LJA Engineering Inc. v. Esmeralda Chaves Santos, Individually as as Personal Representative of the Estate of Manuel Molina, Decedent, and for the Use and Benefit of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Manel Molina Daniel Molina and Nancy Molina

Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed
September 1, 2022.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-21-00131-CV

LJA ENGINEERING INC., Appellant
V.

ESMERALDA CHAVES SANTOS, INDIVIDUALLY, AND AS PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF MANUEL MOLINA,
DECEDENT, AND FOR THE USE AND BENEFIT OF THE WRONGFUL
DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF MANEL MOLINA; DANIEL MOLINA AND
NANCY MOLINA, Appellees

On Appeal from the 189th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2020-46588

MAJORITY OPINION

Appellees Esmeralda Chaves Santos, Individually, and as personal
representative of the Estate of Manuel Molina, decedent, and for the use and
benefit of the wrongful death beneficiaries of Manuel Molina; Daniel Molina; and
Nancy Molina filed suit against appellant LJA Engineering, Inc. alleging that LJA
Engineering’s negligence and gross negligence caused the death of Manuel
Molina. LJA Engineering moved to dismiss appellees’ lawsuit against it because
appellees did not attach a certificate of merit to their complaint first alleging claims
against LJA Engineering. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 150.002 (mandating
dismissal of claim for damages arising out of the provision of professional
engineering services if a claimant fails to file with the complaint a certificate of
merit prepared by a licensed professional engineer). The trial court denied LJA
Engineering’s motion and LJA Engineering filed this interlocutory appeal
challenging the trial court’s order. Concluding that the trial court erred when it
denied LJA Engineering’s motion to dismiss for failure to file a certificate of merit,
we reverse the trial court’s order and remand to the trial court for further
proceedings.

BACKGROUND

As its name implies, LJA Engineering provides professional engineering
services. LJA Engineering contracted with the City of Sour Lake to provide
engineering services for a sanitary sewer rehabilitation project. LJA Engineering
agreed to, among other things, (1) provide “preliminary design activities” to
establish the “appropriate design criteria” for the project, (2) design and prepare
the construction plans and specifications for the project, and (3) provide
“inspection services to adequately observe the construction activity.” In addition,
the contract between LJA Engineering and Sour Lake provided that LJA
Engineering would “serve as [Sour Lake’s] professional representative for the
Services, and may make recommendations to [Sour Lake] concerning actions
relating to [Sour Lake’s] contractors, but LJA [Engineering] specifically
disclaim[ed] any authority to direct or supervise the means, methods, techniques,
safety activities, personnel, compliance, sequences, or procedures of construction

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selected by [Sour Lake’s] contractors.”

Manuel Molina was employed by Kellen Environmental. Molina and other
Kellen Environmental employees were working on the Sour Lake sewer
rehabilitation project on which LJA Engineering provided engineering services.
The workers opened a manhole cover and one worker fell into the sewer pipe.
Molina jumped down into the pipe to help his fellow worker. As a result, Molina
was exposed to lethal amounts of a poisonous gas present in the sewer pipe.
Appellees are Molina’s surviving spouse and heirs. They filed suit against LJA
Engineering asserting negligence and gross negligence claims. Among other
allegations, appellees alleged that LJA Engineering failed to (1) provide warning
of the existence of the poisonous gas, (2) properly inspect and oversee the work,
and (3) properly supervise those whose work they had the right to control.

After filing an answer, LJA Engineering filed a Chapter 150 motion to
dismiss appellees’ claims because appellees did not attach a certificate of merit to
their petition first naming LJA Engineering as a defendant. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code § 150.002 (establishing certificate of merit requirement). Appellees
responded to LJA Engineering’s motion to dismiss arguing that Chapter 150 did
not apply to their claims against LJA Engineering. The trial court denied LJA
Engineering’s motion and this interlocutory appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

LJA Engineering raises a single issue challenging the trial court’s denial of
its Chapter 150 motion to dismiss. LJA Engineering argues that the trial court
erred when it denied the motion to dismiss because appellees’ petition alleged
claims that required appellees to include a certificate of merit addressing their
claims against LJA Engineering.

