City of Detroit v. City of Highland Park

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

CITY OF DETROIT and DETROIT WATER AND UNPUBLISHED
SEWERAGE DEPARTMENT, August 18, 2022

Plaintiffs/Counterdefendants-
Appellants,

v No. 357040
Wayne Circuit Court
CITY OF HIGHLAND PARK, LC No. 14-001974-CK

Defendant/Counterplaintiff/Third-
Party Plaintiff-Appellee,

and

GREAT LAKES WATER AUTHORITY,

Third-Party Defendant-Appellant.

Before: GADOLA, P.J., and CAVANAGH and K. F. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

This case arises out of a long-running dispute between defendant, city of Highland Park
(Highland Park) and plaintiffs, city of Detroit and Detroit Water and Sewerage Department
(DWSD, and collectively referred to as “Detroit”), and third-party defendant, Great Lakes Water
Authority (GLWA), over Highland Park’s failure to pay for water and sewer services. In this
current matter, Detroit and GLWA appeal as of right, challenging the February 26, 2021 and March
23, 2021 orders entering judgment in favor of Highland Park. We vacate the February 26, 2021
order granting Highland Park’s motion for entry of judgment and the March 23, 2021 order of
dismissal, and remand for reinstatement—and enforcement—of the April 30, 2015 judgment in
favor of Detroit, entered on the trial court’s July 31, 2014 opinion and order.

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 I. INTRODUCTION

For several decades, Detroit has sought to collect payment from Highland Park for water
and sewage services. These efforts have given rise to actions in both the federal and state courts.
Indeed, in November 2016, this Court affirmed an approximately $20 million judgment in
Detroit’s favor (the “2015 judgment”). City of Detroit v City of Highland Park, unpublished per
curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued November 15, 2016 (Docket No. 327448). This
prior appeal is inextricably intertwined with the issues in the current appeal. Thus, it is necessary
to briefly review the history of water and sewage service transactions between Highland Park and
Detroit to properly understand the issues raised in this appeal.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEEDINGS

A. THE 2015 JUDGMENT AND PRIOR APPEAL IN DOCKET NO. 327448

Detroit, through the DWSD, has provided water and sewage treatment services to the
residents of Highland Park since 1926. In the ensuing years, disputes arose related to Highland
Park’s failure to pay its water and sewer bills. Detroit asserts that, despite a 1996 Settlement
Agreement, Highland Park has had a “chronic problem paying its charges for sewage treatment
services timely and in full.”

On February 18, 2014, Detroit sued Highland Park in the Wayne Circuit Court, seeking to
recover millions of dollars in fees allegedly owed for water and sewage treatment services. In its
March 3, 2014 amended complaint, Detroit alleged that under the terms of a 1996 settlement
agreement, Highland Park agreed to, among other things, keep its sewer bills current. Detroit’s
complaint further asserted that Highland Park failed to comply with a 1983 Sewage Service
Contract, which required that Highland Park “pay the Board for sewage treatment and disposal
service at such rates as the Board may establish from time to time.” Detroit also alleged that
Highland Park failed to comply with a 2009 agreement that was negotiated in an attempt, at that
time, to address the then-outstanding debt. Detroit’s complaint asserted that because Highland
Park failed to comply with its contractual obligations, it had accrued more than $17,000,000 in
water bill arrearages. Detroit’s amended complaint alleged theories sounding in breach of contract
(Count I), breach of implied contract (Count II), quantum meruit (Count III), account stated (Count
IV), and conversion (Count V).

On March 11, 2014, in addition to filing its answer, Highland Park filed a countercomplaint
for declaratory relief in which it alleged that under the 1996 settlement agreement, its only
obligation was to collect money from the users or city property owners at a rate of $22 kcf to pay
for sewer services, place into escrow a percentage of the amounts received, and to the extent that
money was received, disperse those funds monthly to Detroit. Highland Park alleged that the
agreement created a payment obligation secured by sewer user fees and a rate increase covenant,
but it did not require Highland Park to guarantee collections. Highland Park asserted that it, as a
city, was not responsible for subsidizing the sewer users. Highland Park specifically alleged that
“the only source of payment for water and sewer services is the escrow account Detroit [sic] has
no further recourse, and therefore may not seek judgment against any other funds of the City of
Highland Park.” By its countercomplaint, Highland Park sought an order declaring “that the
parties’ respective rights, as contained in the 1996 Settlement Agreement and the Amended

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Consent Judgment, are in full force and effect.” Specifically, Highland Park sought a declaration
that its obligations to Detroit were limited to “depositing into said escrow account, on a daily basis,
65% of any and all amounts received by it in payment of bills for water or wastewater treatment
services rendered by the City of Detroit and DWSD to its customers, and further that any and all
amounts so deposited shall be held in trust solely for the benefit of the City of Detroit and shall be
paid over to the City of Detroit through its Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD), on
a monthly basis, on or before the 10th day of each month.”

Between March and May of 2014, the parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition.
On July 31, 2014, the trial court entered an opinion and order granting in part and denying in part
the parties’ motions. The court granted summary disposition in Detroit’s favor on its breach of
contract, breach of implied contract, and account stated claims. The court further concluded that
because Detroit stated in writing an outstanding account, and Highland Park failed to object to the
account within a reasonable time, Detroit had established a valid claim under an account stated
theory of liability.1 After making these findings, the court concluded that because Detroit
prevailed on the account stated count, judgment would be entered for the amount of the debt
outstanding as of the date of the complaint.

