RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 22a0191p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
┐
IN RE: VILLAGE APOTHECARY, INC.,
│
Debtor. │
___________________________________________ > No. 21-1555
│
SILVERMAN & MORRIS, P.L.L.C., │
Appellant. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit;
No. 2:21-cv-10892—Stephen J. Murphy, III, District Judge.
United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan;
No. 2:15-bk-56003—Thomas J. Tucker, Judge.
Argued: March 8, 2022
Decided and Filed: August 16, 2022
Before: GILMAN, STRANCH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas R. Morris, MORRIS & MORRIS ATTORNEYS, P.L.L.C., Dexter,
Michigan, for Appellant. ON BRIEF: Thomas R. Morris, MORRIS & MORRIS
ATTORNEYS, P.L.L.C., Dexter, Michigan, for Appellant.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. As special counsel, the law firm of Silverman & Morris
recovered $38,000 for the estate in this bankruptcy proceeding. For its services, the firm wanted
$37,063 in fees. But the bankruptcy court, finding that the benefit of the services did not warrant
awarding the full amount, halved the award, and the firm appealed. On appeal, we must address
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 2
two issues. The first is whether bankruptcy courts can consider “results obtained” when
determining whether fees are reasonable under § 330(a)(3) of the Bankruptcy Code. The second
is whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in reducing the fees by half. We answer
yes to the first and no to the second. So we AFFIRM.
I.
We divide our discussion of the background into three parts. First, we explain the
relevant statutory background. Then we recount the facts. And finally, the procedural history.
A.
Under the Bankruptcy Code, courts “may award” a “reasonable compensation” to a
“professional person” for their services. 11 U.S.C. § 330(a). The main issue here deals with
how courts determine the amount of reasonable compensation. Before 1994, § 330 instructed
courts to look at “the time, the nature, the extent, and the value” of the services as well as the
costs of “comparable services.” Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-598,
§ 330(a)(1), 92 Stat. 2549, 2564 (1978). But without more guidance, courts came up with
different approaches to answer the question.
One approach looked to Title VII, which, like the Bankruptcy Code, gives courts
discretion to award “reasonable . . . fees.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k); Johnson v. Ga. Highway
Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974), abrogated on other grounds by Blanchard v.
Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87 (1989). In Johnson, the Fifth Circuit used twelve factors to analyze
whether attorney’s fees were reasonable under Title VII.1 488 F.2d at 717–19. And some courts
integrated these factors to the bankruptcy context. See, e.g., Harman v. Levin, 772 F.2d 1150,
1152 n.1 (4th Cir. 1985); see also 3 Collier on Bankruptcy § 330.03(9) & n.71 (16th ed. 2022)
(collecting cases).
1
These factors are: (1) the time and labor required, (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions, (3) the
skills requisite to perform the legal services properly, (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney for
acceptance of the case, (5) the customary fee, (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations imposed
by the client or the circumstances, (8) the amount involved and the results obtained, (9) the experience, reputation,
and ability of the attorneys, (10) the “undesirability” of the case, (11) the nature and length of the professional
relationship with the client, and (12) awards in similar cases. 488 F.2d at 717–19.
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 3
Another approach, adopted by this Court, required bankruptcy courts to calculate
reasonable compensation by using the “lodestar method.” See In re Boddy, 950 F.2d 334, 337
(6th Cir. 1991). Under Boddy’s approach, bankruptcy courts first determine the “lodestar”
amount by “multiplying the attorney’s reasonable hourly rate by the number of hours reasonably
expended.” Id. (quoting Grant v. George Schumann Tire & Battery Co., 908 F.2d 874, 879 (11th
Cir. 1990)). Then, and only then, may the court “exercise its discretion” and vary the award
based on the same Johnson factors.2 Id. at 338 (citing Harman, 772 F.2d at 1152 n.1). Relevant
here is the eighth factor, which asks courts to consider the “amount involved and the results
obtained.” Johnson, 488 F.2d at 718.
In 1994, Congress amended § 330, codifying many, but not all, of these factors. See
Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-394, § 224, 108 Stat. 4106, 4130–31 (1994);
see also 3 Collier, supra, § 330.03(9) (“A majority of the Johnson criteria are now codified in
section 330(a)(3).”). Section 330(a)(3) now instructs courts to “consider the nature, the extent,
and the value of such services, taking into account all relevant factors, including” the time spent,
rates charged, “whether the services were necessary to the administration of, or beneficial at the
time at which the service was rendered,” among others. 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(3). But the statute
does not mention the “results obtained” factor.
