in the Interest of A.B. and D.B., Children

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-22-00020-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF A.B. AND D.B., CHILDREN

On Appeal from the 307th District Court
Gregg County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2020-1859-DR

Before Morriss, C.J., Stevens and Carter,* JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Stevens

––––––––––––––––––––
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
 MEMORANDUM OPINION

The Department of Family and Protective Services filed a petition to terminate Mother’s

parental rights to her children, Amanda and Darren.1 Following a bench trial, the trial court

terminated Mother’s parental rights after finding that (1) she knowingly placed or allowed the

children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional

well-being, (2) she engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who

engaged in conduct that endangered their physical or emotional well-being, (3) she failed to

comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for

her to obtain the children’s return, as described in Section 161.001(b)(1)(O) of the Texas Family

Code, (4) she used a controlled substance in a manner that endangered the health or safety of the

children, as described in Section 161.001(b)(1)(P), and (5) termination of her parental rights was

in the children’s best interests. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O), (P),

(b)(2).

On appeal, Mother argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support

the trial court’s findings that there were statutory grounds to terminate her parental rights and

that doing so was in the children’s best interests.2 We conclude that the evidence presented at

1
We use pseudonyms to protect the identity of the children. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8.

2
Father has also filed a brief with this Court challenging the termination of his parental rights, but we lack
jurisdiction to address the merits of Father’s appeal. Father’s first notice of appeal, which was filed before Mother’s
notice of appeal to our Court, specified that his appeal was taken to the Twelfth Court of Appeals. As a result, the
Twelfth Court of Appeals acquired jurisdiction over Father’s appeal. The Texas Supreme Court has written:
The general common law rule in Texas is that “the court in which suit is first filed acquires
dominant jurisdiction to the exclusion of other coordinate courts.” Curtis v. Gibbs, 511 S.W.2d
263, 267 (Tex. 1974); Bailey v. Cherokee Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 862 S.W.2d 581, 586 (Tex. 1993);
Mower v. Boyer, 811 S.W.2d 560, 563 n.2 (Tex. 1991). This rule is grounded on the principles of
2
 comity, convenience, and the need for an orderly procedure in resolving jurisdictional disputes.
See Wyatt v. Shaw Plumbing Co., 760 S.W.2d 245, 248 (Tex. 1988).
Although the rule of dominant jurisdiction has most often been applied at the trial court
level, the rationale underlying the rule also applies to appeals in those instances where the
Legislature has not otherwise provided an allocation mechanism. Once the first appeal is
perfected, the court of appeals acquires jurisdiction . . . . See Ammex Warehouse Co. v. Archer,
381 S.W.2d 478, 482 (Tex. 1964).