Apparently, settlement negotiations transpired after the entry of the court’s July 31, 2014
opinion and order, but then broke down. Consequently, on March 30, 2015, eight months after the
entry of the court’s summary disposition order, Detroit moved, pursuant to MCL 600.6093, for a
certified transcript of partial judgment. MCL 600.6093 governs the collection of judgments
against townships, villages, cities, or counties, and provides, among other things, that when a party
obtains a money judgment against a municipality, the party has the right to take the judgment to
the “supervisor” or “assessing officer” of the municipality, who then shall enroll the judgment on
the tax assessment rolls for collection from the taxpayers. MCL 600.6093(1). Highland Park
objected to Detroit’s motion, arguing that because the court’s July 31, 2014 order was not a final
judgment, Detroit’s motion for issuance of a certified transcript was premature. Notably, Highland
Park did not take the position that the judgment was not final because of its own allegedly
outstanding counterclaim. Instead, it argued that the judgment was not final because the court only
granted Detroit judgment on one of its claims. Highland Park noted that Detroit’s other theories
had yet to be adjudicated.

At a hearing on April 24, 2015, the court considered and granted Detroit’s motion for a
certified transcript. The court noted that the primary reason for granting summary disposition in
Detroit’s favor was the validity of the account stated claim. It therefore held that for purposes of
finality, Detroit was entitled to the amounts alleged in the complaint. On April 30, 2015, the trial
court, sua sponte, entered an order entitled: “Judgment on July 31, 2014 Opinion and Order.” By
this order, the court incorporated by reference its July 31, 2014 order granting summary disposition
in Detroit’s favor, and further ordered that judgment now be entered in Detroit’s favor in the

1
MCL 600.2145 sets forth Michigan’s account stated procedures. This statute, in general, permits
a plaintiff to file and serve on a defendant an affidavit of the amount due with a copy of the account
attached, together with the complaint. This affidavit is then deemed prima facie evidence of the
debt unless the defendant files an affidavit denying the indebtedness with its answer.

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amount of $19,244,838.53. The court’s order also directed that the judgment and its July 31, 2014
order “may be submitted to the Wayne County Clerk as the transcript of the judgment and to be
certified pursuant to MCL 600.6093.”

After the court entered the April 30, 2015 judgment, Highland Park filed an emergency
motion to stay execution on any judgment that might be pursued under MCL 600.6093, until the
court heard its motion for judgment relief. Highland Park then addressed one of the issues it had
raised in its still-pending motion for relief from judgment, namely, that if MCL 600.6093 required
the city assessor to impose an ad valorem tax on the property owners of Highland Park, imposition
of such a tax would violate § 204(b) of the Clean Water Act, 33 USC 1284(b). Highland Park’s
motion for judgment relief was heard and denied on May 15, 2015. Finally, the court found
unpersuasive Highland Park’s argument that use of the statutory remedy to collect on the judgment
by placing it on the tax rolls was improper.

On May 18, 2015, Highland Park filed a claim of appeal in this Court in Docket No.
327448. On November 15, 2016, this Court affirmed the April 30, 2015 judgment in favor of
Detroit. This Court stated that the only preserved and properly presented issue was whether Detroit
could collect its judgment against Highland Park under MCL 600.6093. This Court found that
although Highland Park had initially attempted to expand the scope of its appellate issues to
include an attack on the validity of the judgment, it abandoned those efforts and only challenged
on appeal Detroit’s ability to collect on the judgment. City of Detroit v City of Highland Park,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued November 15, 2016 (Docket No
327448), p 1. This Court then rejected Highland Park’s argument that enforcement of Detroit’s
judgment under MCL 600.6093 would impose an ad valorem tax in violation of provisions of the
Clean Water Act, 33 USC 1284. This Court concluded that Highland Park’s interpretation of the
statute was inconsistent with the statute’s plain language. Id., unpub op at 2-4. On January 25,
2017, this Court denied Highland Park’s motion for reconsideration. Thereafter, our Supreme
Court denied Highland Park’s application for leave to appeal and also denied a later motion for
reconsideration. City of Detroit v City of Highland Park, 501 Mich 861, reh den 501 Mich 930
(2017).

B. EVENTS FOLLOWING 2015-2016 APPEAL

In May 2017, while leave was pending in the Supreme Court, Highland Park filed a motion
in the trial court seeking summary disposition on its countercomplaint. The trial court deferred
ruling on the motion until the appeal process concluded. After the Supreme Court denied leave in
the prior appeal, Detroit filed a motion for issuance of a certified transcript of partial judgment.
The certified transcript was necessary to enable Detroit to enforce, under MCL 600.6093, the
court’s earlier 2015 judgment. In addition, Detroit argued that because of the passage of time, the
judgment should be amended to include all accrued postjudgment interest through October 31,
2017. The trial court granted Detroit’s motion and issued an amended judgment for Detroit in an
amount of over $21 million. The court’s order indicated that the amended judgment could be
submitted to the clerk to be certified pursuant to MCL 600.6093 and if Highland Park failed to act
under the statute, Detroit “shall commence a separate action requesting a writ of mandamus.”

