NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 15 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
FRANCISCO FLORES BARRERA, AKA No. 15-72997
Roxana Espinoza Pena, AKA Jessica Flores,
AKA Mariana Andrea Flores, AKA Javier Agency No. A200-964-012
Torres Valdez,
Petitioner, MEMORANDUM*
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted April 14, 2022**
Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ, SMITH,*** and BADE, Circuit Judges.
Dissent by Judge PAEZ.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable D. Brooks Smith, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
Francisco Flores Barrera (aka Mariana Andrea Flores1), a native of Mexico,
petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) dismissal of her
appeal of an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of her applications for asylum,
withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture
(“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We review factual
findings, including adverse credibility determinations, for substantial evidence, and
legal questions de novo. Guerra v. Barr, 974 F.3d 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2020). We
deny the petition.
1. Considering the “totality of the circumstances[ ] and all relevant factors,”
Alam v. Garland, 11 F.4th 1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2021) (en banc) (alteration in
original), we conclude that substantial evidence supports the agency’s adverse
credibility determination. The IJ and BIA found significant discrepancies between
statements that Flores made in her border and credible fear interviews and
statements that she made in her second asylum application and hearing testimony
about the basis of her claims.2 Thus, the agency concluded that Flores was not
1
After removal proceedings commenced, Flores, a transgender woman,
officially changed her name to Mariana Andrea Flores.
2
Flores filed an earlier asylum application, which was denied, and she did
not appeal and was deported. In the instant petition, she challenges the IJ’s
determination that she was precluded from filing a second asylum application and
argues that she established changed country conditions. The BIA assumed Flores
was not precluded from applying for asylum and, thus, did not reach these issues.
We therefore do not consider them. See Diaz-Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1070,
1075 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Our review is limited to those grounds explicitly relied
2
credible.
In her border and credible fear interviews, Flores told immigration officers
that she had not been persecuted in Mexico. In both interviews, she stated that she
came to the United States because she feared that her family would harm her
because she is transgender. During the credible fear interview, when asked if she
“fear[ed] the gov[ernment] or police of [her] home country would harm [her], she
responded “I don’t fear they will harm me, but they do not protect me.” When
asked who had “harmed or threatened her,” Flores said her family and neighbors.
But in her second asylum application, she described an incident in which the police
asked for her health card, placed her in a vehicle, threatened her with jail, and
asked for sexual favors. In her hearing testimony, she stated that she was placed in
a police vehicle six times, and three of those times she was asked for sexual favors.
The “[m]aterial alterations in [Flores’s] account of persecution are sufficient to
support an adverse credibility finding.” Zamanov v. Holder, 649 F.3d 969, 973–74
(9th Cir. 2011) (denying petition for review when testimony portrayed “a much
different—and more compelling—story of persecution than [the] initial
application”).
upon by the [BIA].” (alteration in original) (citation omitted)). Flores also purports
to challenge the BIA’s determination that she did not belong to a particular social
group. The BIA did reach this conclusion. Accordingly, the issue does not present
a basis for granting the petition.
3
The agency properly considered Flores’s statements during her border
interview and her credible fear interview because both interviews included indicia
of reliability. See Liu v. Holder, 640 F.3d 918, 923 n.2, 925–26 (9th Cir. 2011)
(holding that the agency permissibly relied on petitioner’s airport statements as
part of adverse credibility determination when the interview was transcribed, and
petitioner was provided an interpreter and had an opportunity to clarify her
answers); Li v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 959, 963 (9th Cir. 2004) (concluding that
petitioner’s airport interview was substantial evidence in support of adverse
credibility determination and stating that this court’s “inquiry ends if the IJ could
reasonably conclude that a sworn interview statement was a reliable impeachment
source”), superseded on other grounds by statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).
Specifically, the border interview, recorded on an I-213 form, indicates that
Flores’s statements were sworn and witnessed, the interview was conducted in
English, Flores stated she understood everything read to her in a jurat statement,
and she was willing to answer questions.3 Cf. Singh v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 1081,
1089–90 (9th Cir. 2005) (concluding that the record of an asylum interview lacked
reliability because, in part, it did not indicate the language in which the interview
3
We need not resolve whether these indications of reliability are sufficient
because, even if the agency erred in relying on the border interview, the credibility
determination remains supported by material differences between Flores’s credible
fear interview and her asylum application, and between Flores’s credible fear
interview and her testimony on direct examination.