Although § 330 gives bankruptcy courts broad discretion to award fees, it categorically
excludes fees in three circumstances. Under § 330(a)(4), “the court shall not allow compensation
for” (1) “unnecessary duplication of services,” (2) “services that were not reasonably likely to
benefit the debtor’s estate,” or (3) services that were not “necessary to the administration of the
case.” Id. § 330(a)(4).
The interplay between § 330(a)(3) and § 330(a)(4) underlies much of our discussion
below. Unlike § 330(a)(3), which concerns how to determine “the amount of reasonable
compensation,” § 330(a)(4) deals with a precursory question: whether the fees are compensable.
In other words, if fees are not barred by § 330(a)(4), they are not automatically awarded.
2
The Boddy court did not explicitly call these factors the Johnson factors, but it cited Harman, the Fourth
Circuit case that adopts and discusses the Johnson factors. For ease, we will call the Johnson factors the “lodestar
factors” unless citing other sources.
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 4
Instead, courts look at the factors in § 330(a)(3) to determine whether it should reduce those fees.
Since the 1994 Amendment, we have not considered whether bankruptcy courts may
continue to consider, for the § 330(a)(3) analysis, other lodestar factors—like “results
obtained”—that were not codified. This case raises that question.
B.
In 2015, the Village Apothecary, a pharmacy in Ann Arbor, Michigan, filed for Chapter 7
bankruptcy. Shortly after, the bankruptcy court appointed Douglas Ellmann as trustee and the
law firm of Silverman & Morris as the trustee’s special counsel. The law firm was brought on to
investigate potential causes of action that, if successful, could have benefitted the estate by at
least $1,655,962, or so the law firm thought.
The law firm embarked on a year-long investigation of the debtor’s finances. It
discovered, among other things, that the pharmacy could pursue certain actions against the
pharmacy’s president, Garry Turner. As it turned out, Turner had failed to repay a loan he owed
the pharmacy. He also transferred some inventory from the pharmacy to a different company
that he owned. And while the pharmacy had an option to buy the place it was renting, Turner
and his wife had created a separate company, bought the property, and sold it for a profit.
Believing that Turner had breached his fiduciary duty to the pharmacy and converted its
property, the law firm drafted a complaint against Turner.
The law firm, however, never filed the complaint. Instead, it showed the complaint to
Turner’s attorney, who disputed the claims. Turner’s attorney explained that the pharmacy could
not purchase the property and that some of the other claims were untimely. As a result, the law
firm (and the trustee) thought the claims would go nowhere and settled with Turner for $38,000.
Apart from this $38,000, there was not much left in the pharmacy’s assets, which totaled
$40,710.87.
The law firm believed that it was entitled to fees for its services, so it filed a fee
application under § 330. It asked for a little over $37,000, which, if granted, would have
amounted to “90.6%” of the estate’s assets. The trustee and the trustee’s attorneys also filed for
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 5
fees. The bankruptcy court considered all three together. Although there were no objections to
the fee applications, the bankruptcy court thought it was necessary to hold a hearing to determine
whether the fee amounts should be reduced “given the amount of the benefit to the estate.”
C.
Following the hearing, the bankruptcy court determined that the fees should be reduced
by half. It found that the law firm and the trustee’s professional fees would amount to 100% of
the amount collected for the estate, “leaving nothing to be distributed to . . . creditors.” (R. 4,
Bankruptcy Order, PageID 198.) After a series of back-and-forths with the district court (where
the latter reversed the bankruptcy court twice), the bankruptcy court considered the fee
application for a third time, again holding that the law firm’s fees should be reduced by half.
The bankruptcy court based its decision on two separate rationales. First, the court applied the
lodestar factors, balancing the “amount in controversy” with the “results obtained” and
concluded that the level of success was essentially nothing (since nothing would be left over for
the creditors). In the alternative, the court relied on a “billing judgment” argument, a term it
used to capture the idea that attorneys in non-bankruptcy cases typically reduce their fees so their
clients can get a share of the award. The court explained that this factor was unnecessary to its
decision because it would have reduced the fees by 50% based on the first rationale.