In the months that followed, Highland Park filed several motions attempting to challenge
the 2015 judgment, as amended in December 2017. On December 20, 2017, Highland Park filed

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a motion for relief from judgment. On January 5, 2018, it filed a motion to set aside the partial
summary disposition order dated July 31, 2014, and on January 11, 2018, it filed a motion seeking,
in part, to stay execution of the order granting Detroit partial summary disposition pending final
judgment. At a hearing on February 12, 2018, the trial court commented on the finality of the
2015 judgment, but acknowledged the possibility that the amounts owed to Detroit could be
reduced should Highland Park prevail on any of the claims set forth in its countercomplaint. The
court’s ensuing order, addressing the three Highland Park motions, essentially stayed execution of
the 2015 judgment until litigation concluded on Highland Park’s countercomplaint.2

On August 23, 2019, Detroit filed a motion requesting that the court hold a scheduling
conference, noting that since the appeals had concluded, no final scheduling order had been put in
place. The trial court granted the motion and further ordered that discovery would be open on
Highland Park’s countercomplaint until February 15, 2020, and thereafter, the matter would be
submitted for case evaluation in March 2020.

On August 11, 2020, the parties participated in case evaluation. The case-evaluation panel
issued two awards. In Award #1, the panel awarded $1 million in Highland Park’s favor. For
Award #2, the panel awarded nothing to Highland Park on its third-party complaint against
GLWA. Notably, in the “notes” section of the award, the panel made the following entry: “City
of Highland Park (Counter-Plaintiff) v City of Detroit (Counter-Defendant).” The parties have
interpreted the nature of these awards differently. Detroit asserts that the case-evaluation panel
did not consider or intend to make any modifications to the 2015 judgment in Detroit’s favor.
Detroit takes the position that the panel’s decision simply represented an award of $1 million in
favor of Highland Park on its counterclaim that it was overcharged for utility services. By contrast
Highland Park asserts that the panel’s decision accounted for the 2015 judgment in Detroit’s favor,
considered Highland Park’s counterclaims, and the resulting $1 million award represented what
was left after an award for Highland Park was used to set off the $20 million judgment in Detroit’s
favor.

Highland Park’s interpretation of the case-evaluation award is not consistent with affidavits
submitted by the case evaluators. All three evaluators signed affidavits attesting that (1) the parties

2
On April 19, 2018, Detroit filed an application for leave to appeal the trial court’s March 28,
2018 order. Detroit asserted that the trial court erred by staying execution on the 2015 judgment,
arguing that Highland Park was precluded, under the doctrine of judicial estoppel, from asserting
that the 2015 judgment was not final. It further asserted that there was no basis to stay execution
of a judgment entered in 2015 and reaffirmed in 2017. In response, Highland Park argued, among
other things, that the litigation brought by Detroit never resolved overcharges regarding sewer
services. Further, Highland Park asserted that because it never took the position that the previous
appeal foreclosed seeking a judgment on its counterclaim, judicial estoppel should not apply. This
Court denied Detroit’s application for “failure to persuade the Court of the need for immediate
appellate review,” and our Supreme Court denied leave to appeal on December 4, 2018. City of
Detroit v City of Highland Park, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered July 19, 2018
(Docket No. 343405), lv den 503 Mich 916 (2018).

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stated in their summaries that the only claims remaining were Highland Park’s counterclaim
against Detroit and its third-party complaint against GLWA, and (2) Highland Park requested that
the case evaluators only evaluate these two claims. The case evaluators stated that they were not
convinced that Highland Park could establish that its claims exceeded Detroit’s 2015 judgment.
Of particular importance, the evaluators indicated that their intent was that the $1 million award,
if accepted by both parties, would be an offset to Detroit’s “much larger judgment.” The evaluators
further stated that they had not been asked to evaluate “Detroit’s prior monetary judgment.”
Indeed, the evaluators stated that they had never served on a panel that had been asked to vacate,
void, or undo an existing monetary judgment. Finally, the evaluators stated that they did not expect
or intend that their award, if accepted by both parties, would invalidate or void the 2015 judgment.3

After the case-evaluation award was issued, but apparently before all parties had responded
to the award, Detroit filed a motion seeking a declaration that Highland Park’s counterclaim and
third-party claim operated solely as a setoff against the judgment that was entered in 2015 in
Detroit’s favor, and later amended in 2017. Detroit asserted that its 2015 judgment could not and
was not submitted for case evaluation. It then reasoned that if both sides accepted the case-
evaluation results, any judgment in favor of Highland Park would simply be subtracted from the
outstanding amount Highland Park owed under the 2015 judgment. Detroit reasoned that the court
and all of the parties had been operating under this assumption already. Indeed, in their case-
evaluation summaries, both Detroit and Highland Park argued that any award in Highland Park’s
favor would then be applied to offset the amounts owed under the 2015 Judgment. Highland Park
opposed Detroit’s motion, arguing that Detroit’s claims against Highland Park were submitted for

