are banned from the Club for life and, thus,
can never remain members. However, the Club unilaterally altered the expulsion
provision to make it discretionary rather than mandatory, which violated the terms
of the organizational documents and substantially affected his financial liability
without notice to him or the membership at large.
Frey contends summary judgment is particularly inappropriate in light of
material questions concerning the Club's potential contractual and NCA violations.
10
Frey's case is one of dozens pending in the state and federal courts involving
disputes between the Club and its members over the Club's membership policies.
For example, Frey asserts that, even though he was suspended by the Club, it
continued to impose ongoing dues and fees in reliance on provisions in the
organizational documents that stated membership dues terminated when the Club
"reissued" a membership. Frey states other provisions in the organizational
documents, however, simultaneously required the Club to formally expel a
suspended member after four months of nonpayment. Upon expulsion, Frey
maintains his equity membership should have terminated and his membership
certificate should have been reissued by the Club in accordance with established
protocols, thus ending any further financial obligations. Frey maintains the Club
would have been more than adequately compensated for any time that elapsed before
his membership was reissued because the organizational documents allowed the
Club to impose a forfeiture in these circumstances up to the amount of a member's
capital contribution to the Club.
Frey asserts Club membership is a contractual relationship that is distinct from
the ownership of his property. Membership was optional for Callawassie Island
residents when he joined, so Frey states it was improper for the Club to change the
operational terms of their agreement to force him to remain a dues-paying member
at ever-increasing membership rates, with no end in sight, while also selectively
allowing other members to quietly exit the Club. Frey opines the perpetual fees are
"too steep a price to pay for croquet and mah-jongg."
Frey notes that, because only the Club can reissue a membership, he cannot
exit the Club by simply selling his property. As a result, Frey argues, he is
effectively barred from exiting the Club unless the Club deigns to reissue his
membership—which it has never done in the decade-plus since his suspension, and
perhaps never will—prompting the court of appeals in Dennis I to liken the Club to
the "Hotel California." See Dennis I, 417 S.C. at 618, 790 S.E.2d at 439 (observing
Club members could "be trapped like the proverbial guests in the Eagles' hit Hotel
California, who are told 'you can check-out anytime you like, but you can never
leave'" (citation omitted)). Frey contends the Club's conduct and membership
policies in this regard cannot comport with any rational public policy.
The Club, in contrast, maintains it can continue imposing dues and fees on a
former member such as Frey because the Club's organizational documents have
always provided that these expenses shall continue until a membership is reissued;
it has never reissued Frey's membership; and the terms of the Club's rules were
changed to no longer require the expulsion of a member for nonpayment. The Club
asserts that, because it is no longer required to expel Frey, dues and fees can continue
to accrue. The Club maintains it has the authority to unilaterally impose a change in
the Club documents, its actions do not violate the NCA or any other principle of law,
and it has not breached any contractual provisions with Frey. The Club maintains
summary judgment was appropriate and the case was not ended prematurely.
A. Impact of Dennis II
As an initial matter, we agree with Frey that the Dennis II decision, standing
alone, is not determinative of his case. In altering its original disposition, the court
of appeals believed our decision in Dennis II was conclusive of the issues concerning
the Club's membership policies, although the court of appeals notably expressed its
reluctance in reaching this result. This Court's decision in Dennis II, however,
concerned whether the court of appeals erred in holding specific portions of the
Club's organizational documents regarding resignation were ambiguous and in
interpreting a portion of the NCA that is applicable to resignations. Frey, in contrast,
was formally suspended by the Club. This status triggers different provisions in the
Club's organizational documents. See, e.g., Dennis II, 425 S.C. at 204, 821 S.E.2d
at 673 ("Here, no suspension ever occurred; the Dennises resigned. Therefore, the
four-month suspension period that leads to expulsion was never triggered."). In this
case, Frey argues his suspension should have resulted in an automatic expulsion,
which would, in turn, render him permanently ineligible for membership in the Club.
