The opinion of the court was delivered by
Mason, J. :J. W. Garrison brought an action against the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company to recover damages for property destroy ed by fire started by sparks from an engine of defendant, and recovered a judgment, which the railway company now seeks to have reversed. The only assignment of error it will be necessary to examine grows out of the overruling of a motion to make the petition more definite and certain. The only allegation of, negligence in the petition was as follows, the same language being used in each of the two counts:
“The defendant, by and through its agents and employees in the use of said engine from which fire escaped and destroyed the property as aforesaid of this *626plaintiff, was careless and negligent in the operation of its railway.”
The defendant filed a motion asking that the plaintiff be required to make his petition more definite and certain by setting out specifically whether the negligence of the defendant consisted in using an engine defectively equipped with appliances to prevent the escape of sparks and coals of fire, or whether it was negligent in the management and handling of the engine at the time thó fire was communicated. The motion also asked, in effect, that the plaintiff be required to state whether he relied on negligence through failure to keep the right of way clear of combustible material. The court overruled this motion. The jury found specially that the negligence of the defendant consisted in the use of a defective spark-arrester.
The defendant in error, in support of the ruling of the trial court, argues that in such cases as this negligence need only be pleaded in general terms, and cites authorities to that effect. We shall assume this contention to be correct. Indeed, it was said in St. L. & S. F. Rly. Co. v. Snaveley, 47 Kan. 637, 28 Pac. 615, that in such a case negligence need not be pleaded at all, it being sufficient merely to allege that the fire was caused by the operation of the railroad, because, under the statute, that is all that need be proved. But when the pleader attempts to set out the specific negligence relied upon the ordinary rules of pleading obtain. If he alleges negligence of one kind, he cannot recover by showing negligence of a different sort. In St. L. & S. F. Rly. Co. v. Fudge, 39 Kan. 543, 18 Pac. 720, it was. held that an allegation that the employees of a railway company, “in operating and running its engine . . . negligently and carelessly permitted said engine to cast out sparks, . . .” *627would not justify a finding of negligence based upon a defective engine. It is true it was intimated in Ft. S. W. & W. Rly. Co. v. Tubbs, 47 Kan. 630, 28 Pac. 612, that when the opinion in the Pudge case was written the court had in mind that the statute of 1885, making proof that a fire was caused by the operation of a railroad prima facie evidence of negligence, did not apply, or the ruling might have been different. But in A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Ayers, 56 Kan. 176, 42 Pac. 722, it was expressly held that, even under this statute, .if the plaintiff sets out the specific negligence relied upon, he will be confined to it; and since in such case the allegations of negligence are not surplusage, but substantial parts of the pleading, to which the defendant has a right to look as defining the issues to be tried, they are subject to the same rules of construction as other material averments.
In the present case a motion to make the petition more definite and certain was proper, not because it was necessary in the first instance for plaintiff to set out thé particular form of negligence relied on, nor because, having been more definite in his charge than was necessary, he may on that account be required to be yet more specific, but because, having elected to define the character of the negligence alleged, he was under an obligation to use plain and unambigous language for the purpose. The motion was not a demand that plaintiff be required to add any new statements to his petition, but that he be required to disclose just what was meant by those he had already voluntarily made. Either the part of the petition above quoted does not include a charge of negligence through the use of defective appliances at all, or it includes it, but only by a forced and unnatural construction. Under the former view the motion was *628properly overruled, but the petition as so construed could not sustain the judgment, as it was based upon a finding of that kind of negligence. As defendant in error is seeking to uphold the verdict based on such finding, the latter view is the more favorable for him, and the one he must be considered as adopting. In that view of the case the language used was so obscure that it should have been changed when attention was called to the obscurity by motion. Even in volunteer allegations the pleader may not seem to say one thing and recover on the theory that he meant another. He may not have the benefit of a hidden meaning, which he has refused to reveal' upon invitation.
It was not error for the district court to overrule the motion to make definite and certain so far as it related to the matter of negligence through permitting the accumulation of inflammable material along or near the right of way, for the reason that the petition, as it stood, could by no possible construction be held to refer to that feature of the case, and would not support evidence in that line ; but we hold that, in view of the subsequent proceedings, it was material error to overrule the motion on the other ground —that already discussed.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Smith, Greene, Pollock, Bürch, JJ., concurring.