NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NOS. A-0863-20
A-0803-21
IN THE MATTER OF THE
ESTATE OF JOSEPH
KRIVULKA, Deceased.
________________________
Argued January 26, 2022 – Decided August 26, 2022
Before Judges Hoffman, Geiger and Susswein.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. P-
000262-20, and interlocutory orders of the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Monmouth
County, Docket No. P-000159-21.
Lita Beth Wright argued the cause for appellant Angela
L. Krivulka (Amini LLC, and Rivkin Radler, LLP,
attorneys; Jenna Z. Gabay, of counsel and on the briefs;
Lita Beth Wright, on the briefs).
Jeffrey J. Wild argued the cause for respondent Michael
J. Lerner in A-0863-20 (Lowenstein Sandler, LLP,
attorneys; Jeffrey J. Wild, of counsel and on the brief;
Sarah Scott, on the brief).
Ronald L. Israel argued the cause for respondent
Harriet Derman in A-0863-20 (Chiesa Shahinian &
Giantomasi, PC, attorneys; Ronald L. Israel, on the
brief).
Jeffrey J. Wild and Ronald L. Israel argued the cause
for respondents Michael J. Lerner and Harriet Derman
in A-0803-21 (Lowenstein Sandler, LLP, and Chiesa
Shahinian & Giantomasi, PC, attorneys; Jeffrey J. Wild
and Ronald L. Israel, on the joint brief).
Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, PC, attorneys
for respondents Hannah Krivulka and Preston Krivulka
in A-0803-21, join in the joint brief of respondents
Michael J. Lerner and Harriet Derman.
Philip B. Vinick, attorney for respondent Erin Krivulka
in A-0803-21, joins in the joint brief of respondents
Michael J. Lerner and Harriet Derman.
PER CURIAM
Appellant Angela Krivulka 1 (Mrs. Krivulka), individually and as co-
executor of the Estate of her late husband, Joseph Krivulka (Mr. Krivulka),
appeals from the October 23, 2020 Probate Part order denying her motion to
disqualify her former counsel, Lowenstein Sandler LLP (Lowenstein), from
representing respondent Michael Lerner, Esq. as co-executor of the Estate. Mrs.
Krivulka sought disqualification based on Lowenstein's alleged violation of
Rule of Professional Conduct (RPC) 1.9(a), which prohibits a lawyer, who has
1
For ease of reference, we refer to Angela Krivulka as Mrs. Krivulka, Joseph
Krivulka as Mr. Krivulka, and his estate as the Estate.
A-0863-20
2
represented a client in a matter, from representing another client with materially
adverse interests to the former client in the same or a substantially related matter,
"unless the former client gives informed consent confirmed in writing."
By leave granted, Mrs. Krivulka also appeals from September 3, 2021
Probate Part orders that removed her as co-executor, denied her motion to
compel net income distributions, and denied a second motion to disqualify
Lowenstein. On November 18, 2021, we consolidated both appeals.
After careful review of the record, we affirm the removal of Mrs. Krivulka
as co-executor and the denial of her motion to compel net income distributions;
however, we reverse the October 23, 2020 order denying Mrs. Krivulka's motion
to disqualify Lowenstein from representing Lerner as co-executor of the Estate.
I.
We discern the following facts from the record. Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka
married in 2005 and remained married until Mr. Krivulka's death in 2018. Mrs.
Krivulka has two sons from a prior marriage. Mr. Krivulka had three children
from prior relationships.
Lerner, an attorney and partner with Lowenstein, chairs the firm's Life
Sciences Group. Mr. Krivulka, who served as president of multiple
pharmaceutical businesses, retained Lerner and Lowenstein to handle numerous
A-0863-20
3
complex matters for him and his companies over the years. In addition,
Lowenstein served as personal counsel for Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka, in addition
to counseling businesses owned and controlled by them.
In 2009, Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka retained Lowenstein to represent them,
jointly, for estate planning purposes. Lowenstein proceeded to prepare their
wills and related estate planning documents, including multiple trusts, powers
of attorney, and advance health care directives. In Mrs. Krivulka's estate
planning instruments, she named Lerner, her "attorney and friend," as a
successor executor, trustee, attorney-in-fact, and health care proxy to her
husband. In addition to estate planning, Lowenstein also represented Mrs.
Krivulka and her children in other matters, including the acquisition of a
spa/salon business.
On August 19, 2009, Mr. Krivulka executed a will, naming Mrs. Krivulka
and Lerner co-executors of his Estate. Significantly, the will also empowered
Lerner "to appoint any combination of one or more individuals or financial
institutions to serve as co-executors along with him at any time . . . ." The will
did not empower Mrs. Krivulka to appoint any co-executors.
After Mr. Krivulka died on February 17, 2018, Mrs. Krivulka and Lerner
initially retained Lowenstein to represent them as co-executors of the estate. In
A-0863-20
4
an engagement letter dated March 19, 2018, Lowenstein partner John L. Berger
stated the firm would "render the legal services you require in administering the
Estate. This includes advising you on legal aspects of your fiduciary
responsibilities and preparing needed documents. (e.g., probate papers, federal
Estate Tax Return, New Jersey Inheritance Tax Return, and documents
effectuating interim and final distributions)."
The engagement letter also discussed the risks of joint representation and
stated that Mrs. Krivulka and Lerner waived any conflict of interest arising from
the joint representation:
Both of you desire to have our firm represent you
jointly. Based on the facts currently known to us, we
believe we may represent you jointly in connection with
this matter. However, the Rules of Professional
Conduct provide that in a circumstance in which the
representation of one client might be affected by the
joint representation of that client and another client, we
must obtain informed written consent to such joint
representation from all of the clients after full
consultation and disclosure. Joint representation may
be cost-efficient as it may avoid the duplication of
effort and expense likely to result if each client has a
separate attorney.
There are certain risks associated with the joint
representation of clients. Our communications with
both of you, and all information provided by both of
you, shall not be privileged as to the other. Such
communications and information may be shared by us
with both of you, and both of you shall have the right
A-0863-20
5
to have access to such communications and other
information. The attorney-client privilege does remain
intact as to third parties and, thus, third parties will not
have access to our communications with either of you
without your consent.
In the event that a conflict of interest arises
between you, we may be forced to withdraw as counsel
to one or both of you. In such event, one or both of you
would be required to obtain new counsel with the likely
duplication of expense that arises from engaging new
counsel.
Both of you, by your acceptance of this
agreement, hereby waive any conflict of interest that
may exist or arise by virtue of our firm's joint
representation of you.
The engagement letter also included an "Advance Waiver of Conflicts on
Unrelated Matters":
Please understand that our firm represents many
other clients. The firm will not represent a person who
is adverse to either of you in a matter that is the same
or substantially related to a matter in which the firm
represents you. We will also at all times honor our
ethical obligation to maintain the confidentiality of
information relating to our representation of you.
