dissenting:
To read the confident language of Chief Judge Bazelon’s opinion one would never guess that three circuits, three districts, twelve federal judges — every federal judge considering the issue before this case — had ruled contrary to the result reached by my colleagues here. They say that “appellees qualify as ‘displaced persons’' within the plain terms of the notice clause” and that this “common sense interpretation is reinforced by consideration of the policies of the Relocation Act.”1 The Seventh Circuit *166in Alexander v. HUD2 held squarely the reverse; Alexander involved the notice clause, not the acquisition clause, and cannot fairly be distinguished from our case here. The Eighth Circuit in Harris v. Lynn3 dealt with persons displaced from property already owned by the federal agency, our situation here, and held that the tenants were not “displaced persons” under the Act, even though they may have moved pursuant to a notice to vacate, because absence of a federal “acquisition” was the key. The Second Circuit in Caramico v. HUD4 likewise held contrary in both rationale and result to the decision of my colleagues here, who attempt to distinguish Caramico on the ground that it involved the acquisition clause, not the notice clause. That same distinction was argued in Alexander and rejected by the Seventh Circuit, which pointed out that the rationale of Caramico applies with equal validity whether the acquisition or the notice clause is involved.
These persuasive precedents will be discussed in detail at the proper place later in this dissent. I mention them at the outset to make the reader of Judge Bazelon’s well-written opinion aware that it rests, not on firm logic and precedent, but on no precedent and on a rationale which has been argued and universally repudiated elsewhere. Now to the facts of this case, and the proper application of the statute and the precedents thereto.
To be entitled to benefits as a “displaced person” under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act5 a person must be required to move as a result of the acquisition of property for a program or project undertaken by a federal agency or with federal financial assistance. Or, alternatively, a “displaced person” may be someone required to move as a result of a written notice by the acquiring agency to vacate real property for a program or project undertaken by a federal agency or with federal financial assistance. In this case, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) acquired title to the Sky Tower buildings due to the default and foreclosure of the mortgage it had insured. About fifteen months later, HUD delivered written orders to the tenants to vacate, so that Sky Tower could be demolished and the land sold to developers.
HUD’s position is that the tenants at Sky Tower are not “displaced persons” within the meaning of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act (the Uniform Relocation Act or the Act). Relying heavily upon the decisions of the Seventh Circuit in Alexander v. HUD,6 the Eighth Circuit in Harris v. Lynn7 and the Second Circuit in Caramico v. HUD8 HUD argues that the definition of a “program or project undertaken by a Federal agency” must be limited to “consciously and voluntarily undertaken public works projects.” HUD contends that in this ease the acquisition due to a default and foreclosure of an insured mortgage was random and involuntary and, therefore, should not be covered by the Uniform Relocation Act. Also, the acquisition was not for any “program or project” which HUD had in mind.
Accepting neither the soundness of the Caramico definition of “program or project,” accepted by the Seventh and Eighth Circuits, nor the HUD characterization of the acquisition here as involuntary, the majority holds that appellees here, the Sky Tower tenants, are “displaced persons.” The majority tries to avoid taking issue directly with the holding of Caramico, however, and rests its decision upon the *167grounds adopted by the District Court, that the tenants were required to move by the HUD notices to vacate for a federal project, namely the demolition of Sky Tower. I cannot join in this conclusion. (As I shall explain in more detail later, the “notice” category of “displaced persons” was designed by Congress to include persons who move prior to acquisition upon receiving notice from the acquiring agency of its intention to acquire the property. Even if the agency does not acquire the property for some reason, these persons would be assured of benefits under the Uniform Relocation Act. The “notice” alternative was not meant to apply to a situation such as this where HUD had already acquired Sky Tower and a year later gave notices to vacate.)
As will be seen in the analysis which follows, the critical inquiry must consider the first clause of the “displaced person” definition, namely, whether the initial “acquisition” of Sky Tower was for “a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency,” as well as the second (“notice”) clause of the definition, for both clauses contemplate a voluntary acquisition, and both an actual acquisition and a notice of a proposed acquisition must be “for a program or project” and anticipated resulting displacement. As will be seen below, the acquisition here, by default and foreclosure of an insured mortgage, should be considered involuntary. Further, as Caramico properly establishes, acquisitions by such involuntary and random means are not for a federal “program or project” within the meaning of the Uniform Relocation Act.
In short, falling into neither clause of the definition, appellees here are not “displaced persons.” This result rests, I believe, upon a reading of the statutory definition which is faithful to Congressional intent, consistent with the text of the definition and the structure of the statute, and supported by case law. Whether this result, which disqualifies appellees from the benefits of the Uniform Relocation Act, is justified by reasons of policy or equity remains a question for Congress, and not for the courts, as is made clear in Part IV below.
I. INVOLUNTARY ACQUISITION— THE FACT HERE
As the majority explains in more detail,9 Sky Tower was purchased in 1970 by a nonprofit corporation by means of a mortgage insured by HUD. ' Following abandonments by the contractors and default by the nonprofit corporation, the mortgagee elected to foreclose on the mortgage and transfer title to HUD in return for the mortgage insurance benefits. In the language of Caramico,10 this acquisition was “involuntary and in response to the default.” Such “random acquisitions ... of defaulted property,” Caramico continued, “are not acquisitions ‘for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency’ within the contemplation of the drafters of the Relocation Act.”
