This suit involves the title to a tract of land in Hot ‘Spring County, Arkansas, and appellant claims the land by inheritance from his father, George W. Landreth, who died, in the year 1896, while a resident of Hot Spring County. The land in controversy was the homestead of George W. Landreth, and he left no other children. It was sold in the year 1901, under an order of the probate court of Hot Spring County, upon petition of appellant’s guardian, appointed in the State of Missouri, and was purchased by appellee at the sale. The validity of the sale is the point-at issue in the case.
Appellant’s father and mother separated while he was an infant, or perhaps a few months before his birth, and they were divorced by a decree of the chancery court of Hot Spring County a few years later. Appellant’s mother removed to another county in the State, and he resided with her until her death, when he was taken by one of his maternal grand-parents to the State of Missouri, and-has continued to reside there throughout the period of his minority. Appellant’s father continued to reside in Hot Spring County and occupied the land in controversy as his homestead until Ms death in 1896, and an administrator was appointed -there to wind up his estate. There has been no guardianship of appellant in tMs -State, but the public administrator in Pike County, Missouri, where appellant resided with his grand-parent, was ordered to take charge of the estate as guardian. The statutes of Missouri provide that “The public administrator shall be ex-officio public guardian and shall have charge of all estates of minors that may, by the order of the probate court be placed in his charge, and in such oases he shall be known and designated as public guardian.” 'Section 464, Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1909. In the year 1901, the Missouri guardian made application to the probate court of Hot Spring County, pursuant to the statutes of tMs State authorizing sale of infant’s land by a nonresident guardian, for an order of sale of the tract of land in controversy, and the probate court made such .an order .and the land was sold to appellee; the sale being subsequently reported to and confirmed by the probate court. TMs inquiry, therefore, constitutes a collateral attack upon the validity of the sale.
Our statute on the subject reads as follows: “When a nonresident minor owns. real estate in this State, and had a guardian in the State or Territory in which he resides, the court of probate in the proper county may authorize such guardian, either in person or by his agent acting under power of attorney, to sell such real estate and receive the proceeds of such sale. Provided, before any order .shall be made for the payment of money to a nonresident guardian, or .for the sale of the property of his ward by him, he shall produce satisfactory evidence to the court that he has given bond and security as- guardian, in the State in which he and his ward reside, in at least double the amount of the sum to be paid to him, or in double the amount of the appraised value of the property to be sold; and the proof shall consist of a copy of the record, setting forth his appointment .as guardian, and also a copy of his bond executed as such, duly authenticated.” Section 3813, Kirby’s Digest.
(1) The first question presented is whether or not the probate court of Missouri had jurisdiction to appoint a guardian for appellant. The aJct of April 8,189.1 (Kirby’s Digest, 3793), provides that “all probate sales of real estate, made pursuant to proceedings not in substantial compliance with statutory provisions- .shall be voidable.” It follows, as the necessary effect of that statute, that if the guardian in the State of Missouri was not legally appointed, or at least if the court there had no jurisdiction to appoint a guardian, the proceedings here for the sale of the land would -not be in isubstantial compliance with .statutory provision and would be void. Further discussion -of the effect of that statute will be made a little later in this opinion, in deciding another phase of the case with respect to the validity of the sale.
(2) This court has announced and adhered to the rule which prevailed at common law that the last domicile of the deceased father of .an infant constituted his legal domicile and so remained, and that the domicile of the infant can not be changed or removed by his own act until he reaches his majority.
The earliest case on that subject is Grimmett v. Witherington, 16 Ark. 377. That case involved the eonflict between, a guardian .appointed here and one appointed iñ the State of Texas concerning the custody of property of the minor in this State, and the court in its decision upheld the authority of the domestic guardian, bolding that the domicile of the father being-in this State, the legal domicile of the infant followed it. That case was followed, and the rule re-announced in Young v. Hiner, 72 Ark. 299. In the opinion in that case, there is a suggestion of exceptions to the rule, and we find upon examination of the authorities, that there are many exceptions recognized by the courts. The Supreme Court of California, in the case of In re Vance, 92 Cal. 195, decided that where the father abandoned his child under the age of fourteen years he could no longer claim the custody, and that the domicile of the child might be changed by the act o.f another person standing in loco parentis. The Supreme Court of the United States, in Lamar, Executor v. Micou, Administratrix, 114 U. S. 218, laid down the- rule that an infant having a domicile in one State, who after the death of both parents takes up his residence at the home of a grand-parent and next of kin in another State, acquires a legal domicile there. This subject is fully discussed by Mr. Rodgers, in his work on Domestic Relations, § 656, et seq., where the exceptions to the general rule are mentioned. There are, too, authorities to the effect that although the legal domicile be elsewhere, a residence in fact is sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon probate courts of such de facto residence of a minor to appoint a guardian. Tiffany on Domestic Relations, § 159. •
(3) There is not involved in this case any question of conflict of authority ¡between a domestic guardian .and one appointed in ia foreign jurisdiction, and the question is solely whether the Missouri court had jurisdiction to appoint a guardian so that the courts of this (State .might in consequence thereof 'authorize a .sale of land here to be made bjr such guardian. The judgment of the Missouri court in appointing the guardian there is at- least presumptively decisive .of the question of .jurisdiction, and we think, under the authorities cited, the court had,' upon the facts shown in this case with respect to the legal domicile and residence, jurisdiction to make the appointment. There was no guardian in this State and the probate court here possessed the power to authorize the Missouri guardian to make the sale of the land in this State.