The law firm appealed to the district court again. This time, the district court affirmed,
finding that the bankruptcy court’s application of the “results obtained” factor was proper. The
district court held that “results obtained” is still a relevant lodestar factor and determined that the
bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in reducing fees by 50%. The law firm appealed.
II.
We review a bankruptcy court’s award of fees under the abuse of discretion standard. In
re Boddy, 950 F.2d at 336. This is a “highly deferential” standard, so we disturb a decision only
if it is based on clearly erroneous findings of facts, improperly applies the law, or relies on an
incorrect legal standard. Doe v. Mich. State Univ., 989 F.3d 418, 426 (6th Cir. 2021). The party
requesting the fees has the “burden of proof as to entitlement to and reasonableness of” those
fees. In re McLean Wine Co., 463 B.R. 838, 846 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2011) (quoting In re
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 6
Kieffer, 306 B.R. 197, 206 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2004)); see also In re Mkt. Ctr. E. Retail Prop.,
Inc., 730 F.3d 1239, 1246 (10th Cir. 2013) (“The burden is on the party requesting fees to
establish that its request is reasonable.”).
III.
On appeal, the law firm makes two arguments. First, it claims that § 330(a)(3) of the
Bankruptcy Code now bars courts from considering “results obtained” as a factor in determining
the reasonableness of fees. And second, it argues that the court abused its discretion in reducing
the fees by half.3 We address each in turn.
A.
In Boddy, we explained the framework that bankruptcy courts must use in determining
the reasonableness of fees under § 330. 950 F.2d at 337. First, courts must calculate the
“lodestar amount” of fees, which is determined by “multiplying the attorney’s reasonable hourly
rate by the number of hours reasonably expended.” Id. (quoting Grant, 908 F.2d at 879). Then
courts can look to the lodestar factors, which include the “results obtained.” Id. at 338 (citing
Harman, 772 F.2d at 1152 n.1). But, as mentioned, Boddy was decided before the 1994
Amendment, and we have not since considered how that Amendment impacted the Boddy
framework. The law firm argues that the Amendment bars bankruptcy courts from considering
“results obtained.” As the law firm sees it, the Bankruptcy Code now requires courts to look at
the benefit of the services only at the time services were rendered, which conflicts with looking
at whether the services result in a benefit to the estate. We disagree.
1.
Section 330(a)(3) does not preclude courts from considering “results obtained” as a
relevant factor. When interpreting a statute, the inquiry “begins with the statutory text, and ends
there as well if the text is unambiguous.” Binno v. Am. Bar Ass’n, 826 F.3d 338, 346 (6th Cir.
2016) (quoting BedRoc Ltd. v. United States, 541 U.S. 176, 183 (2004)). Section 330(a)(3)
3
The firm also challenges the bankruptcy court’s alternative rationale that lawyers generally exercise
billing judgment and decrease their fees. But, like the district court, we will not address this argument as it does not
affect the outcome.
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 7
provides that, “[i]n determining the amount of reasonable compensation to be awarded” to a
“professional person, the court shall consider the nature, the extent, and the value of such
services.” 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(3). And it instructs the courts to “tak[e] into account all relevant
factors, including” the time spent, rates charged, “whether the services were necessary . . . or
beneficial at the time at which the service was rendered,” as well as other factors. Id.
This language, contrary to the law firm’s contention, does not exclude courts from
considering the “results obtained” as a lodestar factor. Not only does the statute introduce the
list of factors with the word “including,” it also permits courts to consider “all relevant factors.”
Id. Both textual hooks refute the law firm’s conclusion that bankruptcy courts cannot consider
“results obtained.”
Although context matters, most courts read the word “include” to introduce a
nonexhaustive list. See, e.g., Samantar v. Yousuf, 560 U.S. 305, 316–17 & n.10 (2010);
Cumberland Reclamation Co. v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 925 F.2d 164, 167 (6th Cir. 1991)
(“[T]he use of the word ‘including’ indicates that Congress did not intend for the list to be
exhaustive.”); see also Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of
Legal Text 132–33 (2012) (explaining that “include does not ordinarily introduce an exhaustive
list” but “introduces examples”). Thus, when a statute introduces a list of factors with the word
“include,” courts are not bound by that list and may consider other factors not provided. See
Google LLC v. Oracle Am., Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1183, 1196–97 (2021) (explaining that the factors
listed in 17 U.S.C. § 107, the fair-use provision, are “not exhaustive” because they are introduced
by the word “include”). Here § 330(a)(3) does just that. It introduces the factors that bankruptcy
courts should consider by using the word “including.” So Congress was listing some of the
factors that courts may consider, and we cannot read the statute as limiting the bankruptcy
courts’ ability to consider factors not listed.