In addition, Frey raises arguments about the resulting effect of perpetual
liability resulting from the Club's unilateral decision to change substantive
provisions of the Club's rules, in direct contravention to other organizational
documents. In Dennis II, however, we specifically acknowledged that we were not
addressing the potential for perpetual liability at that time, so a conclusive holding
was not made in that regard. Id. at 202, 821 S.E.2d at 671–72 ("We are not deciding
whether the governing documents could support perpetual liability under these or
any other facts.").
Moreover, we agree with Frey that, even if some points involve established
matters of law, the grant of summary judgment in his case prematurely ended the
parties' discovery process. We believe questions about the application of the law to
the relevant facts, which shall be discussed herein, preclude the grant of summary
judgment. See generally Wade v. Berkeley Cnty., 330 S.C. 311, 316, 498 S.E.2d
684, 687 (Ct. App. 1998) ("Summary judgment is inappropriate when further
inquiry into the facts is desirable to clarify proper application of the law.").
Lastly, we note the case involving the Dennises did not actually end in
summary judgment with the issuance of Dennis II. Although this Court reinstated
summary judgment after finding no ambiguity in the organizational documents'
terms regarding resignation, we remanded the matter to the court of appeals to
address the Dennises' remaining issues challenging summary judgment that had not
been addressed by the court of appeals after it found other points to be dispositive.
See Dennis II, 425 S.C. at 195–96, 821 S.E.2d at 668 (observing "the court of appeals
found it unnecessary to address all issues raised before it, so we [remand] this case
to the court of appeals to address the other issues").
On remand, the court of appeals considered the Dennises' additional issues
and affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded the matter for trial. Callawassie
Island Members Club, Inc. v. Dennis, 429 S.C. 493, 839 S.E.2d 101 (Ct. App. 2019)
("Dennis III"). In relevant part, the court of appeals reversed the grant of summary
judgment after concluding "a genuine issue of fact exists as to whether the Club
violated the [NCA] by allowing some [C]lub members to concede their memberships
and not others." Id. at 502, 839 S.E.2d at 106. Thereafter, this Court denied cross
petitions by the Dennises and the Club for a writ of certiorari to review Dennis III.
See Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Dennis, Appellate Case No. 2020-
000670 (S.C. Sup. Ct. Order filed Jan. 22, 2021) (order denying cross petitions for a
writ of certiorari). As a result, the matter involving the resignation of the Dennises
was ultimately remanded for trial.
B. Propriety of Summary Judgment
As noted, the case involving the Dennises ultimately ended in the reversal of
summary judgment after the court of appeals (1) found genuine issues of material
fact existed regarding whether some Club members were allowed to concede their
memberships, while others were not; and (2) concluded it was also up to the trier of
fact to determine whether the Club's conduct violated provisions of the NCA. See
Dennis III, 429 S.C. at 502, 839 S.E.2d at 106.
In reaching this conclusion, the court of appeals observed in Dennis III that
section 33-31-610 of the NCA generally requires all members to have the same rights
and obligations with respect to matters such as the transfer of membership. See id.
at 499, 839 S.E.2d at 104 (citing section 33-31-610); see also S.C. Code Ann. § 33-
31-610 (2006) ("[A]ll members have the same rights and obligations with respect to
voting, dissolution, redemption, and transfer, unless the articles or bylaws establish
classes of membership with different rights or obligations. All members have the
same rights and obligations with respect to any other matters, except as set forth in
or authorized by the articles or bylaws.").
In addition, the court of appeals observed that subsection 33-31-611(c) of the
NCA provides that where transfer rights have been provided in the articles or bylaws,
the addition of restrictions on those rights must be approved by the members of the
nonprofit corporation, i.e., the Club's members. See Dennis III, 429 S.C. at 499, 839
S.E.2d at 104–05 (citing subsection 33-31-611(c)); see also S.C. Code Ann. § 33-
31-611(c) (2006) ("Where transfer rights have been provided, no restriction on them
is binding with respect to a member holding a membership issued before the
adoption of the restriction unless the restriction is approved by the members and the
affected member.").
Most importantly, the court of appeals held in Dennis III that the circuit court
erred in treating the issue concerning violation of the NCA as a question of law,
when it is "more appropriately an issue to be determined by a factfinder." Dennis
III, 429 S.C. at 500, 839 S.E.2d at 105.