The only other point of attack made upon the sale, which we deem necessary to discuss, is that the order of sale was made without requiring the production of a copy of the bond of the guardian as required by the statute: It is undisputed that the guardian had given bond in the State where the appointment was made, and the record in the probate court shows that proof was made of that fact by certificate of the judge of the Missouri court. The statute of this State, however, provides ¡that before any order of sale shall be made upon petition of a nonresident guardian, “he shall produce satisfactory evidence to the court that he has given bond and security as guardian, etc.,” and that the proof shall consist of “a copy of his bond executed as such, duly authenticated. ’ ’ A certificate of the judge of the foreign court is certainly not a literal compliance with the statute, but whether or not it is a substantial compliance calls for discussion. The evidence adduced by appelant shows that so far as the records of the probate court reveal the proof that was made, when the order of sale wás applied for, there was no copy of the bond presented. None is found on the files now, and the evidence justifies the conclusion, we think, that no copy was filed.
(4) It is insisted that notwithstanding the act of 1891, providing that probate .sales shall be voidable unless made in substantial compliance with the statute, there is a conclusive presumption of the regularity of sales so far as relates to matters which preceded the judgment of the court ordering the, sale, and that such judgment is conclusive of those matters. ' Many decisions of -this court are 'cited which sustain that contention, but they all antedate the act of April 8,1891, which wrought an important change in the.law on that subject. The Legislature intended to change that rule pursuant to the admonition of this court in the opinion of Judge Sandels in the case of Apel v. Kelsey, 52 Ark. 341. If we were to hold that there is a conclusive presumption attending the judgment of the probate court, little effect would be given to the act of 1891. In order to give it any effect at all, we are forced to the conclusion that the Legislature meant to destroy the incontrovertible verity of the judgment of the court for the purpose of showing that the proceedings were not in fact in substantial compliance with the statutory provisions with respect to probate sales. That much is decided in the recent case of Mobbs v. Millard, 106 Ark. 563, where we held that notwithstanding the judgment of confirmation of a probate sale, it should be declared void on collateral attack where it is shown that the land was sold for less than the appraised value. Now, if we were going to give a conclusive presumption to the judgment of the probate court, we ought to have held in that case that the judgment of confirmation was conclusive of the fact that the land was sold for three-fourths of its appraised value. But we held to the contrary, and it necessarily follows from that decision that we construe the statute to allow the presumption arising from the judgment of the probate court, concerning compliance with statutory provisions, to be overcome by proof that those provisions were not in fact substantially complied with, and that upon such proof being made it defeats the validity of the sale. We are of the opinion, therefore, giving -the proper effect to the act of 1891, the sale should be set aside if it is found that the statutory provisions were not .substantially complied with.
(5) The further question then arises as to whether or not failure to produce evidence in the form provided by the statute, with respect to the bond given in the foreign jurisdiction, is a substantial departure from the statutory provisions so as to defeat the sale. The statute provides that, an order of sale .shall not be made unless satisfactory evidence be produced that the guardian has given bond in the court where he was appointed, and we are clearly of the opinion that unless such bond has in fact been given the order of the .sale will be void. But the form of the proof of the execution of that bond is quite another thing, and it does not follow that a departure from the method of proof amounts to a substantial departure from the statutory provisions. It is error for the probate court to make an order of sale without proof of the execution of th>e bond in the form prescribed by the statute. But, after all, this provision concerning the kind of proof to be introduced relates to form, and not to substance, and it ought nót, we think,Ho be regarded as substantially within the meaning of the act of 1891. In Harper v. Smith, 89 Ark. 284, we held the method of giving notice of sale was a mere irregularity and not a substantial departure' from the requirements of the statute. A guardian’s sale for less than three-fourths of the appraised value of the land, is undoubtedly a substantial departure from the provisions of the statute, .and we so held in Mobbs v. Millard, supra. Our conclusion is that the variance in the form of proof adduced before the probate court to obtain the order of sale was not a substantial departure from the statutory provision and does not void the sale ordered by the court and subsequently confirmed.
(6) This action originated in the circuit court of Hot Spring County and was, on motion of appellee, transferred to equity. It is insisted that the transfer was improper because the questions involved were those to be decided by 'a law court, and the court erred in ordering the transfer. The material facts are, however, undisputed, and since the decision of the chancellor is correct, and could not have been otherwise in a court of law, there was no prejudice in transferring the cause.
Decree affirmed.