Moreover, Congress explicitly instructed courts to consider “all relevant factors.”
11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(3). It is a basic canon of statutory interpretation that “[e]very word in the
statute is presumed to have meaning” and that courts should “give effect to all the words to avoid
an interpretation which would render words superfluous or redundant.” King v. Zamiara,
788 F.3d 207, 212 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Walker v. Bain, 257 F.3d 660, 667 (6th Cir. 2001)).
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 8
Were the factors listed in § 330(a)(3) meant to be exhaustive, then the directive to consider “all
relevant factors” would be meaningless. After all, what work would that directive be doing if
Congress meant courts to consider only the listed factors? Congress could have, for example,
stated that courts should “take into account the following factors.” But it did not. It used the
language of “all relevant factors,” and we interpret such language broadly. See Cudahy Packing
Co. of La. v. Holland, 315 U.S. 357, 361 (1942) (“We cannot read ‘any or all’ as meaning
‘some.’”).
We have also interpreted a provision with similar language in the same way. See United
States ex rel. Felten v. William Beaumont Hosp., 993 F.3d 428, 434 (6th Cir. 2021), cert. denied
sub nom., 142 S. Ct. 896 (2022). In Felten, we considered the relief provision in the False
Claims Act. See id. That provision provides that an employee “shall be entitled to all relief
necessary” and that this “[r]elief . . . shall include reinstatement . . . [two] times the amount of
back pay, interest on the back pay, and compensation for any special damages.” 31 U.S.C.
§ 3730(h)(2) (emphasis added). We explained that the remedies listed were “not exhaustive.”
See Felton, 993 F.3d at 434. To reach that conclusion, we emphasized the same language
relevant here—the statute provided for “all relief necessary,” and introduced the remedies by
using “shall include.” Id. Other remedies not listed, we found, were available. Felten’s
reasoning applies with full force here. Section 330(a)(3) instructs courts to consider “all relevant
factors” and introduces a list of factors by using “including,” so like in Felten, courts may
consider other factors.
To be sure, courts sometimes interpret “include,” depending on the context, to introduce an
exhaustive list. See Carcieri v. Salazar, 555 U.S. 379, 391–92 (2009) (holding that a list
following “shall include” was exhaustive where Congress “defined the term by including only
three discrete definitions”); see also Cyrus v. Univ. of Toledo, No. 20-3913, 2022 WL 985819, at
*9–13 (6th Cir. Apr. 1, 2022) (Nalbandian, J., dissenting) (collecting cases). But nothing in
§ 330(a)(3) suggests it should be given that exhaustive reading. The factors listed have a
unifying theme: they are some, but not all, of the lodestar factors. See 3 Collier, supra,
§ 330.03(9) (“A majority of the Johnson criteria are now codified in section 330(a)(3).”). Before
the 1994 Amendment, bankruptcy courts used these factors to determine whether the fees were
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 9
reasonable. Id.; see also In re Boddy, 950 F.2d at 337. Congress knew this, and it still instructed
the courts to consider “all relevant factors.” See Goodyear Atomic Corp. v. Miller, 486 U.S. 174,
184–85 (1988) (“We generally presume that Congress is knowledgeable about existing law
pertinent to the legislation it enacts.”).
Finally, our conclusion is supported by § 330’s grant of discretion to the bankruptcy
courts. Section 330(a)(1) makes the award of fees discretionary, not mandatory. 11 U.S.C.
