The opinion of the court was delivered by
Valentine, J.:This was an action brought in the district court of Wyandotte county by the Midland Elevator Company against M. W. Stewart, county treasurer, S. S. Peterson, sheriff, and the board of county commissioners of said county, to recover the sum of $241.44, alleged to have been illegally levied against the plaintiff as taxes for the year 1891, and paid by the plaintiff involuntarily and under protest, and to prevent a seizure of its property. A demurrer to the plaintiff’s petition was sustained by the court, on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and plaintiff brings the case to this court.
It appears from the allegations of the plaintiff’s petition that the taxable property in Wyandotte county for the year 1891 exceeded $13,000,000; that the county board for that year, and under provisions of chapter 134 of the Laws of 1887, levied a tax for general county purposes to the amount of 10 mills on the dollar of the valuation of the taxable property of that county, although, as claimed by the plaintiff, the county board would have no authority, under § 220 (or *381more properly § 181) of the act relating to counties and county officers. (Gen. Stat. of 1889, ¶ 1886,) to levy more than 5 mills on the dollar of such valuation. The plaintiff admits that a levy of 5 mills on the dollar of the valuation is legal and valid, and claims that the excess over and above that amount is illegal and invalid, and it attempts to recover only the excess which it paid over and above 5 mills on the valuation ; or, to state the question in other words, it is this: It is admitted by both parties that if said chapter 134 is constitutional and valid, then that the entire tax levied by the officers and paid by the plaintiff is legal and valid; but if said chapter 134 is void, and if §220 (or more properly §181) of the act relating to counties and county officers governs, then the excess of the tax levied over and above 5 mills on the dollar of the valuation is illegal and void, and the plaintiff may recover the same back in this action. The sole question, then, as is admitted by the parties, is whether chapter 134 of the Laws of 1887 is valid or void. It reads as follows:
“An Act authorizing the boards of oounty commissioners of Cowley and Wyandotte counties to levy and collect a tax of not exceeding 10 mills on the taxable property of said counties, for general county purposes.
“Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Kansas:
“Section 1. The boards of county commissioners of Cowley and Wyandotte counties are hereby authorized and empowered to levy and collect annually a tax of not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar on the taxable property of said counties, for general county purposes.
“Sec. 2. Such levy when so made by said boards shall be extended on the duplicate tax rolls, and shall be collected as other taxes, and shall be in lieu of all taxes of general county purposes.
“Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the official state paper.” Approved March 1, and published March 2, 1887.
Said § 220 (or more properly § 181) of the act relating to counties and county officers, so far as it is necessary to quote it, reads as follows:
“Sec. 220. The board of county commissioners of any *382county shall not levy upon the taxable property of such county a tax for current expenses of said county of any one year, in excess of the following amounts: Upon a valuation of . . . over nine millions, one-half of one per cent.: Provided, That the electors of the county, by a direct vote, may order an increase in such levies.”
It is claimed by the plaintiff that the said act of 1887 is unconstitutional and void, for the following reasons: First, it is in contravention of § 16, article 2, of the constitution, for the reason that it is in effect an amendment of said § 220, having the effect to change and alter its provisions, and yet it does not contain the entire section as amended, nor repeal the original section, nor even mention it. Second, the new act is in contravention of §1, article 11, of the constitution, which provides that “the legislature shall provide for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation.” Third, the new act is in contravention of § 17, article 2, of the constitution, for the reasons, (1) that it attempts by a separate act to limit or defeat the uniform operation throughout the state of a general law; (2) that it is itself a general law or a law of a general nature, and yet it is not to have a uniform operation throughout the state.
It can make but very little difference what might be the views of the individual members of this court, as the court is now constituted, if the questions now. presented by counsel were original questions presented to them for the first time now; for we think they have all been heretofore settled by numerous prior decisions of this court. (The State, ex rel. v. Hitchcock, 1 Kas. 178; Beach v. Leahy, 11 id. 23; and many other cases which will be hereafter cited.)
The first question presented by counsel for the plaintiff with regard to the new legislative enactment (said chapter 134), amending, changing or modifying the old one (said § 220), without embodying in the new act all the provisions of the old one that are to remain the law, and without repealing the old one, is in effect settled against the views of the present plaintiff by the decision of this court rendered in *383the case of The State, ex rel., v. Cross, 38 Kas. 670, 696, 699. See also the cases there cited.
The second contention of counsel for the plaintiff, that the new act is in contravention of § 1, article 11, of the constitution, which provides that “the legislature shall provide for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation,” is wholly untenable. That provision of the constitution, as we have many times decided, requires merely that there shall be “a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation” only in each separate taxing district of the state. (Hines v. City of Leavenworth, 3 Kas. 186, 201.) In the case of Comm’rs of Ottawa Co. v. Nelson, 19 Kas. 234, et seq., will be found an elaborate discussion with regard to the question when an assessment or a tax is at a uniform and equal rate. Now, the county of Wyandotte, for all taxes levied for county purposes, is a separate and distinct taxing district, and a rate of taxation of 10 mills on the dollar of the valuation of all the taxable property in that county is certainly a uniform and equal rate of taxation for that county, or, in other words, for that taxing district.
*384Tax for county purposes-valid statute. *383The third contention of the plaintiff, that the new act is in contravention of § 17, article 2, of the constitution, we think is also untenable. Some good reasons may be urged in favor of the plaintiff’s contention, and two decisions of this court seemingly to some extent favor it. (Darling v. Rodgers, 7 Kas. 592; Robinson v. Perry, 17 id. 248.) But some good reasons and many decisions of this court are against his contention. (Comm’rs of Norton Co. v. Shoemaker, 27 Kas. 77; Harvey v. Comm’rs of Rush Co., 32 id. 159; Weyand v. Stover, 35 id. 545, 551; City of Wichita v. Burleigh, 36 id. 34; The State v. Sanders, 42 id. 228; Hughes v. Milligan, 42 id. 396; Comm’rs of Linn Co. v. Snyder, 45 id. 636; Comm’rs of Barber Co. v. Smith, 48 Kas. 332.) It will be seen from an inspection of the decisions of this court, commencing with the case of The State, ex rel., v. Hitchcock, 1 Kas. 178, that this court has uniformly held that the legislature has the power in its discretion to pass special laws, although adequate *384general laws upon the same subject might be enacted, and although in fact such general laws have already been enacted and are at the time in full force and effect, and although such special acts might have the effect to limit the operation of existing general laws or existing laws of a general nature then having a uniform operation throughout the state. We think the statute now in question is a special law, and is not either a general law or a law of a general nature, for it relates to taxes in the counties of Wyandotte and Cowley alone. It is probably well known that the taxes of two different counties are seldom, if ever, levied upon the taxable property of such counties at the same rate. The rate is generally different in all the different counties of the state, being levied rightfully and legally under said §220, for any amount, from any small amount up to p the amount of 5, 5|-, 6J, 7J, 8J, and in some counties 10 mills on the dollar, and hence the particular rate for any particular county is special as to that county. It is never necessary that the rate should be the same in any two counties, and generally it is not. In all counties of the state, however, in which the valuation of the taxable property in the county does not exceed $5,000,000, the county board may rightfully and legally, under said § 220, levy a tax for current county purposes at the rate of 10 mills on the dollar, the same as the tax in the present case. It is not necessary to repeat the reasons given for the various decisions heretofore rendered by this court. We shall simply follow them, and, following them, we must hold that the statute in question is not void because in contravention of § 17, article 2, of the constitution • nor is it void at all.
With the views herein expressed, it follows that the decision of the court below was correct, and its judgment will therefore be affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.