3
On June 11, 2021, Highland Park filed in this Court a motion to strike Detroit’s response to its
motion to dismiss. Highland Park asserted that Detroit had included in its response confidential
documents related to the case-evaluation proceedings in violation of MCR 2.403, MCR 2.412, and
MCL 691.1557. This Court directed the Clerk to seal the case-evaluation documents attached to
Detroit’s response. City of Detroit v City of Highland Park, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered July 27, 2021 (Docket No. 357040). However, we conclude that it is permissible
for this Court to consider the case-evaluation summaries and the evaluators’ affidavits. A court
may consider what was discussed in case evaluation to determine whether an issue was decided
on the merits. Amburgey v Sauder, 238 Mich App 228, 247-248; 605 NW2d 84 (1999). Further,
neither MCR 2.403(J)(4) nor MCL 691.1557 precludes consideration of an evaluator’s affidavit.
MCR 2.403(J)(4) provides that “statements by the attorneys and the briefs or summaries are not
admissible in any court or evidentiary proceeding.” This court rule does not specifically prohibit
the submission of affidavits like the ones Detroit filed in this case. MCL 691.1557(1) provides
that “the work product and case files of a mediator or center and communications relating to the
subject matter of the dispute made during the dispute resolution process by a party, mediator, or
other person are confidential and not subject to disclosure in a judicial or administrative proceeding
except for either of the following . . . .” (Emphasis added.) An affidavit generated after the fact
does not fall within the provisions of MCL 691.1557. Further, considering the affidavits is not
inconsistent with MCR 2.403(J)(5), which provides, in pertinent part: “After the evaluation, the
case evaluators need not respond to inquiries by parties or counsel regarding the proceedings or
the evaluation.” This language provides that case evaluators are not obligated to respond to
inquiries after the fact, but does not prohibit them from doing so.

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case evaluation. It then reasoned that Detroit’s “partial judgment” was not a final judgment, and
therefore, was subject to revision. In this regard, Highland Park asserted that the case-evaluation
panel must have agreed that Highland Park paid Detroit more than the maximum amount Detroit
was permitted to charge Highland Park under the contract and that the panel awarded Highland
Park a portion of the $11.5 million refund that Highland Park’s counterclaim sought. Highland
Park argued that all claims are submitted to case evaluation unless there is a court order specifically
and expressly exempting certain equitable claims from case evaluation. Highland Park then
asserted that if both it and Detroit accepted the award, then the entire action would be over and a
final judgment in the amount of $1 million would be entered in Highland Park’s favor. Highland
Park asserted that Detroit was simply attempting to rewrite the case-evaluation panel’s award.

On September 30, 2020, the trial court entered an order denying Detroit’s motion for a
declaration that Highland Park’s pending claims would operate solely as a setoff against Detroit’s
2015 judgment as amended. In its order, the court simply noted that “Highland Park’s claims may
exceed the prior judgment amount.”

Both Detroit and Highland Park accepted the $1 million case-evaluation award. GLWA
did not respond to this award, so it was deemed to have rejected the $1 million award. However,
GLWA did accept the award of $0 on Highland Park’s third-party complaint against GLWA.

On October 9, 2020, Highland Park filed a motion for entry of judgment in which it argued
that after the case-evaluation panel awarded Highland Park $1 million, and both parties accepted
the award, this resolved both Detroit’s principal case and Highland Park’s counterclaim. Relying
on MCR 2.403(M), Highland Park asserted that judgment must be entered in its favor and the
matter dismissed in its entirety. In their response, Detroit, GLWA, and DWSD requested that the
court deny Highland Park’s motion. Detroit again argued that the case-evaluation panel did not
adjudicate or “net-out” the value of the 2015 judgment because the judgment was no longer a
“claim” subject to case evaluation. Detroit argued that the panel only evaluated Highland Park’s
counterclaim. It then reasoned that because both parties accepted this amount, the $1 million
would be a setoff against the 2015 judgment, and judgment should be entered accordingly.

On February 26, 2021, the trial court granted Highland Park’s motion for entry of
judgment. The court held that Detroit’s and Highland Park’s claims and counterclaims were
disposed of by the case-evaluation award and, because both parties accepted the award of
$1 million, Highland Park was entitled to entry of judgment in its favor. The court specifically
held that “[n]otwithstanding Detroit’s assertion that the case-evaluation summary indicates that
the evaluation did not include Detroit’s claims against Highland Park, this assertion is contrary to
law as to MCR 2.403 and contrary to case law.” The court found that “[t]he issue of whether case
evaluation resolved all claims between Detroit and Highland Park, including Detroit’s original
2014 complaint and Highland Park’s countercomplaint was actually argued in case evaluation.”
Consequently, the court’s order, among other things, vacated the 2015 judgment in Detroit’s favor
and ordered Detroit to pay $1 million to Highland Park.

On March 19, 2021, Detroit filed a motion for reconsideration, relief from judgment, or to
set aside the acceptance of the case-evaluation award. Detroit argued that entry of judgment in
Highland Park’s favor was in error because the court erroneously found that the single case-
evaluation award for $1 million on Highland Park’s counterclaim against Detroit subsumed

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Detroit’s adjudicated claims and wiped out of existence Detroit’s $20 million 2015 judgment
against Highland Park. While Detroit’s postjudgment motion was pending, the court entered an
order of dismissal on March 23, 2021. Thereafter, on April 13, 2021, the court denied Detroit’s
motion for reconsideration.