However, some of our current or future clients may
have matters, including transactional, bankruptcy or
litigation matters, adverse to you. Therefore, we ask
that you waive any conflict of interest arising from our
representation of a person who is adverse to any or all
of you in a matter not the same or substantially related
to our representation of you. The attorneys working on
matters for you would be screened from working on any
such adverse matters. This advance waiver by you only
A-0863-20
6
applies to conflicts of interest arising after the date of
this letter, and therefore pertains to facts and
circumstances not currently known. By your execution
of this letter, both of you hereby waive any conflict of
interest that could be asserted with respect to any
adverse representation described in this paragraph.
Within two weeks of signing the engagement letter, Mrs. Krivulka wrote
to Berger, expressing "great concern regarding the handling of the Estate" and
conflicts of interest arising from Lerner's relationship with Lowenstein. In an
email sent on April 2, 2018, Mrs. Krivulka identified some of these conflicts:
Lerner "being a partner at Lowenstein and involved in many of Joe's company
transactions, from contracts to personal investment or shareholding," the
disposition of which would profit Lerner; "[t]he limited amount of information
provided to me, as wife, co-executor and beneficiary"; Lerner failing to
complete documents providing for the succession of all of Mr. Krivulka's
business entities despite receiving his instruction sixty days before his death;
Lerner alone deciding how to proceed with those businesses rather than
appointing "an unbiased, financial expert"; Lerner alone going through Mr.
Krivulka's personal items; and Lerner sharing Mr. Krivulka's "e-mails and
conversations with various employees of my husband" and "disparag[ing] me
and my intelligence to them." For these reasons, Mrs. Krivulka advised, "I
A-0863-20
7
believe that it is prudent to engage the legal counsel of my own estate attorney
to assure that the conflicts that I perceive to be taking place do not progress."
On June 7, 2018, Lerner sent a letter to Mrs. Krivulka's son, who managed
three of Mr. Krivulka's business entities now part of the estate, stating
Lowenstein "has determined that it should withdraw as counsel to" the three
businesses in connection to a proposed sale, effective that date. Mrs. Krivulka
was copied on the letter. In the letter, Lerner explained Lowenstein withdrew
from representation in this transaction "because of my appointment as [c]o-
[e]xecutor of the Estate . . . and because I also am a partner with Lowenstein
and a member of Mist Partners," one of the three businesses involved in the
sale.2
In July 2018, Mrs. Krivulka discharged Lowenstein from representing her
in her capacity as co-executor and obtained new counsel. Mrs. Krivulka again
sought and obtained new counsel in December 2019.
On July 24, 2020, Mrs. Krivulka filed a complaint in Arizona state court
(the Arizona Lawsuit) against Lerner in his capacity as co-executor of the estate,
2
The letter references "the proposed sale transaction with IBSA related to
Tirosint." In Mrs. Krivulka's April 2, 2018 email raising her concerns about
conflicts of interest, she specifically noted that Lerner "is very focused on the
sale of Tirosint because he stands to earn a significant amount of money."
A-0863-20
8
seeking a declaratory judgment that "the vast majority (if not the entirety) of
[the] total assets" of Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka "were community property." Mrs.
Krivulka alleged that Lerner converted property that belonged to Mrs. Krivulka
by managing the Estate such that her marital community property was classified
as Mr. Krivulka's separate property. One week later, on July 31, 2020, Mrs.
Krivulka, in both her individual capacity and capacity as co-executor of the
estate, filed a separate complaint against Lerner and Lowenstein in federal court
in New Jersey, alleging legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty. In her
complaint, she alleged that Lerner and Lowenstein failed to advise her of
information critical to her own estate planning and failed to complete revisions
to the Mr. Krivulka's estate plan, pursuant to his instructions.
The gravamen of these two actions was Lowenstein's representation of
both Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka regarding their estate planning. Mrs. Krivulka's
malpractice complaint highlighted a March 8, 2016 memorandum (the March
2016 Memorandum) – with the subject line, "Estate Planning Summary" – sent
to Mr. Krivulka by Berger. The email transmitting this memorandum, stated:
Hi Joe. Attached for Angela and you is a summary of
our estate planning meeting, supplemented with
information regarding a possible move from New
Jersey to Arizona. I'd like to discuss that issue in
greater detail, as it could have a meaningful impact on
A-0863-20
9
your planning. Let's set a time to discuss when it is
convenient for you. Best regards, John[.]
While the attached March 2016 Memorandum was addressed to Mr. and Mrs.
Krivulka, and listed Lerner and Tim Soule (an employee of Mr. Krivulka) as
receiving copies, Mrs. Krivulka certified that she never saw the email or the
memorandum until she discovered it after Mr. Krivulka's death.
The memorandum included the following relevant passages:
It was a pleasure meeting Joe and Tim at our
recent estate planning meeting. I've summarized below
the major issues discussed at that meeting. As we
discussed at the meeting, I also reviewed the tax laws
in Arizona as it relates to both income taxes and estate
taxes, and that information also is summarized below.
Of particular importance, I learned that Arizona is a so-
called "community property" state; that fact could have
a significant bearing on your planning, and merits
further discussion.
....
Changing Domicile: We discussed the possibility
that you might move from New Jersey to Arizona. Joe
asked me to explore the tax consequences of such a
move. Arizona's top marginal income tax bracket is
4.54%, or approximately one-half of New Jersey's
8.97% top bracket. Moreover, Arizona, unlike New
Jersey, does not have an estate tax. Thus, from a tax
standpoint, Arizona clearly is a more advantageous
state in which to be domiciled.
One potentially complicating factor is that
Arizona is a so-called "community property" state. As
A-0863-20
10
a general rule, community property jurisdictions treat
property acquired during the marriage as being owned
one-half by each spouse. This has both estate planning
implications (each spouse could give away their half of
the property) and non-estate planning implications
(both re: control of the property during marriage and
division of the property if you were to divorce). It
means your current estate plan, which is designed to
account for New Jersey's elective share statute, likely
would need to be substantially modified. I suggest we
set up a call to discuss this issue further. Once we
speak, I can send you the "change of domicile" memo
we discussed, if appropriate.
The March 2016 Memorandum also specifically requested for Mrs. Krivulka to
address certain issues regarding advance health care directives, power of
attorney, and gift tax returns. Despite Berger addressing the March 2016
Memorandum to both Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka, the record contains no evidence
that Berger, nor anyone else at Lowenstein, ever sent Mrs. Krivulka the March
2016 Memorandum or discussed its contents with her. Nor did Lowenstein
dispute Mrs. Krivulka's contention that she never learned of the email or the
March 2016 Memorandum until after Mr. Krivulka's death.
According to Mrs. Krivulka, she and Mr. Krivulka "decided to move to
Arizona and we bought our first home there in 2008. We moved into the house
in 2009 and it became our primary residence." She acknowledged that "certain
items such as our driver's licenses and voter registrations were not updated to
A-0863-20
11
reflect the change. While Joseph was still alive, no one discussed with me the
possible legal significance of this." However, she certified that "[o]ther items
were changed," including, for example, Joseph's responses to a Juror Online
Questionnaire from April 2017 in which he stated he was not a resident of
Monmouth County, New Jersey and the reason for not serving as a juror was
"NO LONGER NJ RESIDENT; home for sale. Residing in Arizona."
