Appellant Dorothy Holland appeals from the action of the trial court in overruling her motion for a discharge under Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-1709 (Repl. 1964), on the grounds that she has been denied her constitutional right to a speedy trial. In overruling her motion for discharge, the trial court entered the following order:
“On this 28th day of January, 1972, comes on for hearing the motion of the Defendant to dismiss the charge herein with prejudice for failure to bring the accused to trial within the time required by Ark. Stats. (1964 Repl.) § 43-1709 and from the record and stipulations of counsel, the court doth find:
“The record reflects without dispute that on the dates indicated the following proceedings occurred:
(1) September Felony information executed and 29, 1969 filed, charging Defendant with voluntary manslaughter;
(2) September 29, 1969 Defendant committed to Arkansas State Hospital for observation under Act 3 of 1937;
(3) October 30, 1969 Defendant released and Máde arid filed bail bond in the sum of $1,000;
(4) August 10, 1971 Defendant filed motion to dismiss under Ark. Stat. § 43-1709;
(5) November 24, 1971 Plea and arraignment. Deferidant entered plea of not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity;
(6) January 28, 1972 Defendant’s motion to dismiss under Ark. Stats. § 43-1709 denied and dismissed.
“That the following stipulation was entered into in open court by attorneys for the parties herein, to-wit: The term in which the information is filed must be counted in determining the number of court terms expired; four terms have expired herein counting therefrom; that the Defendant who was released on bond was at all times within the jurisdiction of the Court; and neither the State nor the Defendant has requested a continuance herein.
“That at the request of the Defendant the State was then offered the opportunity of presenting evidence or good cause for the alleged delay in bringing the Defendant to trial. The State declined to submit such proof. The Court finds as a matter of law that the terms herein must be counted from the Defendant’s plea and arraignment. That date being within the three terms of court, Defendant’s motion for dismissal must be denied.
“It is, therefore, considered, ordered and adjudged that the motion to dismiss by Defendant hereby is overruled, denied and dismissed; that the Defendant prays for an appeal from this order which is hereby granted.”
Arkansas Stat. Ann. § 43-1709 (Repl. 1964) upon which appellant relies provides:
“If any person indicted for any offense, and held to bail, shall not be brought to trial before the end of the third term of the court in which such indictment is pending, which shall be held after the finding of such indictment, and such holding to bail on such indictment, he shall be discharged, unless the delay happened on his application.”
This statute was first construed in Stewart v. State, 13 Ark. 720 (1853). This court there in construing Ark. Stat Ann. § 43-1708, a similar statute providing for the discharge of one confined in prison, concluded that before a prisoner is entitled to a discharge for want of prosecution, he must have placed himself on the record in the attitude of demanding a trial, or at least of resisting postponements. In so doing the court recognized that the statute was declaratory of the constitutional requirement of a speedy trial.
The construction given the statute in the Stewart case was weakened in Ware v. State, 159 Ark. 540, 252 S.W. 934 (1923). There the petitioners had been indicted for murder in the first degree at the October 1919 term. They had been twice convicted and twice reversed by this court. Their motions for discharge were filed at the April 1923 term of court. In granting the motions for discharge and in speaking of the Stewart case, this court said:
“. . .As we interpret that decision, the prisoner will be entitled to his discharge under the statute for want of prosecution — that is, by reason of a failure on the part of the State to demand trial and produce her evidence against the prisoner — unless the delay was for some other reason than simply a failure on the part of the State to demand a trial and bring forward its evidence. It is such want of prosecution on the part of those intrusted with the due administration of the law that this statute condemns by discharging the prisoner upon his application and a showing that the State had failed to prosecute as this statute required. Where he makes such showing, the court trying the issue is vested with no discretion in the matter. . .”
Since the Ware case, this court has evolved the rule that when interpreting Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-17081 with reference to a prisoner in jail, the burden is on the State to show that the failure to bring the prisoner to trial was excused but when construing the statute here involving an accused on bail, the burden of proof is on the accused. See Beckwith v. State, 238 Ark. 196, 379 S.W. 2d 19 (1964) and Bell v. State, 243 Ark. 839, 422 S.W. 2d 668 (1968). Even in those cases, however, this court when dealing with an accused admitted to bail has been cautious enough to show that the delay was occasioned on the application of the accused.
Recently the United States Supreme Court has made the Sixth Amendment guarantee of a speedy trial applicable to the States. See Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1, 87 S. Ct. 988 (1967); Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 21 L. ed. 2d 607, 89 S. Ct. 575 (1969); and Dickey v. Florida, 398 U.S. 30, 26 L. ed. 2d 26, 90 S. Ct. 1564 (1970).
In People v. Minicone, 28 N.Y. 2d 279, 321 N.Y.S. 2d 570 (1971), in considering the constitutional right to a speedy trial it was held that the obligation is on the prosecutor to move promptly and no demand by the accused is required to actuate this obligation. In so stating the court pointed out that the federal courts had been tightening the requirements that criminal prosecutions move expeditiously.
In Glascow v. State, 469 P. 2d 682 (Alaska 1970), the Supreme Court of Alaska came to grips with the issue of a speedy trial and overruled its prior cases to the effect that before a prisoner could invoke the constitutional sanction of a speedy trial he had to be in the position of demanding a trial. In doing so it pointed out that, in view of the many federal decisions to the effect that every reasonable presumption should be indulged against the waiver of a constitutional right, the waiver doctrine on which its prior cases were premised “. . .is of particularly dubious authenticity under present constitutional law.”
For other cases recognizing that a demand for speedy trial or the resisting of a continuance is not a prerequisite to relief under the speedy trial guarantee of the Sixth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, see Vargas v. State, 252 So. 2d 586 (Fla. 1971), and Jaramillo v. District Court, 484 P. 2d 1219 (Colo. 1971).
In view of the foregoing authorities, we must either take a new look at the plain language of the statute or take up the constitutional issue of whether appellant was denied a right to a speedy trial. Rather than pioneer in the yet undefined area of what constitutes a speedy trial in terms of days or years, we have concluded that appellant here demonstrated her right to a discharge within the plain meaning of our statute when she showed that three terms of court had elapsed since her arrest and that such delay has not “happened on her application.” In so doing we readily recognize that this interpretation is contrary to the language of Stewart v. State, supra, and those cases following it.
Reversed with directions to discharge appellant.
Harris C.J., and Fogleman, J., dissent. Holt, J., not participating.If any person indicted for any offense, and committed to prison, shall not be brought to trial before the end of the second term of the court having jurisdiction of the offense, which shall be held after the finding of such indictment, he shall be discharged so far as relates to the offense for which he was committed, unless the delay shall happen on the application of the prisoner.