On April 30, 2021, Detroit and GLWA filed their claim of appeal. A stay of proceedings
was entered by the trial court on July 6, 2021. On May 11, 2021, Highland Park filed in this Court
a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. Highland Park argued that the claim of appeal was not
timely filed and, in any event, there was no jurisdiction because Detroit was not an aggrieved party
since judgment entered after the parties’ mutual acceptance of a case-evaluation award. On July
27, 2021, this Court denied Highland Park’s motion to dismiss for failure to persuade the Court
that it was without jurisdiction, but directed the parties to address the jurisdictional issues in their
briefs on appeal. City of Detroit v City of Highland Park, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered July 27, 2021 (Docket No. 357040).

III. DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUES

A. JURISDICTION

Before addressing the merits of the appellate arguments of GLWA and Detroit, we must
first address Highland Park’s challenge to this Court’s jurisdiction. “Whether this Court has
jurisdiction to hear an appeal is always within the scope of this Court’s review.” Chen v Wayne
State Univ, 284 Mich App 172, 191; 771 NW2d 820 (2009). We review de novo as a question of
law whether this Court has jurisdiction. Id.

Highland Park argues that this Court lacks jurisdiction to decide this appeal because the
claim of appeal of GLWA and Detroit was untimely filed, and further, because they were not
“aggrieved” parties. We conclude that Highland Park’s jurisdictional challenges are without merit.

This Court has jurisdiction of an appeal as of right filed by an aggrieved party from a “final
judgment or final order . . . .” MCR 7.203(A)(1). MCR 7.202(6)(a)(1) defines “final judgment”
or “final order” in a civil case as “the first judgment or order that disposes of all the claims and
adjudicates the rights and liabilities of all the parties . . . .” (Emphasis added.) An appeal by right
must be taken within 21 days after entry of “the judgment or order appealed from,” MCR
7.204(A)(1)(a), or within 21 days after entry of “an order deciding a post-judgment motion for
new trial, rehearing, reconsideration, or other relief from the order or judgment appealed, if the
motion was filed within the initial 21-day appeal period or within any further time that the trial
court has allowed for good cause during that 21-day period,” MCR 7.204(A)(1)(d).

We conclude that the trial court’s February 26, 2021 order granting Highland Park’s motion
for entry of judgment qualifies as the final judgment in this case because it was the first order that
disposed of all the claims. GLWA and Detroit timely filed a motion for reconsideration of this
order on March 19, 2021. See MCR 7.204(A)(1)(d). The trial court entered an order denying this
postjudgment motion on April 13, 2021. GLWA and Detroit filed their claim of appeal on April
30, 2021, which was timely filed within 21 days of the trial court’s order denying their timely filed
motion for reconsideration.

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 Highland Park asserts that the trial court’s March 23, 2021 order of dismissal, not the
February 26, 2021 order, constituted the final order in this case. We disagree. While the March
23, 2021 order disposed of all the claims, it was not the first order to do so. The March 23, 2021
order was simply a redundant order that had no bearing on the finality of the February 26, 2021
order.

A comparison of the two orders illustrates the finality of the February 26, 2021 order and
the redundancy of the March 23, 2021 order. The February 26, 2021 order provided:
IT IS ORDERED that the motion for entry of judgment filed by
Defendant/Counter Detroit City of Highland Park is hereby GRANTED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Court’s 2015 judgment, as amended
in 2017, is hereby VACATED;

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED THAT THE City of Detroit shall pay $1
million ($1,000,000) to the City of Highland Park;

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this resolves the City of Detroit’s
complaint and the City of Highland Park’s counter-complaint;

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this does not resolve the merits of the
City of Highland Park’s third-party complaint against third-party Defendant Great
Lakes Water Authority. That case will proceed with respect to the substance of the
City of Highland Park’s third-party complaint against Third-Party Defendant Great
Lakes Water Authority;

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED the City of Highland Park is directed to
submit an order of dismissal without prejudice regarding the third-party complaint.
The city of Highland Park shall refile the third-party complaint as a counter
claim/complaint in the matter of Great Lakes Water Authority vs City of Highland
Park, 20-011589 CK.

By contrast, the March 23, 2021 order provided:
On February 26, 2021, this Court entered an Opinion and Order Granting
Defendant/Counter-Detroit, Highland Park’s (“Highland Park”), Motion for Entry
of Judgment (the “February 26th Order”). Among other things, the February 26th
Order:

(1) “[R]esolve[d] the City of Detroit’s complaint and the City of Highland
Park’s counter-complaint”;

(2) Did “not resolve the merits of the City of Highland Park’s complaint
against Third-Party Defendant Great Lakes Water Authority”; and

(3) Ordered that “the City of Highland Park is directed to submit an order
of dismissal without prejudice regarding the third-party complaint. The City of

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 Highland Park shall refile the third-party complaint as a counter claim/complaint in
the matter of Great Lakes Water Authority vs City of Highland Park, 20-011589-
CK.”

On March 17, 2021, Highland Park refiled its third party claims against
Third-Party Defendant, Great Lakes Water Authority (“GLWA”) in Case No. 20-
011589-CB.

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that, Highland Park’s
Third-Party Complaint against GLWA shall be, and hereby is, dismissed without
prejudice and without costs to any party.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

This is a final order under MCR 2.602(B)(1) that resolves the last pending
claim and closes the case.

