*146The opinion of the court was delivered by
Porter, J.:Counsel, in addition to able oral arguments, have favored the court with well-prepared briefs which discuss every feature of the case, with ample citations of authorities. The case presents some difficult questions. The facts in many respects are remarkable.
A review of the evidence leaves no suspicion of bad faith upon the part of those who participated in the transactions, or of any attempt to gain an advantage over plaintiff by reason of the misfortunes which fell upon his household, culminating in September, 1892, when, with the mother of his children hopelessly insane, he was sentenced to the penitentiary for a term of years, and his children dispersed from the home the family had occupied so long. On the contrary, it appears that all the brother-in-law Mylius did was undertaken with the purpose of conserving the interests of plaintiff and his family. He cared for the minor children, sold the personal property, purchased necessaries for the insane wife, paid the debts, of plaintiff, and on the latter’s return rendered a satisfactory account of his stewardship. While the petition to sell the supposed interest of the wife in the land was filed in the probate court within a few days after plaintiff was taken to prison, there was no undue haste in the proceedings to sell, and the sale made to Alsop was not completed until 1894 and brought the fair value of the land.
Plaintiff’s preliminary contentions are: That the power of attorney from plaintiff to Mylius was void, and all proceedings under it, including the deed made to Alsop, were void; that the alleged guardian’s deed, by which Mylius attempted to convey to Alsop the undivided one-half of the land as the interest of the wife, was void; that the court below, after striking out of the evidence the power of attorney, the deed made as attorney in fact and the guardian’s deed *147to Alsop, committed error in refusing to strike out the deed from Alsop to Love, because with the former conveyances stricken out Alsop had nothing to convey.. Error also is urged because the court refused to strike out all of the testimony of Alsop and Mylius in reference to conversations about the sale by Mylius to Alsop. The claim is made that, if the sentence and incarceration of Withers in the penitentiary and the wife’s insanity rendered the deeds void, it left Mylius without authority as agent of Withers or of the wife to bind them in any respect.
The main contentions of plaintiff here, as below, are: (1) That the land was the homestead of plaintiff and his family, consisting of plaintiff, his wife, and children ; that it never ceased to be their homestead while the wife lived; that the leaving of the homestead by plaintiff and wife did not constitute an abandonment, because it was involuntary, occasioned by the sentence to and confinement in the penitentiary of plaintiff and the insanity of the wife; that the sentence of plaintiff suspended all his civil rights, so that his acts were void; and that during his confinement in the penitentiary he could not abandon the homestead; (2) that plaintiff was not estopped by his acts and conduct from claiming the land; (3) that if the court should hold that the homestead is not involved because it was abandoned, still plaintiff should have recovered an undivided one-half of the land, as the doctrine of equitable estoppel would not apply to the part attempted to be conveyed by the guardian’s deed because plaintiff never received the consideration paid for that portion, notwithstanding he might be held to have ratified the unauthorized act of Mylius in reference to the part conveyed as attorney in fact, for which he did accept the consideration.
Defendant vigorously maintains, on the contrary: (1) That the land was not a homestead; that the petition of plaintiff nowhere claims that it was a homestead; that as a matter of fact it was abandoned as a *148homestead when the children of plaintiff left it after his sentence to the penitentiary and the furniture was removed from it; that if not abandoned by his act and the removal of the children it was abandoned by his acts upon his return from the penitentiary, because at that time his youngest children were of age and his family consisted of himself and wife; that she did not live with him and he did not support her; that she was insane, and if she were asked whether she desired to occupy or abandon the property she could not answer; that the act of occupancy must be that of a sane mind; (2) that every act of Mylius as agent of plaintiff was ratified by plaintiff with full knowledge of all the facts, after his disabilities had been removed and he had returned from the penitentiary, and, however void the power of attorney may have been, all that was done under it became valid and binding by the subsequent ratification; (3) that plaintiff is prevented by equitable estoppel from recovering the land or any part of it; (4) that the power of attorney was valid in law, and authorized Mylius to convey; that, while a person under sentence for a term of years cannot enter into executory contracts and call in aid the courts to enforce them, he may make a valid transfer of his property by will or deed.