Miles v. Ford Motor Co., 914 S.W.2d 135, 138 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam).
After the Twelfth Court of Appeals acquired jurisdiction over Father’s appeal, Father filed an amended
notice of appeal, which merely replaced the Twelfth Court with our Court as the designated appellate court and
listed the cause number assigned to Mother’s appeal in this case. Rule 25.1(g) of the Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure states that an amended notice of appeal may only be filed to correct “a defect or omission in an earlier
filed notice.” TEX. R. APP. P. 25.1(g). Father’s first-filed notice contained no defect or omission and vested the
Twelfth Court of Appeals with jurisdiction over Father’s appeal. As a result, at the time the amended notice was
filed with us, the case was still pending before the Twelfth Court.
Once an appellate court has acquired jurisdiction, an “[a]ppellant cannot invoke the jurisdiction of [another]
Court by amending [his] notice of appeal.” In re M.A.H., No. 12-06-00328-CV, 2006 WL 2960878, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Tyler Oct. 18, 2006, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.); see Caler v. State, No. 12-08-00266-CR, 2009 WL
1314176, at *1 (Tex. App.—Tyler May 13, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication but cited as an
aid in developing our reasoning pursuant to Rhymes v. State, 536 S.W.3d 85, 99 n.9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017,
pet. ref’d) (“Appellant cannot also invoke the jurisdiction of [a different appellate] court by filing a later notice of
appeal directed to [another appellate] court.”); Capehart v. State, 257 S.W.3d 814, 815–16 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2008, no pet.). This is because “a court of appeals ‘will not be permitted to interfere with the previously attached
jurisdiction of another court of co-ordinate power.’” Miles, 914 S.W.2d at 138 (quoting Morrow v. Corbin, 62
S.W.2d 641, 645 (Tex. 1933)).
“Only the Supreme Court is authorized to transfer appellate cases” if “there is good cause for the transfer.”
Id. at 137 (quoting TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001). Father should have used the following procedure described
in Miles, but did not:
The proper procedure for presenting a motion to transfer to th[e] [Supreme] Court is as follows:
The party requesting a transfer should file a copy of the motion to transfer in each of the two
courts of appeals, asking that, when the motion is forwarded to the Supreme Court, each court of
appeals advise the Supreme Court in writing whether it has any objection to the proposed transfer.
Any briefs in favor of the proposed transfer should also be filed in each court of appeals and
forwarded with the transfer motion. We will then have the motion, the briefs, and the comments
of the two courts of appeals in determining whether to grant the motion to transfer.
Id. at 137 n.2.
Because Father failed to file a motion to transfer, on March 23, 2022, the Twelfth Court of Appeals set
Father’s case for submission but, on Father’s motion, it disposed of Father’s appeal by dismissing it. The dismissal
“ha[d] the effect of affirming the judgment of the lower court without considering any assignments of error thereto.”
Tex. Foundries v. Int’l Moulders & Foundry Workers’ Union, 248 S.W.2d 460, 461 (Tex. 1952); see Robertson v.
Land, 519 S.W.2d 227, 229 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1975, no writ) (“By dismissing the appeal only and not dismissing
the case, the judgment of the trial court is left undisturbed and thereby, in effect, is affirmed without, according to
the appellants, a hearing upon the merits of their appeal.”). “Since a dismissal of appellants’ appeal, in effect,
affirms the judgment appealed from,” the Tyler court has fully disposed of Father’s appeal. Robertson, 519 S.W.2d
at 229. The Tyler court’s mandate issued on June 13, 2022.
“Appellate jurisdiction cannot be created by consent, stipulation of the parties, or waiver, either by the
court or by litigants.” Birmingham Fire Ins. Co. of Pennsylvania v. Am. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co., 928 S.W.2d 226, 228
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 1996, no writ). “Jurisdiction is fundamental and cannot be ignored by this court or waived
3
trial supported the trial court’s findings. As a result, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

terminating mother’s parental rights to Amanda and Darren.

I. A Statutory Ground for Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights is Supported by
Legally and Factually Sufficient Evidence

A. Standard of Review

“The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional

dimensions.” In re E.J.Z., 547 S.W.3d 339, 343 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, no pet.) (quoting

Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985)). “Indeed, parents have a fundamental right to

make decisions concerning ‘the care, custody, and control of their children.’” Id. (quoting Troxel

v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). “Because the termination of parental rights implicates

fundamental interests, a higher standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence—is required at

trial.” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014)). This Court is required to

“engage in an exacting review of the entire record to determine if the evidence is . . . sufficient to

support the termination of parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 500).

“[I]nvoluntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent.” Id. (quoting

In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 900 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. denied) (quoting Holick,

685 S.W.2d at 20)).

“In order to terminate parental rights, the trial court must find, by clear and convincing

evidence, that the parent has engaged in at least one statutory ground for termination and that

by the parties.” Id. “When jurisdiction does not lie in an appellate court, it normally has only the power to
recognize that fact and dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction, regardless of any agreement or waiver by the
parties.” Id. We conclude that Father’s amended notice of appeal did not vest this Court with jurisdiction because
his appeal was pending in the Tyler court when it was filed. Because Father never filed a motion to transfer with the
Texas Supreme Court, and because the Tyler Court of Appeals has disposed of Father’s appeal by dismissing it, we
are without jurisdiction over Father’s appeal. As a result, Father’s appeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.
4
termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id. (citing TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; In re

E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2012)). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ is that ‘degree of

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of

the allegations sought to be established.’” Id. (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (citing

In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009))). “This standard of proof necessarily affects our

review of the evidence.” Id.

“In our legal sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable

to the findings to determine whether the fact-finder reasonably could have formed a firm belief

or conviction that the grounds for termination were proven.” In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 915, 920

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (per

curiam); In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 846 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.)). “We assume

the trial court, acting as fact-finder, resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding, if a reasonable

fact-finder could do so, and disregarded evidence that the fact-finder could have reasonably

disbelieved or the credibility of which reasonably could be doubted.” Id. (citing In re J.P.B., 180

S.W.3d at 573).

