delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case involves a small amount of money, but presents a question of much importance in insurance law, which has not hitherto been decided in this State. By the policy sued on, the appellants, in consideration of a premium of $25, paid them by the appellee, insured the latter for one year, to the amount of $2000, “on stock of goods such as are generally kept in a country store, contained in three story brick building situated at Culpeper City, Culpeper County, Virginia.” Among others, the *511policy contains a clause or provision “that anything less than a distinct agreement endorsed on this policy shall not be construed as a waiver of any written or printed condition, restriction, or stipulation herein contained.” The action was in assumpsit, and the policy was under seal, but all errors of pleading were waived by agreement. The fire and damage to the goods to the extent, as found by the jury, of §429.81, occurred during the year, but not until after the goods had been removed to an adjoining building. The insurance was effected by the plaintiff himself, by negotiations with the president of the company, who issued the policy. As to the circumstances under which the goods were removed, the plaintiff testified that some time previous to the removal he went to the company’s office, and there saw the president, and notified him that he desired to move the stock of goods into another brick building, adjoining that in which they then were, and of the same character, and that he desired to know if there was any objection to his so doing; that the president then asked him if he had his policy with him, to which, not knowing it was necessary he should have brought it, witness replied that he had not brought the policy with him; that the president then said it was no matter, that he would fix it all right, and witness understood him to sajr it was not necessary for him to bring the policy. The Court, against the objection of the company, admitted this testimony, and instructed the jury that if they found it to be true, then the company cannot avail itself, as a defence to this action, of the fact that the goods were so removed, and that the permission to do so was not endorsed on the policy. Are these rulings correct?
Apart from decisions elsewhere to the same effect, our own decision, in Annapolis & Elk Ridge Rail Road Co. vs. The Baltimore Fire Ins. Co., 32 Md., 37, is conclusive upon us that the terms “ contained in” a particular building, limit the risk to the time the goods remained in the same *512building in which they were when the policy was issued. They constitute a restriction upon the risk and make it continue only so long as the goods remained in that particular building.
This being so, it is insisted on the one side, that these rulings infract the cardinal and salutary rule of evidence, that parol testimony is inadmissible to contradict or vary the terms of a written instrument, and on the other, that the company is estopped by the assertions and declarations of their president, upon which the assured relied and acted in removing his goods, from setting up this defence.
In National Fire Ins. Co. vs. Crane, 16 Md., 260, which which was a case in Equity, (and most elaborately argued and carefully considered, both in the Court below and in this Court,) the policy provided that if the assured had taken out any other insurance on the property, it should be void unless he notified the same to the company and caused the same to be endorsed on the policy. It was proved by parol evidence that the. assured, before the policy was issued, did notify the president of the company of a prior insurance, but tíre fatter issued the policy without the required endorsement and received the premium, his clerk saying it was all right. In noticing the defence, that the endorsement was not in fact made, this Court say “ whatever effect the want of such endorsement may have at lato in an action on the policy, it cannot be urged in a Court of Equity in a case otherwise free from difficulty. ’ ’ Then, after adverting to the too common practice of insurance companies to meet applications and refuse adjustments on frivolous and unjust pretences, in order to defeat fair claims, on contracts of which good faith is the very essence, and noticing the fact that the insurance was sought and the policy issued by the president of the company, whose duty it was to make the endorsement, they say, in very just and forcible language, “in such a case we are called upon to say the insured is without *513remedy ; on the contrary, we think it would be a reproach to the jurisprudence of the State, if this company were discharged from their contract on any such ground.” Here the acts, omissions of duty and declarations of their president were held in equity to estop the company from setting up an inequitable defence.
