National Labor Relations Board v. U.S. Postal Service

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
FILED
No. 07-14951 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Non-Argument Calendar May 2, 2008
________________________ THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
Agency No. 15-CA-17506(P)

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,

Petitioner,

versus

U.S. POSTAL SERVICE,

Respondent.

________________________

Application for Enforcement of an Order of
the National Labor Relations Board
________________________

(May 2, 2008)

Before TJOFLAT, PRYOR and COX, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

This case comes to us on Application for Enforcement of an Order of the

National Labor Relations Board (“the Board”). The Respondent, the United States
Postal Service (“USPS”), argues that the statement by one of its supervisor-

employees, Bobby Powers, which formed the basis of the Board’s complaint, is

protected by the Petition and Speech Clauses of the First Amendment. The USPS also

argues that Powers was speaking as a citizen and not as an agent of the USPS. We

reject these arguments and enforce the order.

Bobby Cline, a USPS employee, filed an unfair labor practice charge against

Powers, his supervisor, for interfering with union activity in violation of the National

Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”) § 7, 29 U.S.C. § 157. Upon receiving a copy of the

charge, Powers telephoned Cline during a work day to discuss the charge with him.

After Cline informed Powers of the basis for the charge, Powers began to yell at

Cline. According to the Board’s decision and order, Powers told Cline that he was

going to be sorry for filing the charge, that Cline “had better get a good attorney,

because he was going to sue,” and that he, Powers, “already had a good attorney.”

After making this statement, Powers slammed the phone down. (R.3-7 at 1; Cline, 350

N.L.R.B. No. 12, at 1 (2007).)

The Board, construing Powers’s statements as a threat of retaliation against

Cline for engaging in protected activity, filed an unfair labor practice complaint

against the USPS under the NLRA § 8(a)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). Section 8(a)(1)

of the NLRA makes it an “unfair labor practice for an employer . . . to interfere with,

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restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in [section 7].”

Therefore an employer violates section 8(a)(1) when he threatens an employee with

retaliation for engaging in protected activity. NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S.

575, 617-19, 89 S. Ct. 1918, 1941-43 (1969).

The case was assigned to an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”), who

determined that Powers was speaking in his role as supervisor, and consequently, was

an agent of the USPS. The ALJ then determined that by threatening Cline with

unspecified reprisals and a lawsuit, the USPS (through Powers) had engaged in an

unfair labor practice in violation of section 8(a)(1). A three-member panel of the

Board upheld the ALJ’s rulings, findings, and conclusions of law, and later denied

the USPS’s motion for reconsideration.

As an initial matter, we defer to the Board’s finding that Powers was speaking

as an agent of the USPS. The Board applies common law rules of agency to determine

when an employee is speaking on behalf of his employer. See Cooper Hand Tools,

328 N.L.R.B. 145, 145 (1999). Although this determination involves a question of

law, the Supreme Court has instructed that courts of appeals should give due

deference to the Board’s choice between “two fairly conflicting views” on the

question of agency. NLRB v. United Ins. Co. of Am., 390 U.S. 254, 260, 88 S. Ct. 988,

991-92 (1968). The record contains substantial evidence supporting the Board’s

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determination that Powers was speaking as an agent of the USPS. Therefore, we give

deference to and affirm that determination.

We now turn to the USPS’s arguments that Powers’s statements are protected

from section 8(a)(1) prosecution by the Petition and Speech Clauses. The thrust of its

arguments is that the Board erred in holding that Powers’s “genuine” and

“unconsummated” threat to sue is not shielded from unfair labor practice liability

simply because Powers never filed a lawsuit. See USPS Br. at 11 (“One matter before

this Court concerns whether the Act, as the NLRB has determined it can, may reach

and find illegal a threat to sue . . . that did not culminate in an actual lawsuit.”); id.

at 18 (advocating an interpretation of the NLRA “that does not find an

unconsummated threat to sue violative”) (alteration to original).

Although two members of the Board did rely “most significantly” on the fact

that Powers never filed a lawsuit,1 the evidence supports the Board’s conclusion that

Powers’s statements constituted a threat of retaliation and were not made incident to

contemplated litigation.2 And, “[t]he findings of the Board with respect to questions

1
Chairman Battista did not rely principally on the fact that Powers did not file a lawsuit
in agreeing that Powers’s statements were retaliatory. (R.3-7 at 2 n.4; Cline, 350 N.L.R.B. No. 12,
at 2 n.4.)
2
We acknowledge the authority explaining that “an administrative order cannot be
upheld unless the grounds upon which the agency acted in exercising its powers were those upon
which its action can be sustained.” SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U. S. 80, 95, 63 S. Ct. 454, 462,
(1943). In other words, “a reviewing court, in dealing with a determination or judgment which an

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of fact if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole shall

be conclusive.” 29 U.S.C. § 160(e). Cline reasonably could have believed that

Powers’s admonition that Cline would be sorry, followed by his threat to sue,

amounted to a threat of retaliation for Cline filing a labor charge. While the Board

assumed that principles announced in BE & K Construction Co. v. NLRB, 536 U.S.

516, 122 S. Ct. 2390 (2002), extended Petition Clause protection to unconsummated

threats to sue, we need not assume as much because the evidence shows that Powers’s

statements were retaliatory even apart from his decision not to file a lawsuit. “So long

as the Board has made a plausible inference from the record evidence, we will not

overturn its determinations . . . .” Cooper/T. Smith, Inc. v. NLRB, 177 F.3d 1259,

1261 (11th Cir. 1999) (citing Int’l Bd. of Boilermakers v. NLRB, 127 F.3d 1300, 1306

(11th Cir. 1997)).

And, because an employer’s threat of retaliation against an employee for

engaging in protected conduct violates section 8(a)(1), Powers’s statements do not

enjoy Speech Clause immunity. The Supreme Court has made clear that illegal speech

administrative agency alone is authorized to make, must judge the propriety of such action solely by
the grounds invoked by the agency.” K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 14.29 (2d ed. 1980).
Our decision today does not rely on grounds different from those invoked by the Board. The Board
did not rely solely on the fact that Powers did not file a lawsuit, and substantial evidence clearly
supports its decision that Powers’s “threat to sue Cline was not preliminary to, or intertwined with,
protected litigation or petitioning activity.” (R.3-7 at 2; Cline, 350 N.L.R.B. No. 12, at 2.)

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is not protected under the First Amendment. See Gissel Packing Co., 395 U.S. at 618,

89 S. Ct. at 1942 (an employer’s “threat of retaliation based on misrepresentation and

coercion . . . [is] without the protection of the First Amendment”). The USPS spends

considerable time arguing that a threat to sue made in the labor context may enjoy

First Amendment protection. We need not address the extent of First Amendment

protection available to such threats, because we have determined that Powers’s threat

to sue, coupled with the unspecified reprisal, was retaliatory in nature, and thus,

illegal under the NLRA.

ORDER ENFORCED.

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