“In our review of factual sufficiency, we give due consideration to evidence the trial

court could have reasonably found to be clear and convincing.” Id. (citing In re H.R.M., 209

S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)). “We consider only that evidence the fact-finder

reasonably could have found to be clear and convincing and determine ‘whether the evidence is

such that a fact[-]finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the

. . . allegations.’” Id. (quoting In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108 (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d

5
17, 25 (Tex. 2002))); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264, 266 (Tex. 2002). “If, in light of the

entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor

of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266). “‘[I]n making this determination,’ we must undertake ‘an exacting review of the entire

record with a healthy regard for the constitutional interests at stake.’” Id. (quoting In re A.B.,

437 S.W.3d 498, 503 (Tex. 2014) (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26)). “We also recognize

that the trial court, as the fact-finder, is the sole arbiter of a witness’ demeanor and credibility,

and it may believe all, part, or none of a witness’ testimony.” In re A.M., No. 06-18-00012-CV,

2018 WL 3077784, at *3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana June 22, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing

In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109).

“Despite the profound constitutional interests at stake in a proceeding to terminate

parental rights, ‘the rights of natural parents are not absolute; protection of the child is

paramount.’” In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 920 (quoting In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex.

2003) (quoting In re J.W.T., 872 S.W.2d 189, 195 (Tex. 1994))) (citing In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d

534, 547 (Tex. 2003)). “A child’s emotional and physical interests must not be sacrificed merely

to preserve parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re C.A.J., 459 S.W.3d 175, 179 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26)).

B. Sufficient Evidence Supports the Ground E Finding

In her first issue, Mother asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to

support the trial court’s findings under Grounds D, E, O, and P. “Only one predicate finding

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under Section 161.001[b](1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there is also

a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id. at 923 (quoting In re O.R.F., 417

S.W.3d 24, 37 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. denied) (quoting In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at

362) (citing In re K.W., 335 S.W.3d 767, 769 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.))). Even so,

when the trial court’s findings under Grounds D or E are challenged on appeal, due process

demands that we review the evidence supporting the findings under at least one of those grounds.

See In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 237 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam) (“We hold that due process and

due course of law requirements mandate that an appellate court detail its analysis for an appeal of

termination of parental rights under [S]ection 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) of the Family Code.”).

This is because termination of parental rights under these grounds may implicate the parent’s

parental rights to other children. Id. at 234; see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(M)

(providing as a ground for termination of parental rights that the parent “had his or her parent-

child relationship terminated with respect to another child based on a finding that the parent’s

conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D) or (E)”).

Ground E permits the termination of a parent’s parental rights “if the court finds by clear

and convincing evidence . . . that the parent has . . . engaged in conduct . . . which endangers the

physical or emotional well-being of the child[ren].” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E).

Endanger “means more than a threat of metaphysical injury or potential ill effects of a less-than-

ideal family environment.” In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803. “‘Endanger’ means to expose to

loss or injury; to jeopardize.” Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.

1987); In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 923; In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d 358, 367 (Tex. App.—

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Texarkana 2007, no pet.). “It is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child[ren] or

that the child[ren] actually suffer injury.” In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 923. Under Ground “(E),

it is sufficient that the child[ren]’s well-being is jeopardized or exposed to loss or injury.” Id.

(citing Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 367). “Further, termination under

[Ground] (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission. Instead, a ‘voluntary,

deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required.’” Id. (quoting Perez v.

Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 148 S.W.3d 427, 436 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004,

no pet.) (citing In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, no pet.))); see

Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 366–67.

Ground E “refers only to the parent’s conduct, as evidenced not only by the parent’s acts,

but also by the parent’s omissions or failures to act.” In re S.K., 198 S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied); see In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 366–67. “The conduct to be

examined includes what the parent did both before and after the child was born.” Id. at 902; see

In re N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 367. The endangering conduct may also occur “either before or after

the child[ren]’s removal by the Department.” In re Z.J., No. 02-19-00118-CV, 2019 WL

6205252, at *11 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 21, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Walker

v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 616–17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)).

“‘Because it exposes the child to the possibility that the parent may be impaired or

imprisoned, illegal drug use may support termination under’ Ground E.” In re H.M.J., No. 06-

18-00009-CV, 2018 WL 3028980, at *5 (Tex. App.—Texarkana June 19, 2018, no pet.) (mem.