Both orders disposed of all of the claims in the case, but the February 26, 2021 order was the first
to do so.

Highland Park contends that the February 26, 2021 order was not the final order because it
did not resolve Highland Park’s third-party complaint against GLWA. We disagree. The trial
court’s February 26, 2021 order disposed of the third-party complaint by directing Highland Park
to dismiss the third-party complaint and refile it as a counterclaim in another matter. MCR
7.202(6)(a)(i) defines “final order” as “the first judgment or order that disposes of all the claims
and adjudicates the rights and liabilities of all the parties . . . .” The February 26, 2021 order did
just that. After entry of this order, there was nothing left for the trial court to decide and it did not
state that it was retaining jurisdiction. See Rooyakker & Sitz, PLLC v Plante Moran, PLLC, 276
Mich App 146, 148 n 1; 742 NW2d 409 (2007). The fact that the court entered a second order on
March 23, 2021, noting that Highland Park had actually complied with the court’s earlier order
related to dismissal of the third-party complaint against GLWA, is of no consequence.
Accordingly, we reject Highland Park’s assertion that Detroit’s claim of appeal was not timely
filed.

Highland Park alternatively argues that this Court lacks jurisdiction because judgment was
entered after the mutual acceptance of a case-evaluation award and, as such, GLWA and Detroit
could not be considered aggrieved parties within the meaning of MCR 7.203(A). However,
GLWA and Detroit disputed below that the case-evaluation award encompassed or affected the
2015 judgment in Detroit’s favor. Moreover, as further discussed in this opinion, the matter was
improperly submitted for case evaluation. By this appeal, GLWA and Detroit do not seek to appeal
an earlier order that was absorbed into the case-evaluation award under MCR 2.403(M). Instead,
GLWA and Detroit appeal an order that addresses the parties’ dispute over the interpretation and
application of the case-evaluation award. Under these circumstances, GLWA and Detroit are
aggrieved parties.

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 B. ABANDONMENT AND JUDICIAL ESTOPPEL

GLWA and Detroit argued below and argue now on appeal that—after this Court affirmed
the 2015 judgment—the trial court erred when it reopened the case, ordered the parties to litigate
Highland Park’s countercomplaint, submitted the matter for case evaluation, and thereafter entered
a judgment both vacating the 2015 judgment in Detroit’s favor and ordering Detroit to pay
Highland Park $1 million. We agree.

First, we agree that the trial court erred when it reopened the case to litigate Highland
Park’s counterclaim because the record clearly demonstrates that during the earlier appeal,
Highland Park, in order to pursue an appeal as of right, unequivocally abandoned its counterclaim
that it was overcharged for water and sewer services. Highland Park filed its claim of appeal in
Docket No. 327448 on May 18, 2015. At that time, Highland Park represented that it was entitled
to an appeal as of right because the April 30, 2015 judgment was a final order that disposed of all
the claims and adjudicated the rights and liabilities of all the parties. Indeed, on May 27, 2015,
this Court sent a defective holding letter to Highland Park questioning the finality of the order
appealed in light of a statement in the trial court’s April 30, 2015 judgment that “because a future
settlement conference has been scheduled this order does not close the case under MCR
2.603(4)(2) [sic].” On June 24, 2015, Highland Park filed a statement with this Court regarding
the finality of the April 30, 2015 order. Highland Park explained that the seemingly incongruous
language in the court’s order was included by the court simply to acknowledge that optional
facilitation might occur, but that the case was closed in the trial court. In support of this
representation, Highland Park attached a copy of the Wayne County Register of Actions, which
included a docket entry that the case was closed and the settlement conference was canceled.
Highland Park never referenced a pending counterclaim.

Then, on December 1, 2015, Highland Park filed its brief on appeal in Docket No. 327448.
The only issue addressed in this brief was related to Highland Park’s assertion that if the judgment
was permitted to be added to the city’s tax rolls, it would amount to an ad valorem tax, which
Highland Park asserted would be in violation of the federal Clean Water Act. On April 6, 2016,
Highland Park filed in this Court a combined motion to amend its appellate brief and a motion to
remand to the trial court. Highland Park specifically represented in this motion that the only issue
remaining in the trial court involved the recurring charges still accruing. By this motion, however,
Highland Park discussed a number of substantive issues that were not raised in its initial brief on
appeal. Essentially, Highland Park wished to amend its brief on appeal to include arguments
related to its claim that it was overcharged for water and sewer services. First, it argued that
summary disposition was improperly granted in Detroit’s favor because discovery was still open
at the time of the summary disposition hearing. Highland Park asserted that if discovery had been
allowed to continue, it would have revealed a “horrendous inaccuracy of the bill DWSD had
attributed to Highland Park.” Specifically, according to Highland Park, discovery would have
allowed the parties to further explore the state’s and Wayne County’s liability for a portion of
Highland Park’s outstanding water bill. Highland Park requested that this Court permit it to amend
its brief on appeal and that the case be remanded to the trial court. Highland Park reasoned that
the judgment could not be allowed to stand because it was simply wrong considering that the
largest amount of the judgment entered against Highland Park was rightfully the debt of Detroit’s
other water customers. In its motion to amend and remand, Highland Park also argued that Detroit
did not comply with the billing process set forth in the relevant contract. This allegation, in

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particular, was directly encompassed by Highland Park’s countercomplaint. Highland Park also
challenged the trial court’s ruling regarding the account stated claim and its finding that Highland
Park never refuted the proffered account.