We have stated here somewhat in detail the contentions of the parties, as set forth in their briefs, but many of them it will not be necessary to discuss. The trial court held that the sentence to the penitentiary of Withers for a term of years and his incarceration and confinement therein suspended all his civil rights, and that the power of attorney from Withers to Mylius and the deed from Mylius as attorney in fact for Withers to Alsop of the undivided one-half of the land were void. The court also held that the guardian’s deed from Mylius as guardian of the insane wife to Alsop of the other undivided one-half of the land was void.
Plaintiff in error makes no complaint of the rulings of the court in those respects. He is satisfied they *149were correct. While counsel for defendant in error argue at some length the question of the effect to be given to the provision of section 2301 of the General Statutes of 1901, by which the civil rights of a person sentenced to confinement and hard labor for a term of years are suspended, it is not necessary for us to consider that question for the reason that no cross-petition in error is presented, and whether the court’s ruling was right or wrong upon the validity of the power of attorney and the deed made in pursuance of it is not before us. For the same reasons it must be assumed that the correctness of the ruling upon the guardian’s deed and the proceedings taken in the probate court are not open to discussion. These rulings of the court were made in excluding the testimony in reference to the power of attorney and the deeds. The court found generally for defendant, and, aside from some minor errors alleged in reference to certain oral testimony, and the admission of the deed from Alsop to Love, the main error relied upon is that the judgment should have been for plaintiff upon the law and the evidence.
Stripped of the unsubstantial matters, the questions involved, and the ones upon which the judgment must stand or fall, are narrowed down to these: (1) Was this a homestead ? (2) Conceding that it was, is plaintiff estopped by his acts and conduct from claiming it ?
That the land in controversy was originally the homestead of plaintiff and his family is not disputed. The insanity of the wife in 1879 and her confinement in the asylum did not change its character as a homestead, for plaintiff continued to occupy it with his children. It was, then, the homestead upon the day he was sentenced. When did it cease to be the homestead ? His civil rights were suspended during his sentence and confinement. It is not necessary here to decide the effect of such suspension upon his power to convey or encumber his property, but merely the question whether his involuntary absence under the sentence *150and confinement amounted to abandonment, assuming that plaintiff by his own act might abandon the homestead during the insanity of the wife and her enforced absence in the asylum, a point we shall consider hereafter. His voluntary absence would not constitute an abandonment while the homestead continued to be occupied by the family, and his involuntary absence under sentence and confinement in prison should not be given that effect and the beneficent object of the homestead law defeated upon grounds which so apparently were never contemplated by the framers of the constitution. It was said in Osborne v. Schoonmaker, 47 Kan. 667, 670, 28 Pac. 711, 712, that “a person may be absent from his homestead without abandoning it as such. ... It depends upon the character of his absence.” (See, also, Hixon v. George, 18 Kan. 253.) It was not abandoned, therefore, by his absence and confinement.
The claim of counsel that the leaving of the home by the minor children and the removal of the furniture constituted an abandonment has no force or weight. The mother was insane, the father in the penitentiary, and the fact that under the enforced circumstances the home was unsuitable for their continued occupancy could not constitute an abandonment, if, as we have said, his absence under such circumstances was not sufficient. (Shirack v. Shirack, 44 Kan. 653, 24 Pac. 1107.)