8
op.) (quoting In re A.L., No. 06-14-00050-CV, 2014 WL 5204888, at *7 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

Oct. 8, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting Walker, 312 S.W.3d at 617)). “Drug use and its effect

on a parent’s life and h[er] ability to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct.” Id.

(quoting In re J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 848 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.) (quoting In re

N.S.G., 235 S.W.3d at 368)); see In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 n.4 (Tex. 2009); In re S.N.,

272 S.W.3d 45, 52 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (“Evidence of illegal drug use or alcohol

abuse by a parent is often cited as conduct which will support an affirmative finding that the

parent has engaged in a course of conduct which has the effect of endangering the child.”). In

our analysis under Ground E, we may also consider a parent’s failure to complete relevant

requirements of a family service plan. In re Z.J., 2019 WL 6205252, at *11; In re U.H.R.,

No. 07-18-00318-CV, 2019 WL 81874, at *5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 2, 2019, no pet.) (mem.

op.).

The evidence at trial established a continued pattern of domestic violence and drug use.

Kimberly Degrasse, an investigator with the Department, testified that the Department received

an intake alleging that Mother and Father engaged in domestic violence, that Father had punched

out a window causing shards of glass to land on a bed near Darren, and that Darren was left on

the bed with the glass because Mother was not paying attention to him. The intake further

alleged that Mother was under the influence of a substance and that there was a strong smell of

marihuana emanating from Mother’s apartment.

At trial, Mother admitted that Amanda and Darren had witnessed incidents of domestic

violence. According to Degrasse, Mother also admitted that Father had punched out the window

9
when he was questioned about the intake. The children’s grandmother testified that Mother and

Father were constantly arguing and bickering. Their great-grandmother testified that Mother and

Father would “scream and holler and call each other names and say degrading things to each

other,” and she believed that Mother and Father should not be left alone with the children until

their behavior improved. Degrasse said that there had been additional incidents of domestic

violence since the initial intake and added that Mother had shown her “numerous bruises,

including bruises on her shoulder, arm, wrist, and hands.” Even so, Mother testified that she

intended to continue living with Father and wanted to remain married to him.

Mother also admitted that she was a drug addict. The Department’s petition in this case

was filed in October 2020 after Darren tested positive for methamphetamine. Dawn Hahn, a

laboratory director at Quest Diagnostics, testified that Mother and Father both had tested positive

for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and marihuana metabolite in November 2020 and February

2021. According to Hahn, Mother also tested positive for the same drugs in March, and Father

tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine in July.

According to Shandra Newill, the Department’s conservatorship caseworker, Mother and

Father “tested positive after receiving extensive services.” At the December 29, 2021, trial,

Mother admitted that she relapsed after going to rehabilitation and that she used drugs in

September. Newill testified that Mother failed to complete a drug test on October 21, 2021, and

both Mother and Father failed to complete drug tests requested on November 23, December 1,

and December 9, 2021. Newill testified that Father was arrested in November and again in

December and that both Father and Mother, who were still married, were living together in

10
Father’s parents’ home. In the middle of Mother’s testimony, the trial court continued the trial

until February 21, 2022. Newill requested that Mother and Father take a drug test on

December 30, 2021, but testified that they failed to complete it. By that time, the record showed,

Mother was facing a pending drug charge.

At the continued February 2022 trial, Mother admitted that she had been arrested for

fraudulent use or possession of identifying information. Mother also admitted that there had

been a fresh incident of domestic violence but stated that she had called the police and obtained a

no-contact order against Father, who was still incarcerated. Mother testified that she was injured

during the incident, had bled profusely, and was afraid of Father. Even so, Mother was still

living with Father’s parents and wearing her wedding ring, and she did not definitively answer

whether she would divorce Father but instead said, “[T]he answer that I’m going to give for that

is that at this point, this day in time, given for my kids, I’m going to have to let him go.”

While Mother had made progress on many aspects of her family service plan, Newill

testified that Mother had not yet successfully completed the court-ordered drug treatment

program. Tina Huseth, a licensed chemical dependency counselor, testified that Mother was also

unable to complete “individual counseling due to the fact of the ongoing substance use and

exposure to domestic violence” and was unsuccessfully discharged from Huseth’s services.