By correspondence dated April 8, 2016, the Clerk of this Court advised Highland Park that
its combined motion to amend and motion to remand would only be considered as a motion to
remand in light of this Court’s policy prohibiting multiple motions in one filing. Highland Park
was advised that it could refile, with the necessary filing fee, the other motion, i.e., the motion to
amend its appeal brief. Highland Park did not pursue this avenue. That is, it never filed a separate
motion to amend its brief on appeal.

The foregoing events demonstrate that in the earlier appeal, Highland Park intentionally
and specifically abandoned its counterclaim. In correspondence to this Court and in its motion to
amend its brief on appeal, Highland Park asserted that after the entry of the April 30, 2015
judgment in Detroit’s favor, no claims remained to be litigated. When this Court invited Highland
Park to correct defects in its motion to amend that could have permitted raising issues in its brief
on appeal challenging the validity of the 2015 judgment, Highland Park declined to accept the
Court’s invitation to correct the defects. These actions evidence an intent to abandon the
counterclaim. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it stayed execution of the 2015 judgment to
permit the litigation of a counterclaim that Highland Park had clearly abandoned.

Second, the judicial-estoppel doctrine also supports the conclusion that the trial court erred
in March 2018 when it stayed enforcement of the 2015 judgment and compelled the parties to
litigate the abandoned counterclaim because:
[u]nder this doctrine, a party who has successfully and unequivocally asserted a
position in a prior proceeding is estopped from asserting an inconsistent position in
a subsequent proceeding. Under the “prior success” model, the mere assertion of
inconsistent positions is not sufficient to invoke estoppel; rather there must be some
indication that the court in the earlier proceeding accepted that party’s position as
true. Further, in order for the doctrine of judicial estoppel to apply, the claims must
be wholly inconsistent. [Opland v Kiesgan, 234 Mich App 352, 362; 594 NW2d
505 (1999), quoting Paschke v Retool Indus, 445 Mich 502, 509-510; 519 NW2d
441 (1994) (quotation marks and citations omitted)].

The purpose of the doctrine of judicial estoppel is to protect the judicial integrity of the courts
rather than the rights of the parties. Opland, 234 Mich App at 363 n 8. Although the doctrine of
judicial estoppel is an extraordinary remedy to be applied with caution, it is appropriate to apply
the doctrine when “a party’s inconsistent behavior will otherwise result in a miscarriage of justice.”
Id. at 363-364 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Further, courts apply judicial estoppel to
prevent a party from “abusing the judicial process through cynical gamesmanship, achieving
success on one position, then arguing the opposing to suit an exigency of the moment.” Id. at 364
(quotation marks and citations omitted).

The judicial-estoppel doctrine should have been applied in this case to preclude litigation
of Highland Park’s abandoned counterclaim. The requirements of the doctrine have been met.
During the appeal in Docket No. 327448, Highland Park took a position wholly inconsistent with

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the position it took after this Court affirmed the judgment and the matter returned to the trial court.
While one might argue that in the prior appeal Highland Park did not specifically assert that the
2015 judgment resolved its countercomplaint, this is exactly the position Highland Park took
during communications with, and in filings submitted to, this Court. When Highland Park
represented to this Court that no claims remained in the trial court to litigate, it for all intents and
purposes took the position that the counterclaims either were adjudicated by the trial court’s 2015
judgment in Detroit’s favor or that it was no longer pursuing the counterclaims. Highland Park
did so to suit an exigency of the moment: to secure an appeal as of right in the prior appeal. This
Court adopted this position when it accepted Highland Park’s claim that all matters had been
resolved in the trial court. Based on Highland Park’s representations, this Court exercised
jurisdiction under MCR 7.203(A)(1). Then, after Highland Park failed to succeed in this Court, it
returned to the trial court and asserted, contrary to its position in this Court, that the order it had
just appealed was not a final order. As a consequence, the trial court improperly permitted
Highland Park to litigate its abandoned counterclaims. The judicial-estoppel doctrine precluded
Highland Park from taking these wholly inconsistent positions.

Third, we also find persuasive the assertion of GLWA and Detroit that the trial court lacked
the authority to proceed in the manner in which it did, ultimately modifying—indeed, vacating—
the 2015 judgment. When a matter is remanded by an appellate court, the trial court has the
authority to take any action which is not inconsistent with the opinion of the appellate court. Sokel
v Nickoli, 356 Mich 460, 464; 97 NW2d 1 (1959); Vanderwall v Midkiff, 186 Mich App 191, 196;
463 NW2d 219 (1990). This principle has long been recognized in this state, as evidenced by the
decision in People ex rel Lyon v Ingham Co Circuit Judge, 37 Mich 377, 378 (1877). In that case,
the trial court entered a decree of foreclosure, which was affirmed on appeal. After remand for
execution of the decree without instruction, the trial court “considered himself at liberty to open
the decree for further hearing on the merits.” Id. The Supreme Court recognized the impropriety
of the trial court’s action, explaining:
The policy of the law is that when a case has once been considered and
disposed of by the courts before which it may lawfully be brought, it is disposed of
for all time, and the conclusion cannot be attacked in any new proceeding except
upon certain equitable grounds which are foreign to the present discussion. The
court rendering the conclusive judgment may have a discretionary authority to
review and revise its own action, but if that court shall have taken the case on
appeal, and shall have remanded it after judgment, the court below can have no
similar authority, because if it could and should exercise it, it would really be
reviewing and revising the action of its superior; which would be absurd. All the
discretion which the inferior court can have must concern the execution of the
judgment or decree which has been sent down to it; if no directions have been given
as to these it would have the ordinary powers in respect to it, as it would have had
if it had been entered by itself. [Id. at 378-379.]