While the majority avoids responding to Caramico directly,11 the question of whether HUD’s act here was an acquisition “for a [federal] program or project,” i. e., a voluntary acquisition, must ultimately be faced under the notice clause discussed later. Hence it is helpful to look at what the District Court said relevant to this point:
Rehabilitation work began at Sky Tower in May of 1971. By November, 1972, two contractors had defaulted in their performance of the rehabilitation work. At that time, eight buildings had been completely rehabilitated, three were approximately 50 percent rehabilitated, and work had not yet begun on eight others. Although the non-profit sponsor wished to complete the rehabilitation work, and the mortgagee was prepared to allow that, HUD insisted that the property be foreclosed. See 24 C.F.R. § 236.56. Title *168was transferred to HUD on June 15, 1973.12
Note that the District Court only says that HUD “insisted” upon foreclosure. The obvious question is why HUD “insisted.” Could it have been that HUD had no option but to insist upon foreclosure, thus making its action involuntary? The answer is yes, and the clue is the citation.
That citation provides the explanation for HUD’s “insistence.” 24 C.F.R. § 236.56, “Determination of project feasibility — fair market rentals,” as set out in full below, establishes the rule in its paragraph (a) that HUD shall not make commitments for mortgage insurance for projects where the rents will exceed the rents for similar housing.13 Paragraph (b) of the rule, as noted below, sets out the two necessary conditions for any exceptions to the limit. With its bare citation to § 236.56, the District Court’s opinion does not explain HUD’s “insistence,” but, as the rule itself suggests, it may well have been that HUD had no option but to insist.
Reference to the record, moreover, indicates that HUD’s acquisition was indeed involuntary. An understanding of further background events, some of which were not described by the District Court, may be helpful in making a fair characterization. As noted by the District Court, rehabilitation work began in May of 1971. According to the Acting Director of the HUD District of Columbia Area Office, whose affidavit in relevant part below describes the chronology of events,14 in March of 1972 the non*169profit sponsor asked HUD to approve a substitution of contractors and to increase the insured mortgage from $2.9 million to $3.2 million. HUD agreed to this “unusual action” of increasing its liability. After the second contractor abandoned work on the project and placed a lien on the property, the nonprofit sponsor was thrown into default. At this point, in April of 1973 HUD was informed that the mortgagee had elected to foreclose, as it was permitted to do by HUD regulations. The sponsor then sought a second increase from HUD in the amount of the insured mortgage, which was presumably the mortgagee’s condition for allowing the sponsor to complete the work. By HUD’s account, however, “[bjecause of the past history of the project and since this increase would require rents in excess of what tenants in the neighborhood could afford or would be willing to pay, HUD had no alternative but to reject this request.”15 HUD’s inability to extend a second insurance increase was presumably based on 24 C.F.R. § 236.56, which, as noted, directs that mortgage insurance shall not be committed where the rents would be in excess of rents for similar housing.16
In sum, then, it appears from the record — and is consistent with the opinion of the District Court — that HUD’s taking of title to Sky Tower was an involuntary acquisition in response to a default. Whether such acquisitions are for a “program or project” within the meaning of the Uniform Relocation Act is the issue to which I now turn.
II. “PROGRAM OR PROJECT” — VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACQUISITION
In Caramico v. HUD, supra, residents of housing units in low income areas were evicted by mortgagees seeking to recover on their mortgage insurance following default. Under FHA regulations, recovery required that the mortgagee tender possession of the property unoccupied to FHA, although FHA could waive the requirement in particular cases. Although FHA had acquired the properties in Caramico, thus compelling the residents to move prior to the acquisition, the Second Circuit did not consider the acquisition as being “for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency, or with Federal financial assistance.” Drawing upon the legislative history as well as other provisions of the Uniform Relocation Act, Caramico read the “program” definition as “contemplatfing] normal government acquisitions, which are the result of conscious decisions to build a highway here or a housing project or hospi*170tal there.”17 Acquisitions due to defaults and foreclosures, being involuntary and random, were not judged by Caramico as being for “a program or project.”
Relying on Caramico, HUD argues that this acquisition likewise, being involuntary, is not for a “program or project.”
In formulating its definition, Caramico drew upon four separate provisions of the Uniform Relocation Act: 42 U.S.C. §§ 4621, 4626, 4625(a) and 4651(1) & (8).18 In addition, Caramico took account of the legislative history, quoting extensively from the House Report.
The Caramico definition is thus soundly based upon the various provisions of the statute and the intent of Congress. The examples in the House Report of typical acquisitions — for a highway or for a hospital — involve, as Caramico explained, conscious and planned government decisions to proceed with particular projects. In making these decisions, the Government can and must calculate in the cost of relocation. But in accepting title after a foreclosure, the Government usually has no choice about acquisition. It cannot weigh costs against benefits, including the costs of relocation, before deciding to acquire. Congress must have been aware of this very fundamental and obvious difference; an open-ended program whose cost is incalculable is not simply to be presumed in a total absence of expressed Congressional intent.