The following paragraphs from Mrs. Krivulka's federal court complaint
provide further details of the Krivulkas' alleged move to Arizona:
23. At the time of their marriage, the Krivulkas were
New Jersey citizens. In 2006, they moved into a home
in Holmdel, New Jersey that was titled in Mrs.
Krivulka's name only.
24. In March 2008, the Krivulkas purchased their first
home in Arizona, and took title as community property
with rights of survivorship with the intention of making
it their permanent home and domicile.
25. In April 2008, Mr. Krivulka opened bank accounts
at JP Morgan Chase's Carefree, Arizona branch. Mr.
Krivulka also established investment accounts with
Morgan Stanley in Scottsdale, Arizona which were
managed by Private Wealth Advisors in the Scottsdale
branch.
26. After the Krivulkas changed their residence and
domicile to Arizona, they also registered the majority
of their motor vehicles in Arizona.
A-0863-20
12
27. The Krivulkas purchased and moved into their
second Arizona residence in 2011, continuing to make
Arizona their permanent home and domicile.
28. As with their first Arizona residence, the Krivulkas
took title to their second Arizona residence as
community property with rights of survivorship.
29. And, in 2015 when they purchased an airplane, it
was registered and hangered in Arizona.
In the federal court action, Mrs. Krivulka alleged that Lowenstein's
nondisclosure of the March 8, 2016 Memorandum amounted to malpractice and
breach of duty because the firm failed to advise her, the firm's client, that estate
planning as an Arizona resident would benefit her. Mrs. Krivulka further alleged
that Lowenstein misled her and mishandled the Estate by directing her to list
Mr. Krivulka's New Jersey address on his death certificate, rather than his
Arizona address, without explaining the implications on the Estate.
Additionally, Mrs. Krivulka claimed that Lowenstein presented the March 2018
"engagement letter to her for signature during the Arizona meeting as a fait
accompli," without discussing "any issues or conflicts that existed at the time or
that might arise from Lowenstein's joint representation of both of them, or, for
that matter, any of the substance of the engagement letter."
On July 30, 2021, the United States District Court for the District of New
Jersey dismissed Mrs. Krivulka's federal court action against Lerner and
A-0863-20
13
Lowenstein for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Krivulka v. Lerner, No. 2:20-
cv-09724, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 142470, at *15-16 (D.N.J. July 30, 2021).
Specifically, the court found diversity jurisdiction did not exist because Mr.
Krivulka, Lerner, and Lowenstein were all domiciled in New Jersey, and thus
the complete diversity requirement was not satisfied. Ibid.
Mrs. Krivulka's Arizona Lawsuit, however, survived a motion to dismiss
filed by Lerner and proceeded to discovery. Krivulka v. Lerner, Case No.
CV2020 008668, (Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County). At this time,
the Arizona case appears to remain open. 3
Between Mrs. Krivulka filing her Arizona complaint on July 24, 2020, and
her federal court complaint on July 30, 2020, Lerner exercised his power under
Mr. Krivulka's Will to appoint a third co-executor, selecting Harriet Derman, a
former Chancery Division and Probate Part judge. On August 12, 2020, Derman
filed a complaint in the Monmouth County Probate Part, seeking "confirmation
by the [c]ourt, pursuant to R[ule] 4:95-2,4 that any majority (here, two out of
3
Judicial Branch of Arizona, Maricopa County, Case No. CV2020-008668:
http://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov/docket/CivilCourtCases/caseInfo.asp?
Case Number (last visited August 22, 2022).
4
Rule 4:95-2 provides, "A summary action pursuant to R. 4:83 may be brought
by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees for instructions as to the
A-0863-20
14
three) of the [c]o-[e]xecutors may authorize and direct the use of funds or other
assets of the Estate to pay any administration expenses of the Estate deemed
appropriate by a majority of the [c]o-[e]xecutors." Additionally, Derman
requested the probate judge enter an order to show cause granting interim relief,
including authorizing any majority of the co-executors to authorize and direct
the use of funds or other assets of the Estate to pay fees to defense counsel in
Mrs. Krivulka's Arizona Lawsuit against the Estate, an accounting firm that did
work for the Estate, and Derman's lawyers. Lerner joined Derman in making
this request.
In September 2020, Lerner moved to dismiss or stay the Arizona Lawsuit,
attaching in support of the motion a version of the March 2016 Memorandum
from Lowenstein's files that appears to be annotated with Mr. Krivulka's
handwriting. Based on one of Mr. Krivulka's handwritten notes on that
document, Lerner argued that Mr. Krivulka had instructed Lowenstein to ignore
his living in Arizona in favor of keeping his "residence" in New Jersey.
On October 7, 2020, Mrs. Krivulka answered Derman's complaint; on the
same date, she also filed a motion to disqualify Lowenstein from further
exercise of any of their statutory powers as well as for advice and directions in
making distributions from the estate."
A-0863-20
15
representation of Lerner in connection with the administration of the Estate. At
oral argument on the motion, Mrs. Krivulka argued the probate judge should
disqualify Lowenstein from representing Lerner because the firm "is now
advancing and advocating positions on behalf of Mr. Lerner, its current client,
which are materially and diametrically adverse" to her interests regarding the
Estate and "the assets of her late husband." Mrs. Krivulka asserted that
Lowenstein taking these positions is impermissible because she "never gave an
informed consent" to such "adverse representation of Mr. Lerner." Mrs.
Krivulka further argued that in other cases, "courts have not hesitated to
disqualify counsel who have been participating for two, three years when"
required by the RPCs; in addition, she argued that disqualification would not
cause "any meaningful prejudice" to Lerner because the Estate is not so
complicated that new counsel could not "get up to speed" in a short time, as co -
executor Derman had done.
After hearing argument, the probate judge denied Mrs. Krivulka's
disqualification motion, explaining that such a remedy should be used "sparingly
and with great discretion . . . and applications for disqualifications should be
reviewed by a court with a really high standard of proof." The judge added, "if
there is a clear confliction of interest, obviously under RPC 1.9(a), the [c]ourt
A-0863-20
16
should order a disqualification"; however, the judge did not "really see [such a
conflict] here." The judge found no conflict of interest, "in light of the retainer
agreement," which the judge stated "anticipated this very circumstance. That
was the letter that [Mrs. Krivulka] agreed to." Moreover, the judge noted, "even
if there was a conflict, . . . in light of [Mrs. Krivulka's] limited interaction with
Lowenstein, in light of the fact that . . . Lowenstein was communicating with
her husband, Joseph, primarily, which is apparently acknowledged," the judge
did not find "any circumstance [where] confidential information [was]
exchanged."
Additionally, the judge stated he was "extraordinarily concerned with
what is alleged to be a conflict that has existed for literally years," noting that
Mrs. Krivulka "raised an issue in April of 2018," when she questioned the
engagement letter, but then "proceeded to be represented for years by the law
firm of Cravath Swain and Moore" and "[n]ever raised any issues with reference
to a conflict on behalf of the Lowenstein firm for two-and-a-half years." The
judge further noted that Mrs. Krivulka, as co-executor, "approved disbursements
of significant legal fees . . . to Lowenstein[,] [s]o she knew of Lowenstein's
representation." Citing Alexander v. Primerica Holdings, Inc., 722 F. Supp.