It is urged that after plaintiff’s release and the removal of his disabilities he returned to the neighborhood and not only made no attempt to occupy the homestead b.ut with full knowledge of all the facts ratified the sale of the land, and, by his acts and conduct, and the lapse of years which intervened before this action was begun, he is estopped from claiming it as a homestead. This brings us to the main question in the case. With the wife alive and insane, could the husband by these acts, which it is claimed amounted to an equitable estoppel, alienate the homestead or abandon it? *151The construction given by this court to the homestead law in the early case of Morris v. Ward, 5 Kan. 239, 243, has been uniformly followed. There it was said:
“There are at least two views which may be taken of these laws; one is, that the occupying .of a piece of land as a homestead merely suspends the operation of any liens, alienations or encumbrances concerning it, during the time that it is so occupied as a homestead. . . . We do not adopt this construction of our homestead laws; we do not believe that the framers of the constitution intended to found the homestead of the family upon such a precarious foundation, or to protect it by such slight and fragile safeguards. The homestead was not intended for the play and sport of capricious husbands merely, nor can it be made liable for his weaknesses or misfortunes. It was not established for the benefit of the husband alone, but for the benefit of the family and of society — to protect the family from destitution, and society from the danger of her citizens becoming paupers.
“The other view of the homestead laws, and the one which we adopt, is that no encumbrance or lien or. interest can ever attach to or affect the homestead, except the ones specifically mentioned in the constitution.”
In Locke v. Redmond, 6 Kan. App. 76, 49 Pac. 670, affirmed in 59 Kan. 773, 52 Pac. 97, the wife was insane, and the husband as guardian for her borrowed $800, giving a mortgage on the homestead. After her restoration the wife contested the mortgage. The court held the mortgage void. In Helm v. Helm, 11 Kan. 19, 21, where the wife was compelled to sign a deed for the conveyance of the homestead by threats of her husband, and brought the suit to have the deed declared void, this court said:
“Our homestead provision is peculiar. The homestead cannot be alienated without the joint consent of the husband and wife. The wife’s interest is an existing one. The occupation and enjoyment of the es-state is secured to her against any act of her husband or of creditors without her consent. If her husband abandons her, that use remains to her and the family. *152With or without her husband, the law has set this property apart as her home.”
The case of Chambers v. Cox, 28 Kan. 393, was one where the wife never had been a resident of the state and had been abandoned by the husband without cause. The husband conveyed the homestead by his deed and took back a mortgage for the purchase-price. The suit was- to foreclose the mortgage. The defense was failure of title because the wife had not joined in the deed. The court held that no title passed by the separate deed of the husband, notwithstanding the wife never had lived in the state. Mr. Justice Brewer, speaking for the court, said '
“The separate deed of a married man to the homestead is void; it does not devest him of title, nor estop him from recovering the land. The question is not, Who will inherit from him? but, Has his title been devested? And the constitution says that his title to the homestead shall not pass, unless his wife joins in the deed. While the legislature may regulate the matter of inheritance, it cannot avoid or limit the constitutional provision for the protection of homesteads. The constitution forbids the alienation without the joint consent of husband and wife. It does not add, ‘providing they are living together and occupying the homestead,’ nor ‘providing that both are residents of the state;’ but the prohibition against separate alienation is absolute, when the relation of husband and wife exists. Whether any exception to this absolute prohibition were wise, it is not for us to inquire. The legislature has not attempted to make any, even if it had the power, but has repeated in the statute the very terms of the constitutional prohibition. (Comp. Laws, 1879, p. 437, § 1 [Gen. Stat. 1901, § 3016.]) Neither is the presence of both husband and wife essential to the existence of a homestead. Though one may have abandoned the other, yet either may have the children to care for and be the head of a family, and occupy a homestead.” (Page 395.)
In Ott v. Sprague, 27 Kan. 620, a case where the wife had left her husband and the homestead and brought suit against him for alimony, he conveyed the home*153stead by a separate deed. The deed was held void, and a subsequent separate deed by the wife, made after the land ceased to be a homestead, was held not to convey title nor to make valid the original deed of the husband.
The following language, taken from Morris v. Ward, 5 Kan. 239, is repeated in Coughlin v. Coughlin, 26 Kan. 116, 117:
“No alienation of the homestead by the husband alone, in whatever way it may be effected, is of any validity; nothing that he alone can do or suffer to be done can cast the slightest cloud upon the title to the homestead; it remains absolutely free from all liens and encumbrances except those mentioned in the constitution.” (See, also, Howell, Jewett & Co. v. McCrie, 36 Kan. 636, 14 Pac. 257, 59 Am. Rep. 584; Wallace v. Insurance Co., 54 Kan. 442, 38 Pac. 489, 26 L. R. A. 806, 45 Am. St. Rep. 288; Pilcher v. A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co., 38 Kan. 516, 16 Pac. 945, 5 Am. St. Rep. 770.)