The majority opinion argues that “the mandate of the Act is precisely contrary: if the costs are too much for HUD, then the demolition should not take place.”19 This statement once again blithely ignores the issue that the majority would fain forget: that this “acquisition,” and the subsequent action by HUD, was compelled, was involuntary, and thus was not for a “project or program” within the meaning of the Act. The undisputed facts here show that HUD was forced by the mortgagee to take over Sky Tower, was confronted with a situation under which the housing could not be rehabilitated and then rented at rates permissible under the regulations,20 and hence, more than a year after the involuntary acquisition, was forced to go the route of demolition preparatory to building something economically viable. This case is a good illustration of why Congress did not in the statute, either under the “acquisition” or the “notice” clause, compel HUD to pay relocation benefits in such an involuntary— and financially incalculable — situation. The majority’s verbal shrug of the shoulders — “if the costs are too much for HUD, then . . ” — is an attempted brushoff of some very weighty practical operating budget considerations to which Congress, if it had desired to do what the majority claims it did, would have been compelled to give serious and detailed attention.
My colleagues’ position in interpreting the statute here is not only directly contrary to that of the Second Circuit in Caramico but is also in direct conflict with the Seventh Circuit in Alexander v. HUD.21 Alexander involves the now familiar story of an apartment project in default on the loan, continuing default, HUD foreclosure and taking over the property. The River-house apartment complex was plagued by unsafe conditions, nonpayment of rent, and excessive cost of bringing the project into good condition — remarkably similar to Sky Tower here. HUD then did precisely what it did here, i. e., caused notices to vacate to be served on all tenants. The plaintiff tenants sought relocation benefits, asserting that the notice to vacate made them eligible for benefits afforded to “displaced persons” within the meaning of the Act. The District Court granted summary judgment for the defendant HUD, holding that the Act was inapplicable to the closing of the River-house project, and making the same analy*171sis of the statute that the Second Circuit had made in Caramico and that I have urged here.
The Seventh Circuit unanimously affirmed, pointing out that “[eligibility for URA benefits is also based on the requirement that a person be displaced ‘for a program or project undertaken by a federal agency, or with federal financial assistance.’ 42 U.S.C. § 4601(6). This requirement has been interpreted to mean construction of new federal projects.”22 The Seventh Circuit then discussed Caramico at some length, and emphasized the significance of the Second Circuit’s “[fjinding a crucial difference between mortgage insurance acquisitions and acquisitions under programs covered by URA.”23 The difference, according to the Seventh Circuit, was that “the Second Circuit characterized the former as ‘random and involuntary while normal urban renewal contemplates a conscious government decision to dislocate some so that an entire area may benefit.’ ”24 The Seventh Circuit thus agreed completely with the Second Circuit in holding that involuntary mortgage foreclosure acquisitions were not within the “programs or projects” contemplated by the Act.
Other statutory provisions, cited by Caramico, also suggest that acquisition by involuntary foreclosure does not come within the Uniform Relocation Act. 42 U.S.C. § 4626(a), for example, provides authority for agency action “[i]f a Federal project cannot proceed to actual construction ” (emphasis added). And 42 U.S.C. § 4651 on methods of acquisition establishes policies on appraisal, negotiation and eminent domain.
In sum, if this acquisition is understood as having been involuntary, and if the Second and Seventh Circuits’ definition of “project” as excluding such involuntary acquisitions is accepted, then appellees are not “displaced persons” within the meaning of the “acquisitions” clause in the definition. For to the extent that appellees can be said to have moved from Sky Tower as a result of the HUD acquisition, that acquisition was not “for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency” as contemplated by the Uniform Relocation Act.
III. THE NOTICE CLAUSE
The position of the majority is that whether or not appellees are “displaced persons” under the acquisitions clause they are “displaced persons” under the notice clause because they moved as a result of HUD’s notice to vacate so that HUD could carry out its “project” of demolishing Sky Tower. The majority’s reading of the notice clause, however, is not consistent with the purpose that Congress meant it to serve. Moreover, the majority opinion has misunderstood the argument HUD has advanced and is thus not even responding to the reading urged by HUD, which is indeed the correct interpretation.
Before beginning this analysis it may be helpful to set out the relevant text of the definition of “displaced person: ”25
The term “displaced person” means any person who . . . moves from real property ... as a result of the acquisition of such real property, . or as the result of the written order of the acquiring agency to vacate real property, for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency .
A.
The majority says that HUD denies the applicability of the notice clause by not classifying demolition as a “project,” quoting HUD’s brief26 that only “a federal construction or rehabilitation project, such as public works or urban renewal” constitutes *172a “project" in HUD’s estimation.27 The sentence the majority partially quotes, however, is not making the argument attributed to it. The sentence quoted in full reads as follows:
The legislative history shows that Congress intended to provide benefits only to people who were forced to move because of acquisition consciously and voluntarily undertaken to further a federal construction or rehabilitation project, such as public works or urban renewal.
This full sentence is further quoted in context in the long excerpt from the HUD brief reproduced infra. The overall argument advanced by HUD is that the Act requires an acquisition for a project, such as public works, to satisfy the definition of “displaced persons.” HUD doubtlessly concedes that if Sky Tower were voluntarily and consciously acquired, e. g., by eminent domain, in order to demolish it and sell the vacant land, there would be acquisition for a “program or project.”
A careful reading of HUD’s brief shows that it never argued at all that a demolition, rather than a construction, is not a “project.” Not only would this argument generally be rather simple-minded, because demolition usually precedes construction, but HUD would have to know that it would be inapplicable here, as Sky Tower was concededly being torn down to make way for the construction to single-family units. Rather than making this clearly flawed argument, the HUD Brief is advancing a reading of the notice clause based upon the purpose Congress intended for it.