We similarly hold that Frey's case presents a genuine issue of material fact as
to whether the Club violated the NCA by failing to afford each of its members the
same rights and obligations as to their transfer rights and in making changes that
affected those rights and obligations without the vote of the affected members.
There is evidence in the record that the Club selectively allowed some
members to concede their memberships, while others, such as Frey, found
themselves lingering on the elusive Resale List controlled by the Club. For example,
a letter from the Club's Treasurer, J. Richard Carling, dated February 19, 2007,
advised a couple (the Carpenters) that they had previously been informed their
membership had been suspended for nonpayment and that the Club's rules provided
anyone who was suspended "shall" be subject to expulsion and required to turn over
his or her certificate of membership for reissuance by the Club to a new member:
As you know, your membership in the Callawassie Island
Members Club, Inc. was suspended by the Board of
Directors in accordance with Section 13.3.1 of the
Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. General Club
Rules for failure to pay dues, fees, assessments and
charges associated with your account.
Please refer to Paragraph 13.1.1 of the Club Rules that
states "any member whose account is not settled within the
four (4) months period following suspension shall be
expelled from the club." Paragraph 14.1.5 states that
"Any Member of the Club who has been expelled shall
not again be eligible for membership nor admitted to
Club Facilities under any circumstances. An expelled
member shall be so notified by registered mail and shall
have the obligation to surrender his or her
membership certificate for reissuance by the Club to a
new member.
As a result of current management changes we would like
to offer delinquent members another opportunity to bring
their accounts current. This correspondence serves as
written notification that your account needs to be settled
by March 1, 2007.
If you decide to pass on this opportunity, and do not bring
your account up to date within ten (10) days of this
correspondence, you will be expelled from membership in
the Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc., and the
following procedures will be put in motion to collect the
debt [describing the commencement of a debt collection
action].
(Emphasis added.) Frey notes the Club has admitted that it has made offers to other
members that allowed them to concede their memberships and forfeit the return of
their equity payments in exchange for a termination of their obligations. That such
offers were made is readily apparent from a 2014 affidavit from a member of the
Club's board of directors, Harman Switzer, although the Club argues some of those
offers were made under distinguishable circumstances. The record contains a
sampling of offers made to other members, some of which included the admonition
that the recipients must keep any such transactions "confidential." In addition, there
is evidence from a Club employee who was the membership coordinator and
managed the Resale List that the Club secretly allowed some members to concede
and/or resign memberships for years, reportedly due to the extremely slow
progression of the Club Resale List. By the terms of the organizational documents,
the Club had an agreed-upon protocol for reissuing memberships.11 Consequently,
the manner in which the Club made its decisions regarding the reissuance of
memberships is an appropriate topic for further development at trial.
Membership in Callawassie's social organization was not a requirement to
own a residence on Callawassie Island when Frey became a member, and neither
was perpetual membership. Frey argues the problems that arose in this case came
about because the Club was having trouble selling all of its memberships. It appears
the protocol established in the organizational documents for the reissuance of
memberships was either inadequate or subverted in order to favor certain members.
It is unclear why the Club has not reissued Frey's membership following his
suspension from the Club over a decade ago. Frey contends the Club did reissue
memberships for other residents on a selective basis that was not made available nor
disclosed to all members, thereby unfairly subjecting him to disparate treatment, and
the Club has effectively attempted to impose membership dues and fees in perpetuity
in order to make up for the Club's shortage of new members. At a minimum, Frey's
allegations in this regard present questions of fact that should not be decided by a
court as a matter of law.
Under the Club's theory of the case, even though membership at the time Frey
joined was strictly optional, a member can never actually terminate his or her
membership following a delinquency after the Club unilaterally changed the terms
of the organizational documents. The organizational documents of the Island Club
and the Club both stated dues obligations would continue until a membership was
reissued, but at the time Frey joined this reissuance provision operated in tandem
with other provisions that stated a member who was delinquent could be suspended
11
Until all of the original memberships were sold, every fourth equity membership
was to come from the Resale List of resigned memberships. The memberships were
to be reissued on a first-come, first-served basis (subject to the Callawassie Island
Partnership's right of first refusal). Members who resigned were generally liable for
dues until the Island Club reissued their equity memberships to new members. Upon
reissuance, the member was entitled to receive the greater of (1) the membership
contribution that the resigned member paid, or (2) eighty percent of the membership
contribution paid by the purchaser of the resigned member's membership.