§ 330(a)(1). Courts “may award” a professional “reasonable compensation” for “actual,
necessary services,” but the statute does not require them to award these fees. See In re
Robinson, 189 F. App’x 371, 373 (6th Cir. 2006) (“A bankruptcy court is afforded broad
discretion in determining attorney’s fees.” (citing 11 U.S.C. § 330(a))). And reviewing courts
have consistently acknowledged the bankruptcy court’s discretion in awarding fees. See, e.g., In
re Boddy, 950 F.2d at 338; accord In re Mkt. Ctr. E. Retail Prop., Inc., 730 F.3d at 1248–49
(“[B]ankruptcy courts have wide discretion in awarding compensation to attorneys, trustees, and
professionals so long as it is reasonable.” (quoting In re Com. Fin. Servs., 427 F.3d 804, 810
(10th Cir. 2005))). Given this discretion, we think reading the list of factors as merely
illustrative better fits the structure of the text.
So the text of § 330(a)(3) permits courts to consider factors not listed, including “results
obtained.”
2.
In response, the law firm argues that the “results obtained” factor conflicts with one of the
codified factors instructing courts to look at whether a service was “beneficial at the time at
which the service was rendered.” In its view, by considering “results obtained,” courts are not
following Congress’s directive.
But this argument is not well taken. There is no inconsistency in having courts look at
both factors. Courts, for example, can compensate for services that were reasonably beneficial at
the time they were performed and benefitted the estate. Or they could compensate a professional
even if the services did not benefit the estate. Cf. In re Veltri Metal Prods., Inc., 189 F. App’x
385, 390 (6th Cir. 2006) (“The absence of a reasonable likelihood of a distribution to the
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 10
unsecured creditors may be relevant in determining an award of fees . . . but it is not the sole
consideration . . . .”). So what work is the “beneficial at the time” language doing? It ensures
that bankruptcy courts do not automatically bar fees for attorneys when they are not ultimately
successful. See In re Woerner, 783 F.3d 266, 276 (5th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (“Whether the
services were ultimately successful is relevant to, but not dispositive of, attorney
compensation.”).
Next, the law firm argues that “results obtained” should not be considered because it
would be reverting to the “spirit of economy” policy that Congress rejected. That policy
assumed that “attorneys assisting the trustee in the administration of a bankruptcy estate are
acting not as private persons but as officers of the court,” so “they should not expect to be
compensated as generously for their services” as private attorneys. In re First Colonial Corp. of
Am., 544 F.2d 1291, 1299 (5th Cir. 1977). We have recognized that in enacting the Bankruptcy
Code, Congress rejected that spirit-of-economy view. See In re Boddy, 950 F.2d at 337. The
firm cites Boddy for the view that using “results obtained” would be the same as applying the
spirit-of-economy policy. But in doing so the firm undermines its own argument. True, Boddy
rejected the “practice of the courts under the pre-Code Bankruptcy Act, when economy of the
debtor’s estate was a paramount concern.” 950 F.2d at 337. But at the same time, Boddy
adopted the “results obtained” factor. Id. at 338. If the Boddy court had thought that “results
obtained” is an extension of the “spirit of economy,” it would not have adopted one while
rejecting the other.
In any event, considering “results obtained” does not revert the system back to the “spirit
of economy” framework, nor does it discourage attorneys from specializing in bankruptcy.
Why? Because Congress’s remedy for “spirit of economy” was not to award bankruptcy
attorneys all their requested fees. Instead, it was to give bankruptcy attorneys “compensation in
parity with that received by attorneys performing services in comparable situations.” 3 Collier,
supra, § 330.03(3); see In re Woerner, 783 F.3d at 274–75 (explaining that Congress provided
compensation “commensurate with the fees awarded for comparable services in non-bankruptcy
cases” (quoting In re UNR Indus., Inc., 986 F.2d 207, 208–09 (7th Cir. 1993))).
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 11
What’s more, “results obtained” is one of the factors courts consider in non-bankruptcy
cases. See, e.g., Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436 (1983) (explaining that “had
respondents prevailed on only one of their six general claims . . . a fee award based on the
claimed hours clearly would have been excessive”). The lodestar factors, after all, came from a
non-bankruptcy case. See Johnson, 488 F.2d at 715. We recognize some significant differences
between the mechanics of fees in the fee-shifting context from those in the bankruptcy context.
Under fee-shifting statutes, fees are shifted from the prevailing plaintiff to the losing defendant
and are paid in addition to the award recovered. By contrast, in the bankruptcy context, no
additional funds are created by the fee application process and the bankruptcy estate is
diminished by any award. For that reason, fee-shifting caselaw does not automatically extend to
the bankruptcy context. See In re Piligrim’s Pride Corp., 690 F.3d 650, 664–65, n. 18 (5th Cir.