To avoid the ambiguity of paraphrasing HUD, reproduced in the text below is the portion of the HUD Brief (pp. 13-15) which contains its argument on the meaning of the notice clause:
Apparently, the district court considered the involuntary nature of HUD’s acquisition irrelevant where, as here, the person moves “as the result of the written order of the acquiring agency to vacate real property, for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency,” even though it might be relevant where (as in Caramico) the tenants move “as a result of the acquisition of * * * real property * * * for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency * * * However, the Second Circuit made clear that in Caramico it was interpreting the phrase common to both clauses, “for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency” rather than the term “acquisition” which appears only in one clause. Moreover, there is no basis for distinguishing between the nature of the acquisition in the two provisions. An “acquiring agency” in the “notice” clause should refer to the same type of acquisition as does the “acquisition” clause.10 [10 There is, of course, a presumption that the same word used in different parts of a single statute is intended to have the same meaning each time. Helvering v. Stockholms Enskilda Bank, 293 U.S. 84, 87, 55 S.Ct. 50, 79 L.Ed. 211 (1934)]. The volitional nature of the acquisition is the same for both classes of displaced persons. And in both clauses there must be acquisition “for a program or project.” At the time HUD acquired Sky Tower, no decision regarding disposition of the property had been made. Over a year elapsed before HUD decided to raze the buildings. Thus, the property was not acquired for any program or project. The provision relied on by the district court (the notice provision) was enacted to assure that people who move prior to actual acquisition can receive benefits if they receive a notice from the acquiring agency of its intention to acquire the property [emphasis added]. Therefore, benefits. accrue to an individual before acquisition occurs and even in the event it never occurs. H.Rept.No.1656, 91st Cong., 2d sess. 4 (1970). It was not intended to make relocation benefits available for different types of acquisitions or for different classes of programs or projects than the “acquisition” clause.
The legislative history shows that Congress intended to provide benefits only to *173people who were forced to move because of acquisition consciously and voluntarily undertaken to further a federal construction or rehabilitation project, such as public works or urban renewal [emphasis added.]
As can be seen from this excerpt, HUD is contending that even as to tenants who seek to qualify as “displaced persons” under the notice category, it is dispositive whether the acquisition was for a project or program, that is, whether the acquisition was made as a voluntary and conscious choice. This view is textually based, as explained above, on a reading of “acquiring agency” in the notice clause as referring back to the first clause, that is, to an agency which is acquiring property for a voluntary and conscious “program or project.” And the HUD view is further based, as shown by the citation to the House Report, upon the leg; islative intent that the notice clause should ensure coverage of those who move prior to acquisition and even in the event it never occurs.
The majority opinion is thus grossly in error when it claims “. . . the government’s argument proves too much. If an 'acquisition’ as that term is used in the acquisition clause is also required under the notice clause, then the notice alternative would be rendered surplusage.”28 The notice clause was put in to take care of persons displaced in advance of a proposed acquisition which is never consummated, as is shown in the text of this opinion, infra.
Likewise, the majority claim that “[t]he government’s argument that the notice clause requires, in addition, that an agency acquire property for a government program or project, would artificially restrict the coverage . . . ”29 This is not the government’s argument at all. The government does not say that for a person to be displaced under the notice clause the agency must acquire the property, only that the agency propose to acquire and give written notice to that effect. This is the whole purpose of the notice clause; it is the majority’s erroneous construction of the government’s argument which alone would create a “surplusage.”
B.
With the HUD position in this case now fairly set out, it appears that due to the serious clash of views, textually and otherwise, on the proper reading of the notice clause, an independent examination of the legislative history is now necessary to determine the purpose Congress meant the notice clause to serve.
The Uniform Relocation Act of 1970 originated in the Senate as S.l. As reported out of the Committee on Government Operations and as passed by the Senate, S.l defined a “displaced person” as essentially any person moved from real property “as a result of the acquisition or reasonable expectation of acquisition of . real property, in whole or in part, by a Federal or State agency.”30 This language was patterned apparently31 upon the definition of the 1968 Highway Act32 which had also referred to a “displaced person” as someone moving “as a result of the acquisition or reasonable expectation of acquisition.” S.l, however, had dropped the reference of the Highway Act to “acquisition of such real property, which is subsequently acquired,”33 thereby broadening the definition to cover persons who move due to a reasonable expectation of acquisition even though the property is not later acquired. An examination of the deleted phrase— “which is subsequently acquired” — shows *174the undeniable broadening effect of the deletion, for the deleted phrase was an important limitation.
When S.l was reported from the House Public Works Committee, however, the language of the definition had been changed to its present form, the result of recognition of the expansion accomplished by the deletion. A “displaced person” was someone who moved from real property “as a result of the acquisition of such real property . or as the result of the written order of the acquiring agency to vacate real property” for a federal or federally-funded “program or project.”34 After this change by the House Committee from the language about “reasonable expectation,” the House Report, accompanying the revised S.l, assumed particular importance in divining the meaning of the notice clause. After the House Report tracks the terms of the revised S.l in describing the definition of “displaced person,” it immediately adds: “If a person moves as a result of such a notice to vacate, it makes no difference whether or not the real property actually is acquired.”35 While this is the only sentence in the House Report explaining the meaning of the notice clause, its evolution and antecedents render this comment clear and unmistakable in meaning. The House Report continues:36
It is immaterial whether the real property is acquired before or after the effective date, of the bill, or by Federal or State agency; or whether Federal funds contribute to the cost of the real property. The controlling point is that the real property must be acquired for a Federal or Federal financially assisted program or project.