4
was conducted, or that an oath was administered before the interview began). The
record of the credible fear interview indicates that a Spanish interpreter
participated telephonically, and that an oath was administered to Flores. There is
also a written record of the questions and answers during the interview.4 See id. at
1089–90 (describing indicia of reliability). Additionally, unlike the petitioner in
Singh who was not “given any opportunity to explain” perceived discrepancies, id.
at 1090, Flores was given an opportunity at the merits hearing to explain the
discrepancies between her credible fear interview and her subsequent statements
and testimony.
Moreover, the agency considered Flores’s explanations for the discrepancies
and found them unpersuasive.5 Flores explained that she “answered no” when the
asylum officer asked her if the police harmed or threatened her because she feared
her statements would be “disclosed . . . to the police in Mexico.” Flores’s
4
Additionally, at the beginning of the interview an asylum officer told
Flores that the “purpose of the interview” was to determine eligibility for “asylum
or protection from removal to a country where your fear persecution or torture,” it
was “very important that [she] tell the truth,” and “feel comfortable telling [the
officer] why [she] fear[s] harm,” and that the interview may be her “only
opportunity to give such information.”
5
In her petition for review Flores states that she did not understand that her
communications with the asylum officer would remain confidential until after she
retained counsel, and therefore she argues that little weight should be given to her
failure to mention the police abuse in her “first pro se I-589.” But the BIA did not
rely on that document to affirm the credibility determination. Thus, even if the IJ
failed to consider this explanation for an omission from Flores’s “first pro se I-
589,” that failure was inconsequential.
5
statements in her credible fear interview, including her denials of harm or threats
by police in response to an asylum officer’s questions, directly contradicted her
assertions in her second asylum application and hearing testimony. Thus, Flores
did not merely omit details from her earlier statements. Flores’s case, therefore, is
distinguishable from our caselaw rejecting adverse credibility determinations based
on the delayed reporting of rape or sexual assault. See Paramasamy v. Ashcroft,
295 F.3d 1047, 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 2002) (observing that the petitioner “was not
asked in her airport interview about the details or conditions of her Army
confinement, so her failure to mention the sexual assault there cannot be
considered an inconsistency”); Kebede v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 808, 811 (9th Cir.
2004) (considering the “timing” of the petitioner’s disclosure of sexual assault, not
whether it contradicted prior testimony); Mousa v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 1025, 1028
(9th Cir. 2008) (similar).
Thus, the agency based its credibility determination on inconsistencies
between Flores’s second asylum application and hearing testimony and her earlier
denials of harm or threats from the police, and then found her explanation for those
discrepancies unpersuasive. The agency was not compelled to credit Flores’s
explanations. See Rizk v. Holder, 629 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 2011) (“If the IJ
reasonably rejects the alien’s explanation, or if the alien fails to provide a plausible
explanation, the IJ may properly rely on the inconsistency as support for an
6
adverse credibility determination.” (citation omitted)), overruled in part on other
grounds by Alam, 11 F.4th 1133. And it reasonably rejected Flores’s explanation
for the material inconsistencies.
2. The agency also did not err in concluding that the other record evidence did
not independently meet Flores’s burden. In the absence of credible testimony or
other evidence to meet her burden, Flores’s asylum and withholding of removal
claims fail. See Wang v. Sessions, 861 F.3d 1003, 1009 (9th Cir. 2017).
3. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of CAT relief, which
depended on the same testimony as the asylum and withholding of removal claims.
Unlike the petitioner in Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 800 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir.
2015), Flores did not offer expert testimony to provide additional context for the
country conditions evidence. Id. at 1080–82 (discussing expert testimony). And
the record in this case, including an unchallenged finding that the harm Flores
experienced in Mexico did not rise to the level of past persecution, does not
compel the conclusion it is more likely than not that Flores would be tortured if
returned to Mexico. Flores has not shown that the record in this case compels a
different conclusion than the one reached by the agency. See Jiang v. Holder, 754
F.3d 733, 740–41 (9th Cir. 2014) (concluding that a country report by itself was
“insufficient to compel the conclusion that Petitioner would be tortured if
returned”), overruled on other grounds by Alam, 11 F.4th 1133.
7
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
8
FILED
Francisco Flores Barrera (Mariana Andrea Flores) v. Garland, No. 15-72997
AUG 15 2022
Paez, Circuit Judge, dissenting: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Because the agency’s adverse credibility determination and analysis of the
country conditions evidence is not consistent with our precedent, I respectfully
dissent.
