dissenting. I dissent from the majority opinion because I consider the statement made by appellee, Dr. Amail Chudy, in connection with the lunacy proceedings of appellant, Carolyn E. Chudy, to be an absolute privilege given by the courts, not only of this state but of other states. In setting forth my reasons it must be kept in mind that this matter went off in the trial court on a motion for summary judgment after the parties had interchanged interrogations and requests for admissions of fact, and had made certain stipulations regarding the record in the lunacy proceedings.
The amended complaint filed May 6, 1966, concerning the conduct of Dr. Chudy, alleges:
“That at the time herein mentioned, plaintiff was married to defendant’s brother, Brunan S. Chudy. That at the time of the acts herein complained of, an action for divorce was pending between the plaintiff and the said Brunan S. Chudy in the Chancery Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas.
“That over a period of time, the plaintiff had been a patient of the defendant for ailments and illnesses which were not of a serious nature, but had not consulted with the defendant in a professional capacity since the forepart of July, 1965, at which time she visited at defendant’s office for the purpose of having her leg x-rayed for a physical ailment from which plaintiff in the past had suffered.
“That on August 30, 1965, the defendant wilfully and intentionally made and signed a false statement or certificate, stating that plaintiff was psychotic and in need of psychiatric care, and at the time of making such statement, the defendant had knowledge that such statement or certificate was wilfully false.
“That defendant’s purpose in making the statement referred to above was to submit or have the statement submitted to the Probate Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas, in order to have plaintiff committed for psychiatric treatment in the Arkansas State Hospital for Nervous Diseases, knowing that plaintiff was not insane or psychotic at the time of making such statement.
“That as a result of defendant’s wilful and false diagnosis of her condition, on August 31, 1965, she was picked up at her home by two deputy sheriffs of Pulaski County, Arkansas, and without her consent and over her protest and against her will, she was taken by said deputies into custody and incarcerated in the Arkansas State Hospital for Nervous Diseases, where she was detained further against her will all the remaining portion of that day, over night and until the afternoon of the next day, namely, September 1, 1965, at which time she was released by virtue of a hearing and court order of the Pulaski Chancery Court.
“That at all times, the said Carolyn E. Chudy was sane and competent and free from psychosis and was not in need of mental or psychiatric care.
“That the defendant wilfully, falsely caused plaintiff to be deprived of her liberty and detained without just cause.
“That the defendant was engaged in a conspiracy with his brother, Brunan S. Chudy, for the purpose of assisting the said Brunan S. Chudy in deterring plaintiff in the divorce proceedings between them and to falsely and unlawfully deprive plaintiff of her liberty and to humiliate, intimidate and embarrass her.
“That the wilful, intentional and false conduct upon the part of the defendant was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries and damages hereinafter described.”
The false statement mentioned in the amended complaint was on file in the lunacy proceedings and was made part of the record here by stipulation of counsel. It provides:
“TO WHOM CONCERNED:
Re: Mrs. Brunan S. (Carolyn)
Chudy
Our File: Chart No. 1267
After conversation by telephone on August 30, 1965 and considering the many factors regarding the mental status of the above named patient, it is our feeling that she should be under psychiatrist care.
Sincerely,
/s/ Amail Chudy, M.B.”
Our statute on application for commitment of dangerous patients to the State Hospital is Ark. Stat. Ann. § 59-234 (Supp. 1965). It provides:
“If at any time the Superintendent shall determine that any patient admitted to the State Hospital under any provision of this Act [§§ 59-299 — 59-242] is dangerous to himself or to society, the Superintendent shall request a writ of commitment from the Probate Court of the County in which the patient lives. This request for commitment shall he accompanied by a certificate from the medical staff of the State Hospital setting forth the facts as to the patient’s mental condition and that he or she is dangerous to himself or to herself, or to society. The Superintendent may also request a writ of commitment for any patient for whom he deems it to the best interest of the patient that such a writ be issued, for the purpose of detaining the patient in the hospital for such time as the Superintendent deems necessary for proper care and treatment. In such cases the presence of the patient before the Court need not be required. If any Health Officer, or any practicing physician, regularly licensed by the state of Arkansas, believes that any person residing in the county, who is not a patient in the State Hospital, is so suffering from mental disease as to be dangerous to himself or to so-ci y and such person cannot be taken peaceably to the State Hospital as provided in other Sections of this Act, then such Health Officer or physician shall certify this fact to the Judge of the Probate Court of such county for a hearing, copies of such certification to be delivered to the person affected thereby, or to his guardian, or to his nearest relative, if any, whereupon said court shall hold a hearing either in regular term or in vacation in chambers, receiving such evidence as may be offered by all parties interested, after which he shall, if the evidence justifies, issue an order of commitment to the State Hospital. In such cases the presence of such person before the Court need not be required.
“Any patient in any public or private hospital in this State which maintains facilities especially designed for the care and treatment of the mentally ill, and which is .approved and licensed by the State Board of Health, may be detained in said hospital for diagnosis, care and treatment of any mental disorder, including acute psychosis induced by alcoholism or drug addiction, or, at the discretion of the government (governing) head ox-board of any such hospital, may be admitted for such service, provided a regularly practicing psychiatrist duly licensed by the State of Arkansas shall certify in writing to such hospital that such patient is suffering from psychosis and that the patient is likely to be harmful to himself, herself or society. A patient so detained by or admitted to any hospital described in this section may be confined to the premises of such hospital until such time as a regularly practicing psychiatrist licensed by the State of Arkansas shall certify in writing to such hospital that the patient is no longer harmful to himself, herself or society.