1099 (D.N.J. 1993), the judge stated that motions to disqualify must be made
A-0863-20
17
"expediently" when a conflict is known, and Mrs. Krivulka "sitting on an alleged
conflict for two-and-a-half years while this complex piece of litigation is going
forward is not the kind of expedient application that should have been made."
In response to Mrs. Krivulka's argument that the Estate was not so complex such
that Lerner would be prejudiced by switching counsel, the judge stated this is "a
complex estate."
That same day, October 23, 2020, the judge memorialized his decision by
entering an order denying Mrs. Krivulka's motion to disqualify Lowenstein. The
judge also entered a final judgment confirming that a majority of the co-
executors may authorize and pay "any administration expenses of the Estate
deemed appropriate by a majority of the [c]o-[e]xecutors . . . ." The entry of the
final judgment resolved all remaining issues raised and enabled Mrs. Krivulka
to file an appeal as of right, pursuant to Rule 2:2-3(a)(1), challenging the denial
of her motion to disqualify Lowenstein from further representation of Lerner in
connection with the administration of the Estate.
Before this court decided Mrs. Krivulka's appeal, further litigation
resulted in the entry of the additional orders under review. In May 2021, Mrs.
Krivulka filed an amended complaint in the Arizona Lawsuit, expanding her
claims against the Estate to include a purported prenuptial agreement entered
A-0863-20
18
into in 2005, shortly before Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka's wedding in Mexico on
March 26, 2005. The prenuptial agreement provided that all assets obtained by
Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka after their marriage will belong to the marital partnership.
Based upon the prenuptial agreement and the claim that Arizona became the
couple's residence and domicile in 2009 – "at the latest" – Mrs. Krivulka's
amended complaint repeated her claim that "the vast majority (if not the
entirety)" of the Estate's assets are community property.
Within the same week, co-executors Derman and Lerner filed a verified
complaint in the Monmouth County Probate Part seeking the removal of Mrs.
Krivulka as co-executor "because of her efforts to obtain all or substantially all
of the Estate's assets for her personal assets." The complaint also requested a
"declaratory judgment as to how (if at all) an alleged Mexican marriage and
alleged Mexican prenuptial agreement may affect the New Jersey administration
of this New Jersey Estate." 5
On June 28, 2021, Mrs. Krivulka responded to the verified complaint by
filing a motion both to dismiss the complaint in its entirety and to compel both
5
According to Derman and Lerner, they filed the declaratory judgment action
to confirm the validity of Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka's marriage because Mrs.
Krivulka based her Arizona Lawsuit on their 2005 marriage in Mexico, even
though that marriage ceremony occurred the year before Mr. Krivulka's previous
marriage was annulled in 2006.
A-0863-20
19
net income and interim distributions. Mrs. Krivulka also filed another motion
to disqualify Lowenstein, again alleging conflict of interest under RPC 1.9(a).
The sole basis for the second disqualification motion was the verified complaint
that Lowenstein filed on behalf of Lerner and Dermer against Mrs. Krivulka, its
former client.
On September 3, 2021, the probate judge entered orders denying Mrs.
Krivulka's motions, including her second motion to disqualify Lowenstein, and
granting the motion filed by Lerner and Dermer, removing Mrs. Krivulka as co-
executor. The judge also ordered that Lerner and Dermer "are not requi red to
make any interim distribution from the Estate."
Mrs. Krivulka subsequently sought and received leave to appeal the orders
that removed her as co-executor, denied her second disqualification motion, and
denied her motion to compel payment of net income and interim distributions.
As noted, we consolidated both appeals on November 18, 2021.
II.
"[A] determination of whether counsel should be disqualified is, as an
issue of law, subject to de novo plenary appellate review." City of Atlantic City
v. Trupos, 201 N.J. 447, 463 (2010); see also Greebel v. Lensak, 467 N.J. Super.
A-0863-20
20
251, 257 (App. Div. 2021) ("We review a decision on a disqualification motion
de novo.").
"In evaluating motions for the disqualification of counsel for an adversary
pursuant to this RPC," courts must "balance competing interests, weighing the
need to maintain the highest standards of the profession against a client's right
freely to choose his counsel." Twenty-First Century Rail Corp. v. N.J. Transit
Corp., 210 N.J. 264, 273-74 (2012) (quoting Dewey v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco
Co., 109 N.J. 201, 218 (1988)). However, "to strike that balance fairly, courts
are required to recognize and to consider that 'a person's right to retain counsel
of his or her choice is limited in that there is no right to demand to be represented
by an attorney disqualified because of an ethical requirement."' Id. at 274.
Motions for disqualification
should ordinarily be decided on the affidavits and
documentary evidence submitted, and an evidentiary
hearing should be held only when the court cannot with
confidence decide the issue on the basis of the
information contained in those papers, as, for instance,
when despite that information there remain gaps that
must be filled before a factfinder can with a sense of
assurance render a determination, or when there looms
a question of witness credibility.
[Ibid. (quoting Dewey, 109 N.J. at 222).]
A-0863-20
21
Parties seeking disqualification initially bear the burden of production to
show that the attorneys previously represented them "and that the present
litigation is materially adverse to [their] interests . . . ." Trupos, 201 N.J. at 462.
If the movants make that showing, "the burden shifts to the attorneys sought to
be disqualified to demonstrate that the matter or matters in which . . . they
represented the former client are not the same or substantially related to the
controversy in which the disqualification motion is brought." Id. at 463. Still,
"the burden of persuasion on all elements under RPC 1.9(a) remains with the
moving party, as it 'bears the burden of proving that disqualification is
justified.'" Ibid. (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth and Fam. Servs. v. V.J., 386 N.J.
Super. 71, 75 (Ch. Div. 2004)).
RPC 1.7 (a)(1) and (2) provide that an attorney shall not represent a client
if "the representation of one client will be directly adverse to another client," or
"there is a significant risk that the representation of one or more clients will be
materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client, a former
client, or a third person or by a personal interest of the lawyer." However, a
lawyer may represent a client, notwithstanding the existence of a concurrent
conflict of interest, if:
(1) each affected client gives informed consent, confirmed
in writing, after full disclosure and consultation . . . .
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22
When the lawyer represents multiple clients in a single
matter, the consultation shall include an explanation of
the common representation and the advantages and
risks involved;
(2) the lawyer reasonably believes that the lawyer will be
able to provide competent and diligent representation
to each affected client;
(3) the representation is not prohibited by law; and
(4) the representation does not involve the assertion of a
claim by one client against another client represented
by the lawyer in the same litigation or other proceeding
before a tribunal.
[RPC 1.7(b)]
In a similar manner, RPC 1.8 provides that "a lawyer shall not use
information relating to representation of a client to the disadvantage of the client
unless the client after full disclosure and consultation, gives informed consent."