1. It was error for the IJ and the BIA to rely on Flores Barrera’s (“Flores”)
failure to report sexual assault sooner as the primary basis for the adverse
credibility finding. As we have firmly recognized, “the assumption that the timing
of a victim’s disclosure of sexual assault is a bellwether of truth is belied by the
reality that there is often delayed reporting of sexual abuse.” Paramasamy v.
Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that the petitioner’s failure
to raise sexual assault in two prior interviews did not support an adverse credibility
determination); see also Mousa v. Mukasey, 530 F.3d 1025, 1027-28 (9th Cir.
2008) (rejecting Mousa’s failure to report sexual assault until she testified before
the IJ as a basis for an adverse credibility finding); Kebede v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d
808, 811 (9th Cir. 2004) (same). 1
1
To the extent Paramasamy relied on the fact that the petitioner’s sexual assault
could not be an inconsistency, 295 F.3d at 1053, our later decisions make clear
that—because of the stigma and ineffective response that survivors often face—
“failing” or being “reluctant” to disclose sexual assault does not speak to their
credibility, Kebede, 366 F.3d at 811; Mousa, 530 F.3d at 1027-28. Here, Flores’s
reluctance to report the sexual assault, including the denial of abuse at her credible
fear interview, does not undermine her credibility.
Flores recounted in her declaration that Mexican police officers accused her
of illegal sex work, placed her in their vehicles, threatened her, asked her for
sexual favors, and, along with physically harming her, “grabbed [her] sexually.”
On one occasion shortly before her re-entry into the U.S., the police ordered her
into their truck and threatened to place her in jail if she did not perform oral sex on
an officer. Flores began to cry because, as she put it, “[t]his had happened many
times before and [she] just couldn’t take it anymore.” The officers ordered her out
of the truck after she cried and begged. The agency acknowledged that Flores
testified the police subjected her to sexual assault, even upon threat of jail, yet
discredited her because she did not raise it during her border or credible fear
interview.
Our cases recognize that “[a] woman who has suffered sexual abuse by
government officials in her home country may be especially reluctant to reveal that
abuse to government officials in this country, even when such a revelation could
help her asylum application.” Mousa, 530 F.3d at 1028 (citing Paramasamy, 295
F.3d at 1053). This is “especially true when the woman is fleeing a country where
reported rapes often go uninvestigated.” Id. Flores explained in her testimony,
consistent with her declaration, that she did not disclose the abuse by police sooner
because she feared the information would be shared with the Mexican authorities
and they would harm her. As the record shows, Mexican authorities have an
2
“ineffective and unsupportive” approach to investigating sexual assault and sexual
violence remains a widespread problem in the border region. These concerns are
further compounded because Flores is a transgender woman in Mexico—where
country conditions evidence shows that police abuse transgender women, and other
groups, with impunity.
In my view, this flaw in the agency’s reasoning is sufficient alone to grant
the petition, but the agency’s other reasons for rejecting Flores’s explanation also
cannot withstand scrutiny. The IJ improperly speculated that Flores understood the
privacy of immigration proceedings, including the different agency interviews,
because she had prior contact with local police and courts in Nevada. See Joseph
v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1235, 1245 (9th Cir. 2010) (rejecting the IJ’s reasoning as
improper speculation about the petitioner’s level of relevant knowledge). The IJ
also failed to consider Flores’s explanation that although she had experienced a
prior immigration removal proceeding, she was pro se at that time. See Ai Jun Zhi
v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088, 1092-93 (9th Cir. 2014) (“An IJ must consider and
address ‘[a]ll plausible and reasonable explanations for any inconsistencies’ that
form the basis of an adverse credibility determination.”).
Further, the agency erred by relying on the record of Flores’s border
interview to impeach her. In Singh v. Gonzales, we held that the record of Singh’s
asylum interview was not sufficiently reliable to impeach his testimony. 403 F.3d
3
1081, 1089-90 (9th Cir. 2005). Similar to Singh, the record here is limited to an I-
213 form providing a short, two-paragraph summary of Flores’s border interview
without any transcript or record of the questions and answers. See id. at 1089. The
interviewing officer did not testify at her hearing, nor was Flores asked about the
border interview or given an opportunity to explain perceived discrepancies. See
id. at 1089-90. Indeed, the border interview was in English, but Flores’s removal
proceedings were conducted with a Spanish interpreter. Her statements were made
under oath, to be sure, but that alone does not render a record reliable for
impeachment. See id. Without a record of the questions asked or Flores’s
answers, we cannot evaluate the agency’s findings. Id. at 1089.