2012). But these mechanical differences do not undermine our conclusion here that “results
obtained” is an important consideration in both contexts, so we continue to consider the import
from fee-shifting statutes in this limited circumstance.
Finally, the firm argues that this Court, as well as others, has held that “results obtained”
are no longer a lodestar factor. Not so. All the cases that reject “results obtained” do so for the
initial determination under § 330(a)(4)—whether the fees are compensable. None of these cases
hold that once a court finds that the fees are compensable, it is barred from considering “results
obtained” in determining “the amount of reasonable compensation” under § 330(a)(3). In other
words, courts cannot rely on § 330(a)(4) to bar recovery if the services are not beneficial to the
estate, but that does not mean that they cannot account for that fact when determining whether to
lower fees.
The two unpublished decisions from this Court that the law firm cites support our reading
of the statute. See In re Veltri Metal Prods., Inc., 189 F. App’x at 390 (holding that “results
obtained” cannot be considered for purposes of § 330(a)(4), but “may be relevant in determining
an award of fees” under § 330(a)(3)); In re Red Ball, Inc., 157 F. App’x 850, 852 (6th Cir. 2005)
(holding that, for purposes of § 330(a)(4), it is “not fair to judge the necessity of the[] services
with the benefit of hindsight”).
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 12
So too with the out-of-circuit cases the firm relies on—none of them say that bankruptcy
courts cannot consider “results obtained” as a factor under § 330(a)(3). See In re Woerner,
783 F.3d at 276 (“Whether the services were ultimately successful is relevant to, but not
dispositive of, attorney compensation.”); In re Mkt. Ctr. E. Retail Prop., Inc., 730 F.3d at 1246–
47 (“Subsequent to the adoption of § 330, this circuit has continued to consider the Johnson
factors,” including “the amount involved and the results obtained”); In re Smith, 317 F.3d 918,
926 & n.3 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that § 330(a)(4)(A) does not require the services to actually
provide an “identifiable, tangible, and material benefit” but noting that it was “not address[ing]”
§ 330(a)(3) (quoting In re Xebec, 147 B.R. 518, 523 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1992))); In re Top Grade
Sausage, Inc., 227 F.3d 123, 130 (3d Cir. 2000) (same); In re Ames Dep’t Stores, Inc., 76 F.3d
66, 72 (2d Cir. 1996) (holding that, if services are “reasonably likely to benefit the debtor’s
estate, they should be compensable” (internal quotation marks omitted)), abrogated on other
grounds by Lamie v. U.S. Tr., 540 U.S. 526 (2004).
In short, none of the cases that the law firm relies on supports its view. To the extent that
they reject the “results obtained” analysis, they do so for § 330(a)(4), which deals with
compensability. And to the extent that these cases discuss § 330(a)(3), they recognize that
“results obtained” remains a relevant factor. So the law firm has failed to show that the
bankruptcy court could not consider “results obtained” under § 330(a)(3).
B.
But even if the bankruptcy court can consider “results obtained,” we still must determine
whether it erred in reducing the law firm’s fees by half.4 We hold that it did not.
The bankruptcy court’s reduction in fees was based on the law firm’s minimal “results
obtained.” Recall that the law firm recovered $38,000 (of the $1.6 million potential claim) for
the estate. Still, the firm sought a little over $37,000 in fees. This, the bankruptcy court found,
would have left essentially nothing for the creditors. And so, the court concluded that the fees
4
The law firm’s argument is couched in terms of the “billing judgment” rule—its second claim that we did
not address. But we read the firm’s argument as a more general challenge to the bankruptcy court’s reduction of
fees by half because of the results obtained. So although we consider the firm’s challenge to the bankruptcy court’s
reduction of fees, we do not consider arguments related to the “billing judgment” claim.
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 13
requested were “unreasonably high.” In re Vill. Apothecary, Inc., 626 B.R. 893, 912 (Bankr.
E.D. Mich. 2021).