RPC 1.9 concerns attorneys' "[d]uties to former clients" and resulting
conflicts of interest. RPC 1.9(a) provides, "A lawyer who has represented a
client in a matter shall not thereafter represent another client in the same or a
substantially related matter in which that client's interests are materially adverse
to the interests of the former client unless the former client gives informed
consent confirmed in writing." RPC 1.10 imputes an attorney's conflict of
interest under RPC 1.9 onto other lawyers in his or her firm:
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23
When lawyers are associated in a firm, none of them
shall knowingly represent a client when any one of
them practicing alone would be prohibited from doing
so by RPC 1.7 or RPC 1.9, unless the prohibition is
based on a personal interest of the prohibited lawyer
and does not present a significant risk of materially
limiting the representation of the client by the
remaining lawyers in the firm.
[RPC 1.10(a).]
Our Supreme Court has stated RPC 1.9(a)'s "prohibition is triggered when
two factors coalesce: the matters between the present and former clients must
be 'the same or . . . substantially related,' and the interests of the present and
former clients must be 'materially adverse."' Trupos, 201 N.J. at 462. Thus,
Lowenstein's representation of Lerner violates RPC 1.9 if 1) the firm's
representation is in the same or substantially the same matter where it
represented Mrs. Krivulka; 2) the interests of Lerner and Mrs. Krivulka are
materially adverse; and 3) Mrs. Krivulka did not give her written informed
consent to Lowenstein's representation of Lerner.
Our Supreme Court has provided the standard for determining whether
matters are substantially related, triggering the prohibition set forth in RPC
1.9(a):
[F]or purposes of RPC 1.9, matters are deemed to be
"substantially related" if (1) the lawyer for whom
disqualification is sought received confidential
A-0863-20
24
information from the former client that can be used
against that client in the subsequent representation of
parties adverse to the former client, or (2) facts relevant
to the prior representation are both relevant and
material to the subsequent representation.
[Twenty-First Century Rail, 210 N.J. at 274-75 (2012)
(alteration in original) (quoting Trupos, 201 N.J. at
467).]
While such analysis is necessary to determine whether matters are
substantially related, the Court later clarified that when counsel's prior
representation of the adverse former client is in the same matter, courts "need
not conduct the inquiry into whether the matters are substantially related that we
deemed necessary to undertake in Trupos. Nor need [they] apply the Trupos
two-part test that includes the consideration of whether client confidences were
communicated to the lawyer." Id. at 276.
Mrs. Krivulka asserts two conflicts arising from Lowenstein's
representation of her: 1) Lowenstein's representation of her as co-executor of
the Estate along with Lerner from March 2018 until July 2018, i.e., in the same
matter, and 2) Lowenstein's representation of Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka in their
estate planning matters, beginning in 2009, which Mrs. Krivulka asserts is
substantially related to the matter under review, the administration of Mr.
Krivulka's Estate.
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25
Mrs. Krivulka correctly states that Lowenstein's representation of Lerner
as co-executor is the same matter where Lowenstein represented her, for a short
time, as co-executor. Indeed, Lowenstein began representing Mrs. Krivulka and
Lerner together as co-executors when they both signed the March 19, 2018
engagement letter. However, since Lerner and Mrs. Krivulka retained
Lowenstein's services simultaneously and jointly, as co-executors, Lerner
argues that Mrs. Krivulka does not qualify as a former client under RPC 1.9(a).
The rule states, "A lawyer who has represented a client in a matter shall not
thereafter represent another client in the same . . . matter in which that client's
interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client . . . ." RPC
1.9(a) (emphasis added). Because Lowenstein's representation of Lerner as co-
executor did not commence after its representation of Mrs. Krivulka, Lerner
argues that Lowenstein continuing to represent him after Mrs. Krivulka retained
new counsel cannot be considered a prohibited subsequent representation under
RPC 1.9(a).6
6
Even if RPC 1.9(a) did not apply here to require disqualification, Lowenstein's
continued representation of Lerner would be barred under RPC 1.7(a) as a
concurrent conflict of interest, absent "informed consent, confirmed in writing,
after full disclosure and consultation." RPC 1.7(b)(1).
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26
Lerner's argument requires this court to narrowly focus on the
representation of Mrs. Krivulka and Lerner as co-executors of the Estate, and
ignore the fact that Mrs. Krivulka was already an existing client 7 of Lowenstein,
going back nine years. Regardless, the record clearly reflects that the estate
planning services provided to Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka, beginning in 2009, are
substantially related to the ongoing administration of the estate of which Lerner
is a co-executor. Certainly, facts relevant to the estate planning representation
"are both relevant and material to the subsequent representation." Twenty-First
Century Rail, 210 at 274-75 (quoting Trupos, 201 N.J. at 467).
We note that in Trupos the Court indicated that a mere similarity between
the issues in the two matters does not render them substantially related. See 201
N.J. at 469. Rather, to be substantially related, facts dispositive in the first
matter must too be dispositive in the second. Our recent decision in Greebel,
467 N.J. Super. at 255-59, is instructive.
Greebel involved a disqualification motion made based on an attorney's
alleged conflict under RPC 1.18, which provides, in pertinent part:
7
That Mrs. Krivulka was already an existing client of Lowenstein, before she
signed the engagement letter, is shown by the fact that on February 18, 2018,
the day after Mr. Krivulka died, Lerner directed Mrs. Krivulka to list the
Krivulks' New Jersey address on the death certificate, rather than their Arizona
address.
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27
a) A lawyer who has had communications in
consultation with a prospective client shall not
use or reveal information acquired in the
consultation, even when no client-lawyer
relationship ensues, except as RPC 1.9 would
permit in respect of information of a former
client.
b) A lawyer subject to paragraph (a) shall not
represent a client with interests materially
adverse to those of a former prospective client in
the same or a substantially related matter if the
lawyer received information from the former
prospective client that could be significantly
harmful to that person in the matter . . . .
[(emphasis added).]
The plaintiff in Greebel consulted with Celli, an attorney, in 2005 "about
her right to financial support from defendant [boyfriend] if the parties ever
ended their relationship without marrying." 467 N.J. Super. at 255. The plaintiff
revealed various details and concerns about the parties' relationship, finances,
assets, and lifestyles. Ibid. In 2014, using a different attorney, the plaintiff filed
a palimony complaint against the defendant, leading the defendant to hire Celli
as his attorney. Ibid. This court found a violation of RPC 1.18 and disqualified
Celli, finding, relevant here, that the plaintiff's 2014 palimony suit was a
substantially related matter to the plaintiff's 2005 consultation with Celli. Id. at
258-59. A substantial relation existed because the information plaintiff revealed
A-0863-20
28
during the consultation would be dispositive and relevant to the outcome of the
palimony litigation, which turns on the parties' relationship and finances. Ibid.
The record clearly reflects that the facts relevant to Mrs. Krivulka's estate
planning, which Lowenstein handled, are relevant and material to Lerner's
administration of the Estate, where Lowenstein represents Lerner. Mr. and Mrs.
Krivulka's marriage was relevant to both of their estate planning. Certain facts
about their marriage, including assets and residency, necessarily impacted and
encompassed both their estates. The nature, domicile, and assets of their
marriage is now both relevant and material to the administration of the Estate
because they affect how the Estate will be administered and to whom Estate
assets will pass. Mrs. Krivulka's ongoing Arizona Lawsuit, where she seeks to
acquire a greater share of marital assets, shows the overlap between Mrs.