It thus appears that almost every phase of attempted alienation of the homestead has been passed upon, and the provision of the constitution and the term “joint consent” have been construed with strictness and in favor of the homestead. This court has, however, recognized in a number of cases the doctrine, announced in Sellers v. Crossan, 52 Kan. 570, 35 Pac. 205, that the acts of those claiming a homestead may be such as to operate as an abandonment, or to estop them from claiming it. In that case the husband and wife had joined in a conveyance of the homestead, absolute upon its face and duly recorded, and afterward, as against innocent mortgagees, set up the claim that the deed was an equitable mortgage. The court held that their acts and conduct estopped them.
In McAlpine v. Powell, 44 Kan. 411, 24 Pac. 353, equitable estoppel was held to constitute a defense to a claim of a homestead, but it is to be noted that in that case no homestead rights were actually involved and the court in the opinion expressly found that the wife *154had abandoned the Wyandotte homestead for twelve ■years and taken up a new home in Woodson county, and that the facts in the case took it out of the strict rules governing the alienation of a homestead.
The main reliance of defendant is the recent case of Adams v. Gilbert, 67 Kan. 273, 72 Pac. 769, 100 Am. St. Rep. 456. That case may be said to mark the extreme limit to which the court has gone in holding that the operation of the homestead law may be defeated by equitable estoppel. The facts in that case are these: Adams owned and occupied the land with his family as a homestead. His wife had been adjudged insane and was confined in an asylum. On October 20, 1893, he conveyed by warranty deed to one Foster, and the guardian of the insane wife joined in the deed. The deed was made to avoid creditors, the husband supposing that the homestead was not exempt. No consideration passed. On the same day Foster executed a mortgage for $2000 to Davis, a brother-in-law of Adams, Davis having no real interest. The note was turned over to Adams, who secured $700 upon it. The property was worth $800. Foster conveyed to one Kelley, without consideration, and Kelley conveyed to one Doran, who paid off the $700 mortgage. Doran took possession and expended $2000 in improvements, and, in 1898, sold to Gilbert, who made other valuable improvements. Adams abandoned the property in 1895. Mrs. Adams continued insane until her death, January 1, 1899. September 20, 1899, Adams brought ejectment. The court held that the deed to Foster was ineffectual at the time of its execution as a muniment of title, the property conveyed being a homestead and the deed lacking the joint consent of husband and wife, and said:
“While the marriage relationship continued and the property was occupied as a homestead, no act of the husband could be efficient to ratify or confirm such deed. The husband might by his actions, words, or silence, when he should have spoken, confirm a deed to *155the homestead executed by himself alone, or estop himself from denying its validity, so as to make it convey title, after its homestead character had ceased, or after the death of the wife,” (Page 275.)
The facts in that case differ materially from the facts here. Adams received the full consideration for the property, and stood silently by when he should have .spoken and permitted more than $2000 in valuable improvements to be expended upon the property; and these acts should, in equity, have estopped.him from claiming the property, unless the constitutional provision for the protection of the homestead prevented the estoppel because his wife was living. Then the death of his wife occurred, and the homestead character of the property ceased instantly. He had abandoned it already so far as he might do so. The wife’s death completed the abandonment, and nine months after her death he brought the action. In the opinion the court said:
“In any event, after the death of his wife, the homestead character, of the property ceased. At that time Adams was as fully informed as to the facts and the law as he was when this action was brought. He certainly might, even by his silence and inactivity, in time confirm and make efficient his former deed. We are not in a position to say the delay of about nine months was not sufficient for that purpose.” (Page 277.)