The Report then gives various examples, such as that it is acquisition for a Federal project if a state acquires property, even with only state money, for the right-of-way for a Federal-aid highway. There are no examples given of “displaced persons” where the move was made as a result of notice regarding property which was already in the ownership of the Federal agency-
Following approval by the House, the revised S.l was returned to the Senate, the House indicating a refusal to go to conference. There were other. changes, particularly involving judicial review, that occupied the attention of the Senate in its renewed consideration. The only apparent reference to the change in definition was in a memorandum on “points of significant concern” submitted by Senator Percy on behalf of the Administration. The relevant paragraph provides as follows:37
Definition of displaced person. The House bill would limit the status of displaced person to those who move as the result of the acquisition of, or written notice to vacate, real property. The Senate version would provide a broader definition which includes those who move as the result of acquisition or reasonable expectation of acquisition.
In the estimation of the Administration, then, the House language requiring notice was seen as narrowing the coverage from those who move as the result of “reasonable expectation of acquisition” to those who receive a written notice prior to such expected acquisition, although the memorandum makes no judgment about the desirability of this change. The Senate again passed S.l and the President signed it into law.
Looking back at the legislative history, the purpose which should be attributed to the notice clause seems clear. The original bill, S.l, had provided a broad definition of “displaced persons,” covering those who moved with a “reasonable expectation” that an agency would acquire their housing for a project even if the agency did not ultimately make the acquisition. This definition, *175however, appears to present obvious problems of administration, particularly as it may call for many individual determinations on “reasonableness” based on the facts of each case, with all determinations subject to judicial review.38 The House change, to replace “reasonable expectation” with “written notice” from the “acquiring agency,” appears to have been an effort to simplify and regularize the definition by limiting coverage to those with specific notice. The change would also have the effect of narrowing the definition since generally for most projects, like highway construction, there would be fewer people receiving written notice to vacate than would have a reasonable expectation that their residences might be acquired.
The House and Senate versions, though, shared the same purpose: as the House Report said, this supplemental definition meant to cover those given notice who moved prior to acquisition or who moved even though the anticipated acquisition did not occur. This appears to be the limited purpose envisioned for the notice clause. It was designed to provide a more concrete standard than “reasonable expectation” of acquisition. If anything, the change by the House limited the definition, and certainly did not vastly expand it by covering all persons displaced with notice from property already owned and acquired by the agency. In short, the “displaced persons” meant to be covered by the Uniform Relocation Act are those connected with the acquisitions or anticipated acquisitions by agencies for their programs.
It is thus dispositive here whether Sky Tower was acquired for a program or project, as discussed in Parts I and II above. This is the basic issue which separates my view from the views of my colleagues; whether the acquisition or the notice clause is involved, the acquisition or notice of proposed acquisition must be an “acquisition for a program or project.” There can be no such acquisition if HUD’s accession to title is involuntary. Caramico, Alexander, and Harris, supra.
C.
The meaning of the notice clause found in the legislative history also draws support from other provisions of the Act as well as from the available case law. Title I of the Uniform Relocation Act contains the general provisions, including definitions; Title II sets out the actual relocation assistance to be provided. Section 202, for example, specifies the compensation for moving and related expenses; it begins:39
Whenever the acquisition of real property for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency in any State will result in the displacement of any person on or after January 2, 1971, the head of such agency shall make a payment to any displaced person .
Section 205, concerning the advisory services for relocation assistance, also contains an identical introduction, about the “acquisition” of real property.40 These occasional introductions are presumably meant as rough paraphrases of the coverage of the Act, being of significance here, therefore, for their focus on “acquisition” for a project as a condition for benefits. There is no suggestion that these clauses, found seemingly at random in two of the sections of Title II, mean that there should be different benefits available to “displaced persons” qualified by the acquisition clause than for those qualified by the notice clause, defined by majority in such a way as to be independent of the acquisitions requirement.
Title III of the Act, concerning uniform acquisition policy, also appears to lend some support to the HUD position. Section 301(5) directs all agencies to schedule construction projects in such a way that no *176person occupying real property is required to move “without at least ninety days’ written notice ... of the date by which such move is required.”41 This clearcut directive, which agencies must meet “to the greatest extent practicable,” ties in well with the “written notice” clause as an alternative definition. Once a person receives the written notice directed by section 301(5), he assuredly becomes a “displaced person” and can begin to take advantage of the Act’s benefits, including advisory services and rental replacement supplements, at least ninety days before actually having to vacate.
Lastly, there is unanimous case support for the HUD view that the Uniform Relocation Act does not apply to persons displaced from property already in the ownership of the concerned agency, even though a notice to vacate for a project may be given. In Harris v. Lynn,42 the tenants seeking to qualify as “displaced persons” were required to move so that the ill-fated public housing projects of Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis could be demolished. The tenants argued that the projects were essentially “federal” lands, due to various loan and trust arrangements, and “that to deny relocation benefits to individuals forced to move from ‘federal’ lands while granting such benefits to those displaced as a result of the ‘acquisition’ of such lands would run counter to the Congressional purpose and intent.”43 The District Court disagreed:44
It is clear to us, however, that Congress advisedly limited the eligible class (in Section 4601(6)) to those forced to move as a result of an “acquisition.” There are, for example, a number of references in the Act to “acquisition” and “acquiring ' agency.”