The majority relies on Liu v. Holder, but Liu’s airport interview was
transcribed, such that we could assess her “affirmative statement” against the
agency’s findings, and Liu was given an opportunity to address the “incongruity at
her hearing.” 640 F.3d 918, 923, 926 (9th Cir. 2011). In fact, we reiterated in Liu
that an interview can be used for impeachment only if the record includes indicia of
reliability, including a transcript, interpreter, and an opportunity to clarify answers.
Id. at 923 n.2 (citing Singh, 403 F.3d at 1089). The majority’s cite to Li v.
Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2004), fares no better because Li also “illustrates
the importance we have placed on ensuring that sufficient indicia of reliability
exist before an asylum applicant’s [] interview may properly be used as an
4
impeachment source,” Singh, 403 F.3d at 1089 (emphasis added) (distinguishing
the “substantial evidence” in Li from the insufficient reliability for Singh’s
interview). Flores’s border interview fails that threshold requirement.
Flores’s failure to mention the incidents of sexual assault sooner was an
improper basis for the adverse credibility finding, and the summary of her border
interview was an improper basis on which to impeach her. This leaves only the
differences between Flores’s declaration and her testimony. The details Flores
testified to are entirely consistent with her declaration, and were not volunteered by
Flores but rather elicited on cross-examination, so the additional details cannot
alone support the adverse credibility finding. See Iman v. Barr, 972 F.3d 1058,
1067-69 (9th Cir. 2020).
2. Apart from the adverse credibility determination, the majority ignores
that the agency’s analysis of the country conditions evidence has been directly
rejected by our court. The BIA’s reliance on civil rights laws protecting sexual
orientation in Mexico is “fundamentally flawed,” as it conflates sexual orientation
with gender identity and “mistakenly assumes” such laws would benefit a
transgender woman. Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 800 F.3d 1072, 1080-82 (9th
Cir. 2015). Rather, the “unique identities and vulnerabilities of transgender
individuals must be considered” in a claim based on transgender identity. Id. at
1082. Flores did not provide an expert declaration to corroborate that the laws
5
protecting “the gay and lesbian community” in Mexico have, in fact, led to an
increase in persecution. See id. at 1081-82. But the majority’s attempt to
distinguish Avendano-Hernandez by noting the expert’s opinion minimizes the
holding of that case: The agency erred by relying on laws that protect sexual
orientation—an identity that is “sometimes overlapping,” but stands entirely
“distinct” from gender identity. Id. at 1081.
The BIA also failed to consider “the difference between a country’s
enactment of remedial laws and the eradication of persecutory practices,” as well
as the fact that national efforts “do not necessarily reveal anything” about state or
municipal-level practices. Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1072
(9th Cir. 2017) (en banc). Flores did not need an expert because the record country
conditions evidence readily “shows that police specifically target the transgender
community for extortion and sexual favors,” “that Mexico suffers from an
epidemic of unsolved violent crimes against transgender persons,” Avendano-
Hernandez, 800 F.3d at 1081, that transgender identity is not afforded the same
protection as sexual orientation, and quite the opposite, “public moral laws” are
often used to harass, detain, and extort transgender individuals.
For those reasons, the country conditions evidence and the childhood abuse
Flores suffered compels the conclusion that she is more likely than not to face
6
persecution. 2 But even if the evidence were insufficient to compel relief, we
should grant the petition and remand for the BIA to reconsider its analysis because
it did not have the benefit of our opinion in Avendano-Hernandez when it rejected
Flores’s claims. See, e.g., Lorenzo-Lopez v. Whitaker, 747 F. App’x 587, 588 (9th
Cir. 2019); Medina v. Sessions, 734 F. App’x 479, 482, 484 (9th Cir. 2018);
Mondragon-Alday v. Lynch, 625 F. App’x 794, 795 (9th Cir. 2015).
In sum, I would grant the petition for review and remand for the agency to
reassess Flores’s credibility and eligibility for relief.
2
Her childhood abuse shows a well-founded fear of future persecution even if, as
the majority suggests, the abuse does not compel a finding of past persecution. See
Lim v. I.N.S., 224 F.3d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that events did not
compel a finding of past persecution but “trigger[ed] a well-founded fear of future
persecution”).
7
Francisco Flores Barrera v. Merrick Garland
Combined Opinion