“No action shall he brought against any hospital described in this Section, nor against its governing body or the members thereof, nor against its superintendent, administrator, agents, representatives, servants and employees, nor against any nurse or physician who confines and detains, or who aids in the confinement and detention, of any patient in the manner prescribed by this section, to recover damages therefor or incident thereto; provided that the immunity herein granted shall not be held to extend to any person who shall wilfully make and sign a false certificate to a hospital that a person is suffering from psychosis nor to any one who confines or detains a person in a hospital with knowledge that any such certificate is wilfully false.
“Probate Courts in this State shall have, and are hereby granted, the same jurisdiction and authority to commit persons to any private hospital in this State equipped to care for persons suffering from psychosis, as in this Section above set forth, as they may now or hereafter be empowered by law to commit to the State Hospital; provided any such private hospital be willing to accept and care for patients so committed to it. A patient so committed to a private hospital by-the Probate Court may be discharged therefrom upon a written certificate by a regularly practicing psychiatrist duly licensed by this State, that he is no longer harmful to himself, herself or to society, or when transferred, by order of the Probate Court which committed the patient, to another hospital or institution, or when discharge of said patient shall be ordéred by said Probate Court or other Court having jurisdiction.
“Nothing in this Section shall be construed to prevent voluntary entry by patients in and their admissions to public and private hospitals by applications of the patients or others in their behalf. [Acts 1943, No. 241, § 6, p. 498; 1957, No. 413, § 2, p. 1151; 1961, No. 77, § 1, p. 175.] ” (Emphasis supplied.)
The history of the foregoing statute shows that it was enacted in parts, the first paragraph having been a portion of Act 241 of 1943 and the subsequent paragraphs enacted as amendments thereto. The italicized paragraph, which recognizes the liability of doctors who make wilfully false statements, refers to situations where a patient is in a public or private hospital and is retained there on a doctor’s letter or certificate without benefit of a lunacy inquest.
The first paragraph of the statute makes it clear that Dr. Chudy’s statement did not provide a sufficient basis on which the probate court could legally have issued an order of commitment, because the letter certainly does not state that Mrs. Chudy was dangerous to herself or to society. Not only is it obvious that the doctor’s statement was made for use of the probate court in connection with Mrs. Chudy’s lunacy inquest, but Mrs. Chudy in her complaint alleges that defendant’s purpose in making the statement was to submit or have the statement submitted to the probate court. Therefore, as will be seen by our decisions hereinafter discussed, Dr. Chudy’s statement comes under the absolute privilege given to relevant or material statements made in testimony, pleadings, or other papers in judicial proceedings.
In Johnson v. Dover, 201 Ark. 175, 143 S. W. 2d 1112 (1940), we had before us a suit for slander based on a statement a witness had made in court. In upholding the witness’s statement as a privileged communication for which an action did not lie, we pointed out that the general rule of American cases is that statements made by a witness in the regular course of a judicial proceeding are absolutely privileged where they are relevant and pertinent to the subject of inquiry, even though false or malicious.
Becovery for defamation against physicians for similar statements made in lunacy inquests has been denied in Gilpin v. Tack, 256 F. Supp. 562 (W. D. Ark. 1966); Fisher v. Payne, 93 Fla. 1085, 113 So. 378 (1927); Dunbar v. Greenlaw, 152 Me. 270, 128 A. 2d 218 (1956); Mezullo v. Maletz, 331 Mass. 233, 118 N. E. 2d 356 (1954); and Jarman v. Offutt, 239 N. C. 468, 80 S. W. 2d 248 (1954). See Annot., 73 A.L.R. 2d 333 § 7 (1960).
Thus it is seen that appellant’s only complaint against Dr. Chudy concerns the statement he made for use in the lunacy inquest. The doctor’s statement is certainly relevant and pertinent to the issue that was before the trial court and, under the adjudicated cases of this and other courts as set out above, was a privileged communication upon which no action for defamation can lie.
The majority makes much of appellant’s allegation that Dr. Chudy conspired with appellant’s husband to deprive her of her liberty and freedom, which is a charge in the nature of malicious prosecution. The majority opinion in this connection fails to consider the effect of the discovery proceedings. When the discovery proceedings had by the parties are considered, it is obvious that the only fact upon which appellant relies for recovery against Dr. Chudy is his making of the written certificate for use in the lunacy inquest as required by the statute.
Under Ark. Stat. Ann. § 59-234, supra, a person can not be committed to the State Hospital except on the certification of a regularly licensed physician that the person “is so suffering from mental disease as to be dangerous to himself or to society and such person cannot be taken peaceably to the State Hospital.” As a practical matter, doctors do not make such certifications except on the request of some member of the person’s family. A physician who makes such certification is always susceptible to the allegation that he conspired with some member of the family to deprive the person of his liberty without just cause. Consequently, every doctor making such certification, after today’s majority opinion, will place himself in the position of having to defend his action in court against the accusation of conspiracy.
Therefore I would sustain the motion for summary judgment on the basis as alleged in the amended complaint that it was a statement submitted to the probate court of Pulaski County, Arkansas, in accordance with our lunacy statute, Ark. Stat. Ann. § 59-234, and is therefore privileged.