Those tenants, although displaced-in-fact, were thus denied coverage because they had not moved as a result of an acquisition of their dwellings. On appeal the Eighth Circuit “adopt[ed] the factual statement and legal reasoning set forth in the District Court’s opinion and affirm[ed] that decision as to the issues it reaches.”45
If, as the Eighth Circuit has maintained, Congress meant to provide coverage only for displacements connected with acquisitions, it would depart from that purpose to read the notice clause as the majority reads it here. Whenever an agency wishes to vacate property it already owns for some new “project or program,” it presumably gives written notice to the occupying tenants. If that notice alone is said to qualify the tenants as “displaced persons,” then the Act will be applying to all varieties of displacements that are not remotely related to “acquisitions.” Based on the legislative history, other provisions of the statute, and available case law, I believe instead that in its definition of “displaced person” the Uniform Relocation Act is concerned with displacements from “acquisitions.” And, thus, in this case, since the involuntary taking of the property due to default and foreclosure was not an “acquisition” for a “program or project,” these appellees cannot be “displaced persons.”
This was exactly what the Seventh Circuit held in Alexander v. HUD, supra. The court’s description of plaintiffs’ argument in Alexander neatly describes plaintiffs’ argument here: “The tenants in this case *177contend that Caramico is distinguishable factually since in Caramico HUD was not the mortgagee, did not foreclose on the mortgage, and did not purchase the property from which the tenants were evicted. Further, plaintiffs argue Caramico involved the acquisition aspect of 42 U.S.C. § 4601(6), whereas here plaintiffs rely on the aspect of that section dealing with a written order to vacate by the acquiring agency.”46 The Seventh Circuit squarely and unanimously rejected this argument, the position of my two colleagues here, saying: “Although distinguishable with respect to particular facts, Caramico involved the same inquiry as presented by this case, i. e., whether the activity of the. governmental agency was ‘for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency, or with Federal financial assistance.’ In this case, we conclude that HUD’s written order to the tenants of Riverhouse to vacate by December 31,1974 was not for such a program or project.”47 No legal legerdemain can distinguish the Seventh Circuit’s holding in Alexander from the case at bar.48
IV. OVERALL PURPOSE OF THE ACT
As the Seventh and Eighth Circuit cases and this case all illustrate, there may be persons displaced in fact from buildings already in the ownership of state or federal agencies who do not qualify as “displaced persons” even though the displacement results from a “program or project,” i. e., demolition. A reading of the definition as it was intended by the Uniform Relocation Act leads, as I have shown, to this conclusion. Before resting with this conclusion, however, it may be instructive to ask whether this outcome, excluding these appellees from coverage, is consistent with the overall structure of the Act, apart from whether it accords with the definition. After all, as the Act itself makes clear, a primary purpose is to assure that displaced persons “shall not suffer disproportionate injuries as a result of programs designed for the benefit of the public as a whole.”49 Is there any support in the Act, apart from the definition, for establishing coverage for persons displaced due to acquisitions for programs but denying coverage for persons displaced from property already owned by the agency?
Looking elsewhere in the Act, it appears that Congress made an express provision that certain persons displaced in fact by federal aid or a federal agency would be considered “displaced persons” even though the displacement may not have resulted from acquisition. As set out in full below, section 217 of the Act50 provides that persons who have to move as a result of certain federal aid programs involving urban renewal shall, “for the purposes of this [title], be deemed to have been displaced as the result, of the acquisition of real property.” In other words, under these named programs there may be extensive displacement, from public housing projects, for example, without any federal or federally-financed state acquisition of real property. Section 217, therefore, is designed to cover displacements caused by these named activities even though there was no acquisition. This section does what Congress did not do in the section at issue here, and rather completely refutes the majority claim “that if congress had explicitly considered . . , *178it would have approved an interpretation of the Act making benefits available for such persons.”51 Congress did so — when it desired to do so.
If the notice clause had the meaning given it by the majority, it would have been completely unnecessary for Congress to have enacted section 217. The persons displaced by these urban renewal programs would undoubtedly have been given notices to vacate “for” these projects and would have been qualified under the notice clause, as the majority reads it. The fact, however, that Congress had to provide special coverage for these persons suggests that it did not intend that all persons displaced from property already owned by an agency would be eligible for benefits. The fact that Congress provided special coverage as to certain named programs also suggests that it is for Congress to decide when to extend coverage to other persons displaced from property already owned. There may be reasons of equity or policy for the Uniform Relocation Act to reach all persons displaced as a result of federal programs, regardless of whether their property is acquired or already owned by the relevant agency. But as the Act is now structured we are obliged to follow the definition as phrased and as intended and to leave questions of additional coverage to Congress.
As a closing note of caution, I would ask the majority to consider the consequences of what may well have happened here had HUD accepted the meaning of the notice clause as the majority has interpreted it now. If HUD knew that once it acquired a building with tenants, however involuntary the acquisition, these tenants would become “displaced persons” if HUD ever served them with notice to vacate “for” another project, then what could very likely have been the HUD response? HUD might well have insisted, as it had every legal right to do, that the mortgagee evict all the tenants before HUD would accept the property and pay out the mortgage insurance. Being evicted by the mortgagee, the tenants would clearly not have been “displaced persons” according to the interpretation in Caramico and even more squarely on point in Alexander,52 In brief, as the notice definition now stands in this Circuit, there will be greater incentive for HUD to insist upon taking title without tenants in occupancy, thereby avoiding what it regards as the “substantial” financial burden of the majority’s interpretation.53 The irony of the result in this case is that the majority may be hurting the urban poor among the displaced more than helping them.