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I. Standard of review

This is an interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of LJA
Engineering’s motion to dismiss filed pursuant to Chapter 150 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. A plaintiff suing for damages “arising out of the
provision of professional services by a licensed or registered professional” must
file a certificate of merit with the complaint. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §
150.002(a). We ordinarily review a trial court’s order on a Chapter 150 motion to
dismiss for an abuse of discretion. Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. v. Elsey, 502
S.W.3d 460, 463 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.). However,
when, like here, the relevant facts are not disputed, the issue on appeal becomes the
proper construction of specific statutory provisions and application of those
provisions to the undisputed facts of the case. This presents a question of law that
we review de novo. See LaLonde v. Gosnell, 593 S.W.3d 212, 220 (Tex. 2019)
(“Deference must be afforded to the trial court’s disposition of disputed facts, but
when there are none, as here, our review is entirely de novo.”).

This appeal also requires us to review the trial court’s interpretation and
application of various statutes. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law
subject to de novo review. Bracey v. City of Killeen, 417 S.W.3d 94, 103 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). Our primary objective in statutory construction is to
give effect to the legislature’s intent. Id. We first look to the statute’s text to
determine the legislature’s intent. Id. When the statutory text is clear, it is
determinative of the legislature’s intent. Id. at 104. In that situation, we give the
statute its plain meaning without resorting to rules of construction or extrinsic aids.
Id. Only when a statute is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation
does a court look beyond its language for assistance in determining legislative
intent. Id. We view statutory terms in context, giving them full effect. Id. at 103.

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We presume that every word of a statute was used for a purpose, and every omitted
word was purposefully not chosen. Texas Law Shield LLP v. Crowley, 513 S.W.3d
582, 588 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). In determining the
plain meaning of a statute, we construe the language according to the rules of
grammar and common usage. Id. “As a general principle, we eschew
constructions of a statute that render any statutory language meaningless or
superfluous.” City of Dallas v. TCI West End, Inc., 463 S.W.3d 53, 57 (Tex.
2015). When construing statutes, “we are bound to apply the statutory definition in
deciding the question before us.” Nelson v. Union Equity Co-op. Exch., 548
S.W.2d 352, 355 (Tex. 1977).

II. The trial court erred when it denied LJA Engineering’s motion to
dismiss.

Here, it is not disputed that LJA Engineering is a licensed professional
engineering company. It is also undisputed that LJA Engineering assigned a
licensed professional engineer employee to the Sour Lake sewer rehabilitation
project. In addition, it is undisputed that Molina was an employee of Kellen
Environmental, not LJA Engineering. Finally, it is undisputed that appellees did
not attach a certificate of merit to their petition first alleging claims against LJA
Engineering. Because a plaintiff suing for damages arising out of the provision of
professional services by a licensed or registered professional engineer must file a
certificate of merit with the complaint, we must determine whether appellees’
claims against LJA Engineering arise out of the provision of engineering services.
See Jacobs Eng’g Grp., Inc., 502 S.W.3d at 463 (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code § 150.002(a)). We conclude they do.

A certificate of merit must address each theory of recovery for which
damages are sought. Dunham Eng’g, Inc. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 404 S.W.3d

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785, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.). When determining
whether a plaintiff’s claims arise out of the provision of professional engineering
services within the meaning of section 150.002, we look to the definition of the
practice of engineering in the Texas Occupations Code and the allegations against
the engineer. Id.; see TDIndustries, Inc. v. Citicorp N. Am., Inc., 378 S.W.3d 1, 6
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.) (concluding “that the proper approach
when determining whether a certificate of merit is required is to look solely at the
pleadings to determine the nature of the claim and not at discovery between the
parties”).

The “practice of engineering” means “the performance of or an offer or
attempt to perform any public or private service or creative work, the adequate
performance of which requires engineering education, training, and experience in
applying special knowledge or judgment of the mathematical, physical, or
engineering sciences to that service or creative work.” Jacobs Eng’g Grp., Inc.,
502 S.W.3d at 464 (quoting Tex. Occ. Code § 1001.003(b)). The practice of
engineering includes, among other things, (1) “consultation, investigation,
evaluation, analysis, planning, [and] engineering for program management;” (2)
“design, conceptual design, or conceptual design coordination of engineering
works or systems;” (3) “engineering for review of the construction or installation
of engineered works to monitor compliance with drawings or specifications;” and
(4) “a service, design, analysis, or other work performed for a public or private
entity in connection with a utility, structure, building, machine, equipment,
process, system, work, project, or industrial or consumer product or equipment of a
mechanical, electrical, electronic, chemical, hydraulic, pneumatic, geotechnical, or
thermal nature.” Tex. Occ. Code § 1001.003(c).