Although we have not previously decided whether a 50% reduction in fees under
§ 330(a)(3) based on “results obtained” can be an abuse of discretion, the Ninth Circuit has. See
In re Strand, 375 F.3d 854, 861 (9th Cir. 2004). In Strand, the attorney pursued litigation that
would have resulted in about $28,000 for the estate. Id. at 860. He asked for roughly $19,000 in
fees, which would have left only $9,000 in the estate. Id. The Ninth Circuit explained that “[i]t
is readily apparent that if the legal fees exceed the recovery, the estate is not benefitted.” Id. at
861. And so it held that the bankruptcy court’s reduction in fees by 50% was not an abuse of
discretion. Id.
We recognize that the circumstances of each individual case will differ, still our
assessment of the court’s decision here is similar to the Ninth Circuit’s. To be sure, the law firm
here pursued a potential benefit that was more substantial than the attorney in Strand, but the
“results obtained” were nonetheless minimal. The law firm’s efforts to recover $1.6 million
dollars resulted in only $38,000. What’s more, had the bankruptcy court awarded the law firm
all its fees, it would have left virtually nothing for the estate. So the court did not abuse its
discretion in reducing the fees by half.
And reducing the fees by half based on the value of the work to the estate is consistent
with what other courts have done.5 For example, in Allied Computers, the bankruptcy court held
that the attorney’s fees should be limited to “no more than 50% of the amount recovered through
the adversary proceeding” by the applicant. In re Allied Computer Repair, Inc., 202 B.R. 877,
888 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1996); see also id. at 885 (collecting cases on reduction of fee awards,
including by one-half). And there the court awarded only $7,500 in legal fees for an attorney
who recovered $15,000 for the client. Id. at 888–99. The court also reasoned that normally,
outside the bankruptcy area, practitioners pursing claims on behalf of their clients handle similar
cases on a one-third contingency basis. Id. at 888. Further, courts have reduced fees, even when
the fees were reasonable and necessary, where there would not be “sufficient resources to pay
5
We have affirmed a larger fee reduction than the one at issue (although the percentage of the total fees was
less). See In re Red Ball, Inc., 157 F. App’x at 852–53 (affirming an $80,000 reduction in legal fees).
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 14
administrative expenses.” In re McKenzie, 494 B.R. 329, 336 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2013). And
the law firm has cited no authority to the contrary.
In the face of the broad discretion afforded to bankruptcy courts, we cannot say that the
bankruptcy court abused its discretion here.
The law firm makes two responses, both unavailing. First, the firm claims that the
bankruptcy court did not afford it notice to disprove its determination that fees should be reduced
by 50%. But the “burden of proof as to entitlement to and reasonableness of a fee request is
upon the moving party.” In re McLean Wine Co., 463 B.R. at 846 (internal quotation marks
omitted). The bankruptcy court held a hearing on fees, and it was up to the law firm to prove
why it was entitled to those fees. The firm did not meet that burden. Instead, the law firm seems
to think that it only needed to show that the hourly rate and hours worked were reasonable. But
reasonable hours and rates are a necessary but not sufficient condition to recover under § 330(a).
If the hours and rates are reasonable, then the fees are compensable under § 330(a)(4), but the
bankruptcy court may still (in its discretion) reduce those fees under § 330(a)(3). See In re
Boddy, 950 F.2d at 338–39.
Second, the law firm argues that the bankruptcy court’s decision is based on the spirit-of-
economy policy that Congress rejected. True, Congress has rejected the spirit-of-economy
policy, but the bankruptcy court’s reduction in fees here was not based on that policy. Recall
that Congress’s solution to this policy was to put bankruptcy professionals on equal footing with
comparable non-bankruptcy professionals. And in non-bankruptcy contexts, we have found that
the court may consider “results obtained” in determining a proper fee award. See, e.g., Rui He v.
Rom, 751 F. App’x 664, 674 (6th Cir. 2018) (holding that a reduction in fees by 25% where the
attorney was “largely, but not entirely, successful” was not an abuse of discretion); Dean v. F.P.
Allega Concrete Constr. Corp., 622 F. App’x 557, 560 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S.
at 436) (reversing the grant of attorney’s fees because they were not proportionate to the “results
obtained”).
No. 21-1555 In re Vill. Apothecary Page 15
In sum, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by reducing the law firm’s fees
here by 50% based on the minimal results it obtained.
IV.
Because § 330(a)(3) permits courts to consider “results obtained,” the court below did not
abuse its discretion in doing so. Nor did it abuse its discretion by reducing the law firm’s fees by
50% after applying the relevant factors. For these reasons, we AFFIRM.