V. CONCLUSION
In summary, I agree with the Second Circuit in Caramico v. HUD, with the Eighth Circuit in Harris v. Lynn, and with the Seventh Circuit in Alexander v. HUD. All three of our sister circuits have held that where there is an in voluntary acquisition of property by HUD the evicted tenants are not “displaced persons” within the meaning of the Act. My colleagues have tried valiantly to distinguish Caramico by saying it clearly turned upon the “acquisition” clause defining “displaced persons,” but the Eighth Circuit in Harris v. Lynn and the Seventh Circuit in Alexander v. HUD dealt with the “notice” clause definition of displaced persons, which is involved in our case. In each instance the Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed a District Court reaching the decision I would reach here. In light of the analysis of the statute in these three cases by twelve federal judges, and the unanimous conclusion reached in each case, I respectfully suggest that the reasons advanced by my two colleagues here are unpersuasive, certainly inadequate to overcome the weight of both reason and authority manifested in the other three circuits. I therefore respectfully dissent.
. Maj. op. at 161 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 595 of 571 F.2d. And cf.:
Of course, resort may be had to legislative history when a statute is ambiguous, or where the ordinary meaning would lead to absurd or futile results. But “the plainer the language, the more convincing contrary legislative history must be.” . . . Since the notice clause is clear on its face, and its common sense meaning is consonant with the purposes of the Act, we would accept the government’s interpretation of the clause only if supported by clear and convincing evidence from the legislative history.
*166Id. at 163, at 597 of 571 F.2d (footnote and citation omitted).
. 555 F.2d 166 (7th Cir. 1977), rehearing denied, 19 September 1977.
. 555 F.2d 1357 (8th Cir. 1977), affirming 411 F.Supp. 692 (E.D.Mo.1976).
. 509 F.2d 694 (2d Cir. 1974).
. 42 U.S.C. § 4601(6) (1970).
. Note 2 supra.
. Note 3 supra.
. Note 4 supra.
. Maj. op. at 158 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 592 of 571 F.2d.
. 509 F.2d at 699 (footnote omitted).
. See Maj. op. at 162 n. 28 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 596 of 571 F.2d.
. Cole v. Lynn, 389 F.Supp. 99, 101 (D.D.C. 1975).
. § 236.56 Determination of project feasibility — fair market rentals.
(a) In the determination of project feasibility prior to issuing a commitment for mortgage insurance under this part, the fair market rentals estimated in accordance with § 236.56(a)(2) shall be at a level that can be expected to attract nonsubsidized tenants, who will pay fair market rentals, and shall not exceed the rentals obtainable for reasonably comparable nonsubsidized rental dwelling units similarly located. Adjustments may be made in such rentals to reflect additional management services such as increased tenant screening, counseling, and income certification and recertifications.
(b) In determining the feasibility of a project to be located in a deteriorating residential neighborhood, the Commissioner may determine a project to be feasible with estimated fair market rental levels in excess of those than [sic] can be expected to attract nonsubsidized tenants in that neighborhood provided that:
(1) The estimated fair market rentals do not exceed estimated fair market rentals obtainable in comparable projects in more stable neighborhoods, and
(2) The proposed project can be expected to contribute to the stabilization or improvement of the neighborhood.
[37 F.R. 7157, Apr. 11, 1972]
. AFFIDAVIT OF HARRY W. STALLER
HARRY W. STALLER, first being duly sworn, deposes and says:
1.This affidavit is submitted for purposes of explaining the circumstances under which HUD acquired title to the Sky Tower project and other facts relevant to the relocation of Sky Tower tenants. Although I did not become Acting Director of the HUD D.C. Area Office until July 1973 the statements contained herein are based upon reports from members of my staff and documents contained in the project files, as well as my personal knowledge.
2. The sponsor of the Sky Tower project, Anacostia No. One, Inc., experienced difficulty with the original general contractor and through the mortgagee for the project Walker and Dunlop, Inc., requested in March 1972 that HUD approve a substitution of contractors and an increase in the maximum amount of the mortgage from approximately $2.9 million to $3.2 million. An interim increase in the insured mortgage is an unusual action which increases HUD’s liability. In fact, it is my understanding that an interim increase had never been granted in this office prior to that time. However, because of HUD’s desire to have the project completed, the requests were approved by June 1972.
3. The second contractor abandoned work on the project in November 1972. HUD allowed the sponsor to attempt to finish the project by itself. However, in January 1973, the second contractor filed a law suit against the sponsor and mortgagee and, in addition, placed a lien on the property on February 22, 1973, in violation of the terms of the construction contract.
4. Since the owner was unable to bond off the mechanics lien, no further mortgage proceeds could be drawn to fund interest and construction costs. In March 1973, Walker and Dunlop, Inc., the mortgagee for the project, notified the Area Office of the default citing as a basis the fact that the contractor had quit the project, a lien had been placed on the project, *169and, interest due February 1 had not been paid. A copy of the notice of default is attached hereto, as Exhibit I and incorporated herein.