Considering the foregoing, it is clear that the trial court in this case violated principles espoused
more than 100 years ago by the Michigan Supreme Court.

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 Despite Highland Park’s representations to the contrary in this appeal, the 2015 judgment
was a final order. Highland Park abandoned its countercomplaint. In the prior appeal, in affirming
the 2015 judgment, this Court stated:
At the outset, we note that the only issue before this Court is Detroit’s ability
to collect its judgment against Highland Park pursuant to the provisions of MCL
600.6093. This is the only issue arguably articulated in Highland Park’s statement
of the issue on appeal and is the only issue properly presented for appellate review.
MCR 7.212(C)(5). Highland Park has not preserved or presented any argument
challenging the validity of the actual judgment. Although Highland Park initially
attempted to expand the scope of its appellate issues, it clearly abandoned this
effort. In a combined filing with this Court, Highland Park sought both a remand
and leave to amend its appellate brief and raised therein several arguments attacking
the actual judgment. This Court informed Highland Park that the filing of multiple
motions under one fee was not permitted, and therefore, its motion would be treated
as a motion to remand only, and not a motion to amend. At that time, Highland
Park was advised that it could refile the motion to amend, if desired, with the
necessary motion fee. Thereafter, Highland Park did not refile a motion to amend
its brief on appeal. Consequently, having abandoned any issue related to the
validity of the judgment, the only issue before this Court is that articulated in
Highland Park’s original, and only, brief on appeal—Detroit’s ability to collect that
judgment. [City of Detroit, unpub op at 1.]

On appeal, this Court concluded that Highland Park had abandoned any challenge to the actual
judgment. Accordingly, this Court affirmed the judgment. In that earlier appeal, Highland Park
was required to present all arguments why the trial court erred in entering the 2015 judgment. By
choosing not to raise a challenge to the actual judgment, Highland Park abandoned this issue, and
simply limited its attack to the manner in which the judgment could be enforced. In essence,
Highland Park waived a challenge to the judgment, an issue it could have and should have raised
in its initial appeal. See, e.g., Vanderwall, 186 Mich App at 203. Thereafter, the trial court was
bound by this Court’s affirmance of the judgment. Accordingly, the trial court exceeded its
authority when it vacated the 2015 judgment.

The argument by GLWA and Detroit that the trial court lacked the authority to submit the
matter for case evaluation is similarly persuasive. Case evaluations are governed by MCR 2.403.
This Court has explained that the general purpose behind case evaluation under MCR 2.403 “is to
expedite and simplify the final settlement of cases to avoid a trial.” Magdich & Assoc, PC v Novi
Dev Assoc LLC, 305 Mich App 272, 276; 851 NW2d 585 (2014) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). In Mercantile Bank Mtg Co, LLC v NGPCP/BRYS Centre, LLC, 305 Mich App 215;
852 NW2d 210 (2014), this Court explained the case-evaluation process:
Case evaluation is a mediation proceeding. During case evaluation, the
parties submit and argue a concise summary of their factual and legal positions to
a panel of three independent evaluators. The case evaluators must “include a
separate award as to each plaintiff’s claim against each defendant and as to each
cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim that has been filed in the action.”

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 “[A]ll . . . claims filed by any one party against any other party shall be treated as a
single claim.” [Id. at 223 (citations omitted).]

From the foregoing, it is clear that parties’ “claims” are the subject of consideration in the case-
evaluation process. In CAM Constr v Lake Edgewood Condo Ass’n, 465 Mich 549; 640 NW2d
256 (2002), the Court defined “claim” for purposes of MCR 2.403 as:
1. The aggregate of operative facts giving rise to a right enforceable by a
court . . . . 2. The assertion of an existing right; any right to payment or to an
equitable remedy, even if contingent or provisional . . . . 3. A demand for money
or property to which one asserts a right . . . . [Id. at 554, quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary (7th ed.).]

In this case, there were no claims available to submit to case evaluation. The claims at
issue had been reduced by the trial court to a judgment, and thereafter affirmed by this Court.
Accordingly, it was inappropriate for the trial court to submit the matter to case evaluation.

For the reasons set forth above, we vacate the February 26, 2021 order granting Highland
Park’s motion for entry of judgment and the March 23, 2021 order of dismissal, and remand this
case to the trial court for reinstatement of the April 30, 2015 judgment entered on the July 31, 2014
opinion and order. In light of this disposition, it is unnecessary to consider additional arguments
of GLWA and Detroit relating to the validity and effect of the case-evaluation award.

Vacated and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction. As the prevailing parties, GLWA and Detroit are entitled to costs. See MCR
7.219(A).

/s/ Michael F. Gadola
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

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