Huseth said that Mother had reported that Father had taken all her money and clothes, that she

had no food, and that she was afraid that Father would kill her. Huseth was also concerned that

Mother and Father associated with unsavory individuals that presented a concern for the safety of

the children. According to Huseth, Mother was unable to demonstrate that she could protect

11
herself or the children, and Mother said that Father had even “showed up with a gun at one

point.”

Mother admitted at trial that she was unemployed, and Newill testified that neither parent

could provide for the children financially or maintain stable housing. Because of their ongoing,

unaddressed problems, witnesses from the Department and Tara Peck, the Court Appointed

Special Advocate (CASA) supervisor, testified that termination of Mother’s and Father’s

parental rights was in the children’s best interests.

“A parent’s failure to remain drug-free while under the Department’s supervision will

support a finding of endangering conduct under [Ground] (E) even if there is no direct evidence

that the parent’s drug use actually injured the child.” In re H.M.J., 2018 WL 3028980, at *5

(quoting In re J.A.W., No. 02-08-215-CV, 2009 WL 579287, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

Mar. 5, 2009, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (citing Vasquez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective &

Regulatory Servs., 190 S.W.3d 189, 196 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied)).

From the above-recited evidence, we conclude that the record firmly established that Mother’s

continued drug use and returned exposure to Father despite his drug use and domestic violence,

which the children had witnessed in the past, constituted a course of conduct that endangered the

children’s physical and emotional well-being. As a result, we find that legally and factually

sufficient evidence supported the trial court’s finding under Ground E.

Since there was sufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s finding under Ground E,

we need not review its findings under Grounds D, O, and P. See J.T. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family &

Protective Servs., No. 03-21-00070-CV, 2021 WL 2672055, at *9 (Tex. App.—Austin June 30,

12
2021, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re M.F., No. 14-19-00964-CV, 2020 WL 2832166, at *8 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 28, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.). We overrule Mother’s first

point of error.

II. Sufficient Evidence Supports the Trial Court’s Best-Interest Finding

Next, Mother argues that legally and factually sufficient evidence fails to support the trial

court’s finding that termination of her parental rights was in Amanda and Darren’s best interests.

Because we disagree with Mother, we overrule her last point of error.

A. Standard of Review

“There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best

interest.” In re J.A.S., Jr., No. 13-12-00612-CV, 2013 WL 782692, at *7 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi Feb. 28, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex.

2006) (per curiam)). “Termination ‘can never be justified without the most solid and substantial

reasons.’” In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 822 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.) (quoting

Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex. 1976)).

In determining the best interests of the child, courts consider the following Holley factors:

(1) the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now
and in the future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in
the future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the
programs available to assist these individuals, (6) the plans for the child by these
individuals, (7) the stability of the home, (8) the acts or omissions of the parent
that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and
(9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Id. at 818–19 (citing Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976)); see In re E.N.C.,

384 S.W.3d 796, 807 (Tex. 2012); see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b).

13
 The Department is not required to present proof of each Holley factor. In re M.C., 482

S.W.3d 675, 688 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2016, pet. denied) (citing In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27).

“When considering the child[ren]’s best interest[s], we may take into account that a parent is

unable to provide adequate care for [her] child[ren], lacks parenting skills, or exercises poor

judgment.” Id. (citing In re C.A.J., 122 S.W.3d 888, 893 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no

pet.)). “Parental drug abuse, which reflects poor judgment, is also a factor that may be

considered when determining the child[ren]’s best interest[s].” Id. (citing In re M.R., 243

S.W.3d 807, 820 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.)). The parent’s “past performance as a

parent [is] relevant in determining the child[ren]’s best interest[s].” Id. (citing In re C.H., 89

S.W.3d at 28). Further, we may consider evidence used to support the grounds for termination of

parental rights in the best-interest analysis. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28.

B. Analysis of the Holley Factors

As for the first Holley factor, Amanda was four years old and Darren was three years old

at trial, and there was no evidence of their express desires. Even so, Newill testified that Mother

regularly visited with the children, who seemed happy to see her. Mother testified that she and

the children loved each other, and the children’s grandmother testified that Amanda and Darren

had a strong bond with Mother, who was attentive and loving. Given this evidence, “[w]e find

that the first Holley factor weighs against termination” of Mother’s parental rights. See In re

Z.M., 456 S.W.3d 677, 689 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing In re E.N.C., 384

S.W.3d at 808).