5. Under HUD Regulations, when a project is in default, the mortgagee has the option of either foreclosing the mortgage or assigning it to HUD. By letter dated April 4, 1973, Walker and Dunlop informed the Area Office that it had elected under the terms of the contract for mortgage insurance to foreclose on the property. A copy of this letter is attached hereto as Exhibit II and is incorporated herein.
6. In the following weeks the sponsor of the project requested another increase in the maximum amount of the insured mortgage. Because of the past history of the project and since this increase would require rents in excess of what tenants in the neighborhood could afford or would be willing to pay, HUD had no alternative but to reject this request.
7. By letter dated May 7, 1973, Walker and Dunlop notified the HUD Central Office of its intention to foreclose on the mortgage at the earliest possible date. A copy of this letter is attached hereto as Exhibit III and is incorporated herein.
8.HUD accepted title to and possession of the property on June 15, 1975, [sic], and subsequently paid Walker and Dunlop mortgage insurance benefits approximately in the amount of proceeds disbursed under the mortgage during construction.
. Id. at paragraph 6.
. See 24 C.F.R. § 236.56(a), quoted in note 13 supra. Paragraph (b), as noted, sets out the two necessary conditions for any exception. Although the record is not conclusive on this point, it does not appear that HUD considered Sky Tower as a project suitable for exceptional treatment. By the reference in the affidavit to the project’s “past history,” HUD was taking note, doubtlessly, of the one increase already granted, the two abandonments by contractors, the lien placed on the property, and the original election of the mortgagee to foreclose.
. 509 F.2d at 698.
. Ibid.
. Maj. op. at 164 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 598 of 571 F.2d.
. See pp. 167-168, pp. 601-602 of 571 F.2d supra.
. 555 F.2d 166 (7th Cir. 1977), rehearing denied, 19 September 1977.
. Id. at 169 (citation omitted).
. Id.
. Id., quoting 509 F.2d at 698.
. 42 U.S.C. § 4601(6) (1970).
. HUD Brief at 15.
. Maj. op. at 161 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 595 of 571 F.2d.
. Maj. op. at 162 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 596 of 571 F.2d.
. Maj. op. at 162 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 596 of 571 F.2d (emphasis in original).
. S.l, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. § 105(l)-(5), reprinted in 115 Cong.Rec. 31372 (1969) (emphasis supplied). See id. § 110.
. S.Rep.No.488, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1969). See also 115 Cong.Rec. 31535 (1969) (remarks of Sen. Cooper).
. Pub.L.No.90-495, 82 Stat. 834, § 511(3) (repealed 1971).
. Ibid, (emphasis added).
. S.l, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. § 1(6), reprinted in 116 Cong.Rec. 40163 (1970) (emphasis added).
. H.R.Rep.No.1656, 91st Cong., 2nd Sess. 4, reprinted in [1970] U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News, pp. 5850, 5853.
. Id. (emphasis added).
. 116 Cong.Rec. 42139 (1970) (emphasis supplied).
.See, e. g., United States v. Braddy, 320 F.Supp. 1239, 1241 (D.Or.1971), which held that by the phrase “reasonable expectations” in the 1968 Highway Act “Congress intended the proper state agency to weigh each case on its own merits.”
. 42 U.S.C. § 4622(a) (1970) (emphasis added).
. Id. § 4625(a).
. Id. § 4651(5) (emphasis added).
. 411 F.Supp. 692 (E.D.Mo.1976), aff’d, 555 F.2d 1357 (8th Cir. 1977). It appears that the Harris courts treated “acquisition” in the “acquisition” clause and “acquiring agency” in the “notice” clause as functional equivalents, thus disposing of the majority’s attempt to distinguish this case. Maj. op. at 162 & n.29, of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 596 of 571 F.2d. Not only did the Court of Appeals “adopt the factual statement and legal reasoning” of the District Court, but also specifically stated, “The plaintiffs’ eligibility for assistance, in essence, turned on the resolution of two issues: (1) whether there was an ‘acquisition’ for a program or project of a Federal Agency, and (2) whether the demolition was part of a comprehensive city demonstration program . . .” 555 F.2d at 1360. The majority’s efforts to distinguish Harris, like its efforts to distinguish Alexander, simply won’t wash.
. 411 F.Supp. at 695.
. Id. (emphasis added).
. 555 F.2d at 1359.
. 555 F.2d at 169 (emphasis supplied).
. Ibid.
. The quoted sentence from Alexander by which in note 27 the majority attempts to distinguish the Seventh Circuit case, constitutes simply an additional reason for a conclusion already reached on the Caramico rationale, as a reading of the whole opinion plainly shows.
. 42 U.S.C. § 4621 (1970).
. 42 U.S.C. § 4637 (1970):
A person who moves or discontinues his business, or moves other personal property, or moves from his dwelling on or after January 2, 1971, as a direct result of any project or program which receives Federal financial assistance under title I of the Housing Act of 1949, as amended, or as a result of carrying out a comprehensive city demonstration program under title 1 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 shall, for the purposes of this subchapter, be deemed to have been displaced as the result of the acquisition of real property.
. Maj. op. at 164 of 187 U.S.App.D.C., at 598 of 571 F.2d.
. See also Moorer v. HUD, 561 F.2d 175 (8th Cir. 1977).
.HUD Brief at 21-23.