Krivulka's own estate planning and Mr. Krivulka's estate planning and how this
previous estate planning affects how the Estate is administered.
Lowenstein represented Mrs. Krivulka in her individual capacity when it
helped plan her estate. Mrs. Krivulka's individual interests are materially
adverse to Lerner's interests as co-executor of the Estate because she is seeking
to receive a greater amount of assets, while Lerner is invested in upholding the
estate plan that Lowenstein prepared for Mr. Krivulka, as reflected in his will.
A-0863-20
29
The evidence suggests Mr. Krivulka deliberately structured his Estate, and even
concealed information from Mrs. Krivulka, so that New Jersey would remain his
domicile and certain of his assets would not pass to Mrs. Krivulka as community
property. Thus, we are satisfied that Lowenstein's obligations to Mrs. Krivulka,
as her estate planning attorney, presented a clear conflict that should have
precluded Lowenstein from representing Mrs. Krivulka and Lerner jointly as co-
executors.
In short, Lerner's interest in administering Mr. Krivulka's Estate
consistent with his will is clearly adverse to Mrs. Krivulka's individual interest
to obtaining the maximum financial benefit from the Estate. There is thus a
coalescence of Lowenstein's representation of Mrs. Krivulka in a substantially
related matter to the matter in which it currently represents Lerner. The material
adversity between Mrs. Krivulka's individual interest as a beneficiary of
decedent's Estate and Lerner's interest in administering the Estate, clearly
triggered the prohibition of RPC 1.9(a).
As noted, however, RPC 1.9(a) permits an attorney to represent a new
client with materially adverse interests to the attorney's former client in the same
or substantially related matter to the former representation if "the former client
gives informed consent confirmed in writing." RPC 1.0(e) provides,
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30
"'[i]nformed consent' denotes the agreement by a person to a proposed course of
conduct after the lawyer has communicated adequate information and
explanation about the material risks of and reasonably available alternatives to
the proposed course of conduct." (emphasis added). See also In re Grand Jury
Investigation, 200 N.J. 481, 495 (2009) (offering the same definition for
"informed consent").
Relatedly, RPC 1.4(c) provides, "A lawyer shall explain a matter to the
extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions
regarding the representation." Regarding an arbitration provision in a retainer
agreement, the Supreme Court recently stated, "an attorney has a professional
obligation to explain the content of a retainer agreement 'to the extent reasonably
necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the
representation.'" Delaney v. Dickey, 244 N.J. 466, 471 (2020) (quoting RPC
1.4(c)). The Court made clear that "RPC 1.4(c)'s mandate . . . applies to every
provision of a retainer agreement, not just an arbitration provision." Id. at 494.
Mrs. Krivulka contends she never gave informed consent to permit
Lowenstein to engage in its conflicted representation of Lerner. She primarily
asserts her signing of the engagement letter, which included a conflict of interest
waiver, was not done with informed consent because Lowenstein failed to
A-0863-20
31
disclose the existing conflicts related to Lowenstein's prior representation of
Mrs. Krivulka.
Mrs. Krivulka's argument that she did not provide her informed consent
to waive the conflict has merit. Mrs. Krivulka certified that Lowenstein did not
advise her "of any conflicts of interest, or any actual or potential adversity of
interest between me and Mr. Lerner" or "of any actual or potential conflicts the
law firm itself might have in representing me, Mr. Lerner and my late husband's
businesses in which Mr. Lerner had an interest." She also certified that
Lowenstein "did not ask me then, and has never asked me subsequently, to
consent to the Lowenstein's continuing representation of Mr. Lerner regarding
the Estate if conflicts between him and me develop and/or previously-existing
conflicts came to my attention." We are satisfied that Lowenstein did not
adequately explain to Mrs. Krivulka the risks of waiving the conflicts and of
joint representation.
Lowenstein's engagement letter specifically identified the firm's
obligation to "obtain informed written consent to such joint representation . . .
after full consultation and disclosure." Notwithstanding this acknowledgment,
the record contains no credible evidence that any such meaningful consultation
or disclosure occurred. Apart from the issues of the Krivulkas' residence and
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32
domicile, the record contains no evidence that anyone from Lowenstein
explained to Mrs. Krivulka that she and Lerner were not equal co-executors
since Mr. Krivulka's will granted Lerner the power to appoint additional co -
executors.8
Since a client's consent is not informed until her attorney adequately
explains "a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make
informed decisions," RPC 1.4(c), as well as the material risks and reasonable
alternatives, RPC 1.0(e), we are satisfied that Mrs. Krivulka's signing of the
engagement letter did not constitute her informed consent to the conflicted
representation. The certifications of Lerner or Berger do not assert they
explained the risks of the joint representation or how potential confl icts might
arise. They were required to do so to ensure that Mrs. Krivulka made her waiver
of the conflict with informed consent. Without such an explanation, it cannot
be said that Mrs. Krivulka's consent in signing the agreement was informed.
Therefore, we conclude that Lowenstein failed to obtain an effective informed
8
The failure to explain the implications of Lerner's unilateral authority to
appoint additional co-executors is significant because, as happened, Lerner
could exercise that authority to preclude Mrs. Krivulka from vetoing any
proposed action as one of two co-equal executors. Lowenstein failed to make
sure that Mrs. Krivulka understood that her voting authority could be diluted by
Lerner's appointment of additional co-executors.
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33
consent in writing from Mrs. Krivulka before proceeding to represent Mrs.
Krivulka and Lerner jointly.
Lowenstein argues that even if an effective informed consent was not
obtained from Mrs. Krivulka, she waived her right to seek disqualification
through undue delay in bringing the motion. Citing federal cases, Lowenstein
asserts that "the most basic rule of disqualification law is that a disqualification
motion must be made at the time when the alleged conflict of interest arises . . . ."
Lowenstein specifically argues this court should apply the factors
employed by the federal court in Alexander v. Primerica Holdings, Inc., 722 F.
Supp. 1099, 1115 (D.N.J. 1993) to assess whether a party moving for
disqualification has waived its right to make such a request: "(1) the length of
the delay in bringing the motion to disqualify, (2) when the movant learned of
the conflict, (3) whether the movant was represented by counsel during the
delay, (4) why the delay occurred and (5) whether disqualification would result
in prejudice to the non-moving party." Lowenstein contends all five of these
factors favor forgoing disqualification. Derman too argues the Alexander
factors should be applied, focusing on the fifth factor. She contends
disqualifying Lowenstein would impart "substantial prejudice" on the Estate due
A-0863-20
34
to the enormous amount of time Lowenstein has already invested in
administering such a complex Estate.
No published New Jersey cases have applied the five Alexander factors
and we are not persuaded to do so here. 9 In Twenty-First Century Rail, the Court
expressed disapproval of the trial court's alternative rationale for denying
disqualification, which specifically cited Alexander, that any conflict would
have been waived because of delay in bringing the disqualification motion. See
210 N.J. at 272, n. 4. Even though the trial court's alternative holding as to
waiver was not technically before it, the Court nonetheless felt "constrained to
comment on the trial court's alternative analysis" and rejected it on multiple
grounds, including that "waiver is an insufficient basis" for denying such a
motion "in the absence of extraordinary circumstances." 210 N.J. at 278, n. 6.