14
 As for the second Holley factor, Mother admitted that Amanda and Darren had witnessed

domestic violence between Mother and Father, and Newill testified that the children “do exhibit

behaviors of children that have been exposed to domestic violence.” Both Newill and Megan

Bourgeois, the CASAs, testified that the children were suffering from “emotional problems” and

required counseling. Kara Jenkins, the children’s foster mother, discussed the children’s

counseling and said that they exhibited anger, sensitivity, and irritability after visits with Mother.

This testimony established that the needs of Mother’s young children were great. Yet, given

Mother’s drug use, unemployment, and testimony that she planned to either live with Father’s

parents, where she could potentially be exposed to further domestic violence, or in a women’s

center, sufficient evidence supported the finding that Mother was unable to provide for

Amanda’s and Darren’s physical or emotional needs. See In re Z.M., 456 S.W.3d at 689 (“A

parent who lacks stability, income, and a home is unable to provide for a child’s emotional and

physical needs.”) (quoting In re J.T.G., No. 14-10-00972-CV, 2012 WL 171012, at *17 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 19, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.)).3 We find that the second

Holley factor weighs in favor of termination of Mother’s parental rights.

As to the third, fourth, and fifth Holley factors, “[e]vidence of past misconduct or neglect

can be used to measure a parent’s future conduct.” Id. (quoting In re I.R.K.-N., No. 10-13-

00455-CV, 2014 WL 2069281, at *7 (Tex. App.—Waco May 15, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(citing Williams v. Williams, 150 S.W.3d 436, 451 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied); Ray v.

Burns, 832 S.W.2d 431, 435 (Tex. App.—Waco 1992, no writ) (“Past is often prologue.”)).

3
Bourgeois testified that neither Mother nor Father had a stable income or home.
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While under her care, the children were exposed to domestic violence, and Darren tested positive

for methamphetamine, either as a result of Mother’s drug use or her failure to protect the child

from exposure to Father’s drug use. While the Department provided Mother with services and

programs designed to assist Mother, the record showed that they had limited to no impact on

Mother’s behavior. Huseth testified that Mother and Father had completed anger management

and surviving domestic violence counseling, but the record showed that Mother continued living

with Father after the pendency of the case despite repeated acts of domestic violence. Degrasse

testified that Mother “did not seem to understand the dangers and the risk that she was putting

the children in.” Although Mother and Father had completed parenting classes, Bourgeois was

concerned with Mother’s interactions with the children because Mother would “be doing tasks,

like setting out food or . . . pulling something up on her phone instead of actually getting down

and engaging with her kids.” Most importantly, even after attending rehab, Mother relapsed and

was facing a pending drug charge. Because she was unable to maintain sobriety and would be

unable to protect herself from Father, Huseth, Newill, and Bourgeois all testified that Mother still

presented a threat to the physical and emotional well-being of the children and would be unable

to provide them with a safe environment. We find that the third, fourth, and fifth Holley factors

weigh in favor of termination of Mother’s parental rights.

As for the sixth and seventh Holley factors, Bourgeois testified that the children were

placed with foster parents who provided a safe, stable, and loving environment for them.

Jenkins, the children’s foster mother, testified that Amanda and Darren had bonded with the

foster family, discussed their daily routine, and said that they were attending a daycare with an

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emphasis on early education. Jenkins testified that they were “invested in the long term” and had

discussed the possibility of adopting the children. Mother either planned to remain in Father’s

parent’s home or would go to a women’s center. Because Mother was exposed to Father’s

domestic violence in his parent’s home, it was not considered to be a stable environment.

Although Mother said that she could obtain “six months of transitional housing,” Mother’s plan

for the children after that was unclear. We find that the sixth and seventh Holley factors weigh

in favor of termination of Mother’s parental rights.

As for the remaining eighth and ninth factors, Mother’s acts and omissions discussed

above, including her continued drug use, indicated that the existing parent-child relationship was

not appropriate. Although Mother initially claimed that she failed to drug test due to a lack of

transportation, she later acknowledged that she could have taken the bus to the drug testing

facility. There was no excuse for Mother’s positive drug tests during the pendency of the case.

Considering the Holley factors, and in light of all of the evidence, the trial court could

have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights

was in Amanda’s and Darren’s best interests. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence was

sufficient to support the best-interest finding and overrule Mother’s last point of error.

III. Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Scott E. Stevens
Justice
Date Submitted: August 3, 2022
Date Decided: August 19, 2022
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