(which Frey was) and that after four months any suspended member must be
expelled and their payments forfeited.12
We find the alteration of one part of the equation, i.e., the provision for
expulsion and the forfeiture of all payments, is evidence that may support Frey's
claim that the Club has effectively made it impossible for members to terminate their
obligations if the Club chooses not to reissue a membership. This is, arguably, a
material, substantive change that alters the parties' original documents and adversely
affects the rights of the members. Consequently, it required a majority vote of the
affected equity members pursuant to the terms of the original organizational
documents. The Club does not deny that it unilaterally made this change, but it
argues it was free to do so without the consent of the equity members. Under this
scenario, a suspended member could theoretically be forced to pay membership dues
in perpetuity.
Turning to the opinion of the court of appeals in this matter, however, we note
that it found "the evidence [did] not raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding
whether the governing documents were properly changed and whether the
mandatory expulsion provision was still in effect at the time of [Frey's] suspension[]
from the Club." Callawassie Island Members Club, Inc. v. Martin, Op. No. 2019-
UP-393, 2019 WL 6897780, at *5 (S.C. Ct. App. filed Dec. 18, 2019). The court of
appeals found Frey incorrectly relied "on language in the Plan rather than the
amendment provision in the Rules." Id. The court of appeals stated the 2007 and
2009 General Club Rules now provide as follows:
[T]he Board of Directors reserves the right to amend or
modify these rules when necessary and will notify the
membership of such changes. Any such amendments or
modifications shall be subject to and controlled by the
applicable provisions of the By-Laws and the Plan for
the Offering of Memberships.
12
In comparison, when the Club has suspended a member for improper conduct, the
suspension is specifically limited to one year. Thus, if Frey had been suspended for
"misconduct," there would have been some type of limitation on the length of the
suspension, whereas the Club apparently now has no limit on the length of time a
member may be suspended and obligated to continue paying dues and expenses due
to the delinquency.
Id. (emphasis added). We disagree with the court of appeals to the extent it finds the
2007 and 2009 General Club Rules controlling on the issue of modification. As
emphasized in the language quoted above, the General Club Rules were always
"subject to and controlled by" the Plan and the Bylaws. The Plans and Bylaws
originally required a majority vote of the equity members in these circumstances,
and the Club could not subvert this protection on voting rights by making a unilateral
change in the General Club Rules for its own benefit that materially and adversely
affected the financial interests of equity members like Frey. Provisions that
surreptitiously purport to permanently lock in Club members in this manner violate
the NCA.
For all the foregoing reasons, we agree with Frey that the court of appeals
erred in affirming the circuit court's grant of summary judgment to the Club, along
with the attendant awards of damages and attorney's fees. See generally Camburn
v. Smith, 355 S.C. 574, 581, 586 S.E.2d 565, 568 (2003) ("An award of attorney's
fees will be reversed [when] the substantive results achieved by counsel are reversed
on appeal."); Dennis III, 429 S.C. at 501–02, 839 S.E.2d at 106 (holding, upon
remand, that an award of attorney's fees would be reversed where the grant of
summary judgment to the Club was reversed). Because Frey's counterclaims are
inextricably linked to the issues on appeal and were prematurely ended in this case,
we likewise reverse the grant of summary judgment to the Club in this regard.
On remand, the parties shall be permitted to ask the circuit court for any final
discovery material that they believe is pertinent to fully address the issues on remand
before proceeding to trial. Cf. Baughman v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 306 S.C. 101, 113,
410 S.E.2d 537, 544 (1991) (acknowledging that while more than three years had
elapsed between the filing of the actions and the grant of partial summary judgment,
the plaintiffs had acted with due diligence and should not be precluded from having
a reasonable time to procure discovery on remand for trial).
IV. CONCLUSION
We reverse the decision of the court of appeals and remand Frey's case to the
circuit court for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
KITTREDGE, HEARN, FEW and JAMES, JJ., concur.