Appellees alleged that LJA Engineering was negligent and grossly negligent

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because it failed to (1) “maintain a safe work environment for workers;” (2)
“ensure that workers operated in a reasonably safe manner;” (3) “provide warning
of poisonous or hazardous chemicals/gases;” (4) “properly inspect and oversee the
work;” (5) “address known hazards and risks;” (6) “utilize reasonable means of
protecting workers;” (7) “ensure the sewers were clear before starting work;” (8)
“implement and/or enforce adequate safety protocols and procedures;” and (9)
“properly supervise those whose work they had a right to control.” To determine
whether these claims arise out of the provision of professional engineering
services, we look to the substance of the plaintiff’s pleadings. Jennings, Hackler
& Partners, Inc. v. North Tex. Mun. Water Dist., 471 S.W.3d 577, 581 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2015, pet. denied). In making that determination, the “question is
not whether the alleged mal-acts themselves constitute the provision of
professional [engineering] services, but whether the claims arise out of the
provision of professional [engineering] services.” Id.; see also Dunham Eng’g,
Inc., 404 S.W.3d at 793 (“[T]he issue is not whether the alleged tortious acts
constituted the provision of professional services, but rather whether the tort claims
arise out of the provision of professional services.”). Claims arise out of the
provision of professional engineering services if they implicate the engineer’s
education, training, and experience in applying special knowledge or judgment.
TDIndustries, Inc., 378 S.W.3d at 5. We conclude that each of appellees’
allegations implicates LJA Engineering’s and its licensed professional engineer
employee’s education, training, and experience in applying special knowledge or
judgment to the performance of LJA Engineering’s contractual obligations to Sour
Lake.1 See Tex. Occ. Code § 1001.003(c)(2), (3), (7), (9), (10), and (12);

1
Under its contract with Sour Lake, LJA Engineering agreed that it would design the project,
prepare the construction plans and specifications, and then inspect the work to ensure that the
work complied with LJA Engineering’s design plans. Each of these contractual obligations fits
within the statutory definition of the practice of engineering. See Tex. Occ. Code § 1001.003(c).
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Cimarron Eng’g., LLC v. Miramar Petroleum, Inc., No. 13-14-00163-CV, 2014
WL 2937012, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi June 26, 2014, pet. denied) (mem.
op.) (concluding plaintiff was required to file a certificate of merit because its
breach of contract and negligent supervision claims against engineering company
related to a well blowout arose from the practice of engineering). As a result, we
conclude that each of appellees’ allegations arose out of the provision of
professional engineering services and appellees were required to file a certificate of
merit with their petition first naming LJA Engineering as a defendant. See
TDIndustries, Inc., 378 S.W.3d at 6 (holding plaintiff’s negligence claim
implicated defendant’s engineering education, training, and experience, because
plaintiff premised claim on defendant’s alleged engineering expertise in the
installation, inspection, and testing of complex equipment).

Appellees’ reliance on this Court’s Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. opinion
does not change this result. 502 S.W.3d at 465. In Jacobs Engineering Group,
Inc., another panel of this Court held that the plaintiffs there were not required to
file a Chapter 150 certificate of merit because their claims did not arise out of
Jacobs Engineering’s provision of engineering services but instead arose out of the
duties an employer owes its employees. Id. In Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., it
was undisputed that the decedent had been an employee of Jacobs Engineering and
the plaintiffs alleged Jacobs Engineering had violated duties owed to the decedent
as a Jacobs Engineering employee. Id. at 468. In the present case, it is undisputed
that Molina was not an employee of LJA Engineering but was instead employed by
another entity, Kellen Environmental. We therefore conclude that Jacobs
Engineering Group, Inc. is distinguishable on its facts and does not control the
outcome here.

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 Because appellees were required to file a Chapter 150 certificate of merit
and they did not, we hold that the trial court erred when it denied LJA
Engineering’s Chapter 150 motion to dismiss. We sustain LJA Engineering’s issue
on appeal.

CONCLUSION

Having sustained LJA Engineering’s issue on appeal, we reverse the trial
court’s order and remand the case to the trial court to determine whether the
dismissal should be with or without prejudice. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §
150.002(e) (providing that dismissal is required but “may” be with prejudice);
Pedernal Energy, LLC v. Bruington Engineering, Ltd., 536 S.W.3d 487, 496 (Tex.
2017) (stating in a case where no certificate of merit was filed that the decision
whether to dismiss a case with or without prejudice is within the trial court’s
discretion).

/s/ Jerry Zimmerer
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jewell, Zimmerer, and Hassan (Hassan, J., dissenting).

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