9
We note that not all federal courts have followed Alexander. In CenTra, Inc.
v. Estrin, 538 F.3d 402, 417 (6th Cir. 2008), the Sixth Circuit expressed its
disapproval of Alexander:
One court has placed more of a burden on the client.
See Alexander v. Primerica Holdings, Inc., 822 F.
Supp. 1099, 1116 (D.N.J. 1993) (holding that it was
sufficient that the client had "the knowledge necessary
to discern these conflict of interest issues . . . ."
(emphasis added)). However, we could find no other
courts that have adopted this watered-down standard
....
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35
Rather than applying the five Alexander factors, New Jersey published
opinions have recognized that undue delay may amount to "extraordinary
circumstances" justifying permitting a conflicted firm to continue
representation. Barnes v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 246 N.J. Super. 348, 352
(App. Div. 1991) (citing Dewey v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 109 N.J. 201,
218-21 (App. Div. 1988)); see also Chattin v. Cape May Greene, Inc., 243 N.J.
Super. 590, 609 (App. Div. 1990) (citing Dewey, 109 N.J. at 219) (finding the
trial "court did not abuse its discretion in denying CMG's motion to disqualify
the homeowners' counsel, because CMG unduly delayed raising the issue until
shortly before the retrial, even though it was aware of the facts relevant to the
alleged conflict for several years.").
In Dewey, after serving as co-counsel for three years, the plaintiff's firm
hired an attorney that previously worked in one of the defendants' firms. 109
N.J. at 207. The defendant moved for the conflicted firm's disqualification. Id.
at 208. Ultimately, the Supreme Court determined the firm should not be
disqualified because it "had expended more than 1,800 hours preparing this case
for trial" and deposed thirty-six witnesses. Id. at 218-19. The Court questioned
"whether at this late date, with trial fast approaching, another attorney could
effectively master the complicated technical aspects of the case entrusted to him,
A-0863-20
36
or whether another attorney could develop the knowledge of and personal
relationship with the various witnesses and with the plaintiff herself." Id. at 219.
Recognizing "that a person's right to retain counsel of his or her choice is limited
in that 'there is no right to demand to be represented by an attorney disqualified
because of an ethical requirement[,]'" the Court ultimately concluded "that an
order disqualifying counsel on the eve of trial would do more to erode the
confidence of the public in the legal profession and the judicial process than
would an order allowing the firm to continue its representation of the plaintiff."
Id. at 218-19 (quoting Reardon v. Marlayne, Inc., 83 N.J. 460, 477 (1980)).
However, the Dewey Court notably conditioned the conflicted firm's
continued representation "to be furnished without compensation for any services
to be rendered henceforth, particularly including any services in connection with
trial or other final disposition of the matter." Id. at 219. This was necessary to
admonish the conflicted firm for failing to address:
the obvious ethical implications of their association that
has created the awkward situation now confronting us -
- a failure that but for the Court's overriding concern for
the firm's client would result in immediate compelled
withdrawal of the firm from this case. We cannot undo
the conflict that has preceded our disposition of the
matter, nor can we correct the tainted representation
without unduly harming the client; but we can prevent
those responsible for this sorry state of affairs from
profiting from their disregard of the RPCs.
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37
[Id. at 219-20.]
Barnes involved a conflict similar to Dewey and closely related
circumstances, as both cases were part of multi-party products liability suits
against tobacco companies. 246 N.J. Super. at 350-51. The conflicted attorney
in this case had "established an extremely close bond with all the plaintiffs ,"
"spent between 500 and 600 hours working on depositions," "spent thousands of
hours reviewing documents," and had "significant expertise in the field of
addiction which no other attorney for the plaintiffs possesses or could readily
develop." Id. at 354-55. Further, the conflicted attorney's co-counsel credibly
testified that it would not be able to proceed without the attorney's assistance
and that no other firm would be able or willing to substitute representation. Id.
at 355. However, unlike Dewey, the motion to disqualify the conflicted attorney
was not made right before trial. Declining to disqualify the conflicted attorney,
this court clarified,
we do not read Dewey to say that a court's obligation to
balance the adverse effect upon the legal . . . and a
client's interest in retaining his or her attorney is limited
to cases which are "on the eve of trial." Rather, the
proximity of a trial date should be considered together
with all other relevant circumstances in determining
whether disqualification is required.
[246 N.J. Super. at 356.]
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38
Though the court found "compelling circumstances" to permit further conflicted
representation, it again imposed the limitation that "that the representation
should be provided without any compensation for services rendered subsequent
to the date of the decision . . . ." Id. at 356-57.
An adverse impact on the client alone does not constitute exceptional
circumstances warranting the denial of a disqualification motion. In G.F.
Industries v. American Brands, 245 N.J. Super. 8, 16-17 (App. Div. 1990), this
court acknowledged the affected client would be adversely impacted by the
disqualification of multiple attorneys, but stated, "anything short of
disqualification would tend to undermine the 'high ethical standards which the
Supreme Court of this State has sought so diligently to uphold.'" Id. at 17.
Additionally, we note the delay in seeking Lowenstein's disqualification
was not inexplicable. While Mrs. Krivulka knew of Lowenstein's past
representation of her and her husband, she did not become an adversary of
Lowenstein until she filed the Arizona Lawsuit and federal complaints against
Lerner and Lowenstein in July/August 2020, only two months before she filed
her disqualification motion. Any alleged undue delay in the filing of these
complaints and the disqualification motion was the direct result of Lowenstein
obtaining written consent to its concurrent representation of Lerner and Mrs.
A-0863-20
39
Krivulka without first providing Mrs. Krivulka with the "full disclosure and
consultation" required by Rule 1.7(b)(1).
In denying Mrs. Krivulka's disqualification motion, the probate judge
cited the timing of the motion as delayed for "two and a half years while this
complex piece of litigation [was] going forward." The judge's finding of undue
delay ignored the showing in the record that crucial evidence – such as Mr.
Krivulka's handwritten notes found in Lowenstein's files which appear to
instruct Lowenstein to pursue a strategy directly adverse to Mrs. Krivulka 's
interests at a time when she was a Lowenstein client – was not known to Mrs.
Krivulka or her counsel until the month before Mrs. Krivulka filed her first
disqualification motion. Just as importantly, there had been no "complex piece
of litigation" ongoing for two and a half years. No litigation between the parties
existed before July 2020. The verified complaint of co-executor Derman,
seeking judicial intervention in various potential disputes among the co -
executors was not filed in the Probate Part until August 12, 2020, less than two
months before the disqualification motion was filed. Moreover, her application
did not involve a "complex piece of litigation." The probate judge inexplicably
characterized estate administration as "litigation," something it is not. While
the interests of a plaintiff and a defendant are obviously adverse from the
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40
moment a lawsuit is filed, the interests of co-executors of the same estate are
not inherently adverse.