Since that decision, the doctrine of equitable estoppel has, especially in insurance cases, been extended and applied at law as well as in equity, by adjudications of the Courts of last resort in many of the States, and the current and weight of judicial precedent and authority in this country, have established the proposition that, in such cases, the estoppel is equally available in either tribunal. The Supreme Court in Wilkinson's Case, 13 Wallace, 222, has also in a very able opinion sustained this position. That was an action at law on a life insurance, policy, in which some of the answers to the written interrogatories in the application, made material to the risk, were proved to be untrue. Parol evidence was then introduced by the plaintiff, to show that these answers wore in fact put in by the company’s agent, on his own judgment, based on information derived from other sources than the statement of the applicant who refused to answer in these particulars, saying he knew nothing of the matters inquired of. The Court held the evidence admissible, and that the company was estopped by these acts of' the agent, who in thus filling up the application was to be regarded as their agent, notwithstanding the application was signed by the applicant, and the answers purported on the face of the instrument to be his answers. The Court in their opinion, whilst ascribing to the rule of evidence its just importance, yet affix to it the proper limitation that it ought not to become the instrument of the very fraud it was intended to prevent, and alter adverting to the facts of the case say “ it is in precisely such cases as this, that Courts of law in modern times have introduced the doctrine of equitable *514estoppels, or as it is sometimes called estoppels in pais. The principle is that where one party has, by his representations or his conduct, induced the other party to a transaction to give him an advantage, which it would be against equity and good conscience for him to assert, he would not in a Court of justice be permitted to avail himself of that advantage.” This proposition thus sustained by the modern decisions, and founded in reason and justice, they add, does not admit that the written instrument may be contradicted by oral testimony, but goes upon the idea that it may be shown by such testimony, that the written instrument cannot be lawfully used against the party whose name is signed to it.
. Most of the reported cases in which this doctrine has been applied, are those where the acts, representations or omissions of the agents of the companies, precede or attend the issuing of the policies. But it is also applicable where facts arise during the currency of the contracts, as for instance, where in case of insurance by a mutual insurance company, assessments have been made and received by the company on the premium note, or where premiums have been received after knowledge, actual or constructive, of the invalidity of the policy ad initio, or of a subsequent breach of its conditions. May on Ins., sec. 502. In our opinion, the case before us falls clearly within the principle thus established, and it is no'extension of the doctrine thus to apply it. The assured before removing his goods, applied in person to the president of the company, and asked him if there was any objection, that is, would the removal affect the continuance of the insurance upon them ? He was informed by the president, who knew of the absence of the policy at the time, that it was no matter, that he would fix it all right, and that he need not bring the policy, that is, he said to the assured, in effect, go on and remove your goods, you need not bring your policy, and have the permission to do so, endorsed on it, the insurance *515shall continue in force without such endorsement. The assured departs and removes his goods, relying upon the statements and assurance thus made and given to him. By so acting, he did that which prejudiced his interest under the policy. He thereby gave the company the advantage of retaining the premium without further continuance of the risk, and also the advantage of setting up this defence against their liability after the loss had occurred. Would not the success of this defence operate a fraud upon the assured? We think it clear the company ought to be, and are estopped from making it. Whilst the law affords ample protection to these companies, as well as to individuals, against frauds, misrepresentations and breaches of warranty, it will not and ought not to help them to perpetrate frauds upon those with whom they make contracts, in which good faith on both sides, as well in their continuance, as origin, has always been regarded as a ruling consideration.
In all the cases in which this doctrine has been applied, the companies have been held bound by the acts and declarations of their officers and agents. No difficulty has arisen in any of them, as to the authority of such agents in this respect, and we entertain none in this case. The terms of this policy are not more stringent in this particular, than in that in Crane’s Case, and others cited by the appellee’s counsel in his brief. Unquestionably, the president was a proper party to apply to, in order to have the endorsement made on the policy according to its terms, and his endorsement and signing of the agreement, giving permission to remove the goods, would, without doubt, have bound the company. That being so, we see no reason why his declarations and acts, when applied to on the subject, dispensing with the endorsement, and inducing the assured to act without it to his prejudice, should not hind the company equally, as if he had issued the policy by dispensing, in the same manner, with some of the conditions, com*516pliance with which was by its terms made essential to its becoming a valid contract.
(Decided 21st January, 1876.)Nor is there any express and controlling decision in this State, that compels relief in such a case to be sought in a Court of Equity. The cases on this point referred to by the appellants’ counsel, are merely to the effect that a written instrument can. be reformed in eqmty only, where by mistake or accident, it has failed to express the contract which the parties actually made, and that parol proof is inadmissible at law, to accomplish that result. This is •the extent to which our owm decisions have gone. They •have carefully left open the question which this case presents.
For these reasons, we are off opinion there is no error in the rulings excepted to, and the judgment must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.