The bottom line is Lowenstein did not take care to avoid potential
conflicts when it jointly represented Mr. and Mrs. Krivulka in their estate
planning; instead, Lowenstein failed to provide Mrs. Krivulka important
information regarding the impact of state residence and domicile, information
that Mr. Krivulka received but Mrs. Krivulka did not. The record contains no
explanation for this disparate treatment by Lowenstein.
Thereafter, it was inappropriate for Lowenstein to represent the co-
executors of the Estate where doing so would be foreseeably adverse to its
existing estate-planning client, Mrs. Krivulka. The record contains no credible
evidence that Lowenstein provided Mrs. Krivulka with the "full disclosure and
consultation," required by RPC 1.7(b)(1), before the firm began its joint
representation of Mrs. Krivulka and Lerner as co-executors. Without providing
Mrs. Krivulka with the required full disclosure and consultation, Lowenstein
could not have "reasonably believe[d]" it would "be able to provide competent
and diligent representation to each affected client," as required by RPC
1.7(b)(2).
A-0863-20
41
We do not find exceptional circumstances warranting the denial of Mrs.
Krivulka's disqualification motion. Unlike the "extraordinary circumstances"
that justified permitting a conflicted firm to continue representation in Dewey
and Barnes, the fact situation here is far different.
In Dewey, the disqualification motion came with "trial fast approaching,"
109 N.J. at 219, while in Barnes the trial court found that there was no able or
willing substitute counsel available. 246 N.J. Super. at 355. In both cases,
however, the conflicted attorneys were only permitted to continue without
further compensation.
The circumstances presented in Dewey and Barnes are not repeated here.
Because the remaining co-executors are very experienced lawyers and Lerner
has been involved with the Estate administration from day one, and co-executor
Derman has been represented by her own very experienced counsel for over one
year, we do not find "extraordinary circumstances" that would justify permitting
Lowenstein to continue representing Lerner or the Estate. Fortunately, Lerner's
service as co-executor and a Lowenstein partner should provide him with
extensive institutional knowledge that will prove helpful to the completion of
the administration of the Estate.
A-0863-20
42
III.
We review a trial judge's removal of a trustee, executor, or fiduciary under
the abuse of discretion standard. An application for removal of a fiduciary "is
one which involves the exercise of sound discretion" that "will not be disturbed
by an appellate tribunal in the absence of manifest abuse." Wolosoff v. CSI
Liquidating Trust, 205 N.J. Super. 349, 360 (App. Div. 1985) (citing 2 Scott on
Trusts, 3d Ed. 1967). A proper exercise of discretion "implies conscientious
judgment and not arbitrary action." Id. at 363 (citing In re Koretzky, 8 N.J. 506,
535 (1951)).
Based upon the record, we agree with the probate judge that the co-
executors had the right to secure Mrs. Krivulka's removal as co-executor once
her actions became inconsistent with her obligations to the estate. Semler v.
CoreStates Bank, 301 N.J. Super. 164, 175 (App. Div. 1997) (citing In re
Koretzky, 8 N.J. 506 and Wolosoff, 205 N.J. Super. at 362.)
Here, it was undisputed that Mrs. Krivulka's Arizona Lawsuit asserted
new personal claims that placed her in an adversary role to the Estate. The judge
acted well within his discretion in deciding that Mrs. Krivulka could not
continue on both sides of the Arizona Lawsuit she filed against the Estate.
Although Mrs. Krivulka asserts that she "voluntarily recused herself, as co-
A-0863-20
43
executor, from any consideration of how the Estate should defend or otherwise
respond to the Arizona [Lawsuit]," her recusal does not eliminate the fact that
she has asserted claims that have negatively impacted the Estate, even if her
lawsuit proves unsuccessful. We are satisfied the probate judge properly applied
his broad discretion, as well as long-settled law, including In re Kolbeck's Est.,
27 N.J. Super. 135 (App. Div. 1953), in reaching its decision to remove Mrs.
Krivulka as co-executor.
In Kolbeck, a beneficiary was both a beneficiary and an executor, who
asserted a claim to "very nearly" all the assets in the name of the estate (there,
by claiming that a mortgage owned by the decedent was actually owned jointly,
and thus not an asset of the estate). Id. at 137. In that situation, we held that it
was reversible error for the trial court not to remove the executor. Id. at 137. In
July 2020, Mrs. Krivulka filed her Arizona Lawsuit, claiming for the first time
that all or virtually all of the Estate's assets belonged to her. In March 2021,
Mrs. Krivulka expanded her claims against the Estate in the Arizona Case; this
time, to include a Mexican prenuptial agreement dating back to March 2005. In
the Arizona Complaint, as now amended and expanded, Mrs. Krivulka continues
to assert that "the vast majority (if not the entirety)" of the Estate's assets are
community property.
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44
In exercising its discretion to remove Mrs. Krivulka as co-executor, the
probate judge, citing Kolbeck, 27 N.J. Super. at 137, explained that "an executor
who has a fiduciary obligation and duty to all of the beneficiaries can't be doing
battle with the very estate that she is a co-executor on." The judge correctly
found that Mrs. Krivulka, by suing the Estate, "placed herself in a position where
she is in an absolute conflict and couldn't appropriately and/or legitimately carry
out" fiduciary duties when she was pursuing "personal claims . . . to the
detriment of the other beneficiaries" and "at odds . . . with the [E]state itself."
IV.
A fiduciary, acting as executor, has broad statutory powers to administer
the estate "in the exercise of good faith and reasonable discretion[.]" N.J.S.A.
3B:14-23. The duty of a fiduciary is to "exercise that degree of care, prudence,
circumspection and foresight that an ordinary prudent person would employ in
like matters of his own." In re Koretzky's Estate, 8 N.J. 506, 524 (1951).
Mrs. Krivulka contends the probate judge's refusal to order net income
distributions to her "was based on its erroneous reading of clear language in the
[w]ill and [t]rust [a]greement as well as the language of the controlling New
Jersey statutes and federal tax regulations . . . ." We disagree.
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Initially, we note that the co-executors do not dispute that Mrs. Krivulka
"will be entitled to receive distributions of net income," if any, from the marital
trust and revocable trust established by Mr. Krivulka once the trusts are funded.
We agree with the co-executors that, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 3B:19B-6, they have
the right not to distribute estate income to a revocable trust, marital trust , or
other beneficiary of an estate until they can determine the value of the estate and
set a "distribution date" for actual distributions. As a result of Mrs. Krivulka's
Arizona Lawsuit, which asserts claims to virtually all the Estate's assets and has
resulted in significant administrative expenses and tax uncertainties, the co -
executors cannot yet know whether the Estate will have assets to fund the trusts.
Given these facts and circumstances, we discern no basis to disturb the order
denying the motion to compel the co-executors to make interim distributions to
Mrs. Krivulka.
Any arguments not addressed lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion
in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed, in part, reversed and remanded, in part. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
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IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF JOSEPH KRIVULKA (P-000262-20 AND P-000159-21, MONMOUTH COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (CONSOLIDATED)
Combined Opinion