While the decision is based in part upon the acts amounting to equitable estoppel, it really turns upon the fact that the wife’s death occurred and completed the abandonment of the homestead; and nine months elapsed after her death before the action was brought, during which time the husband had full knowledge of the imperfections in the deed. Some expressions may be found in the opinion which apparently go so far as to suggest that the act of abandonment may have been completed by his acts prior to her death, and while she was insane, but these are not necessary to the decision and are not controlling.
*156Counsel for defendant also cite the case of Shields, Guardian, v. Aultman, Miller & Co., 20 Tex. Civ. App. 345, 50 S. W. 219, in which the supreme court of Texas held that where the wife became hopelessly insane the husband had power to convey the homestead separately, because by the wife’s insanity she lost the power to consent. We quote from the opinion:
“Her power of choice and discretion passed away with the departure of her reason. .She was no longer an intelligent partner of the community, equally loving and sharing the interests and responsibilities of the family. She was a pitiable, mindless, helpless charge, and, for all practical purposes, civiliter mortuus. It is not the consent of a crazy woman that the law contemplates as essential to the alienation of the homestead; it is the consent of the wife whose faculties of reason and discretion have not been dethroned.” (Page 349.)
The opinion comments upon the admitted fact that the wife was hopelessly insane, and counsel here urge that the evidence in this case is to the effect that Mrs. Withers was hopelessly insane; that she was, as to the homestead, civiliter mortuus; and that the reasoning of the Texas court is sound. This reasoning, however plausible, does not appeal to us, or furnish what appear to be solid grounds for breaking away from the well-established principle adhered to since the earlier decisions by this court.
It is difficult to see how effect can be given to the constitutional provision requiring the joint consent of husband and wife and at the same time hold that, while the wife is insane, the husband can either separately .convey or by acts or conduct estop the wife from her right to claim the homestead, or estop himself from claiming it in his own right while she is living. The acts of estoppel must be such as will estop both. (Law v. Butler, 44 Minn. 482, 47 N. W. 53, 9 L. R. A. 856.) The same question was raised in Panton v. Manley, 4 Ill. App. 210, but left undecided. There the wife was insane and confined in an asylum. The husband exe*157cuted a mortgage upon the homestead, and upon foreclosure attempted to abandon it under an agreement with the mortgagee. A statute then provided that neither the husband nor wife could remove the other from the homestead without the consent of the other, unless the owner of the property should in good faith provide another homestead suitable to the condition in life of the family. The court said:
“It would seem that if the conveyance is to be helped out according to the provisions of the statute, by abandonment of possession in case the husband has not abandoned the wife, then, on principle, the wife’s consent to such abandonment should be obtained.” (Page 216.)
Upon the evidence the court held that no abandonment was proved; and, while it suggests the question whether the husband under such circumstances can abandon the homestead, leaves it undetermined. As was said in Morris v. Ward, 5 Kan. 239, and Coughlin v. Coughlin, 26 Kan. 116, “nothing that he alone can do, or suffer to be done, can cast the slightest cloud upon the title to the homestead.” In the case at bar the acts which it is claimed amount to equitable estoppel were those of the husband alone. We, therefore, hold that nothing he did or suffered to be done while his wife was alive cast any cloud upon the title to the homestead, or could estop either her or him from claiming this land as the homestead during her lifetime. After her death his acts might have been such as to estop him from setting up the claim of a homestead, but the fact that Mrs. Withers was still alive and insane when this action was brought is the controlling circumstance which prevents the principles of equitable estoppel from defeating his right to the land as a homestead.
The facts here relied upon to support the principle of equitable estoppel as against plaintiff are not so strong as in the cases cited. It is true that Withers upon his return settled with Mylius, and so far as he had power to do so ratified and confirmed the acts of his *158attorney and agent in reference to the sale of part of the land. He accepted without question the proceeds of the sale to that extent. The only other facts that are relied upon are his knowledge that the other half of the purchase-price was represented by a mortgage, which he permitted the maker to pay to Mylius without protest, and the fact that he was silent when he should have spoken and permitted defendant, Love, to purchase from the first grantee. But the evidence shows no intentional misleading of Love, and that he-was not misled in fact by plaintiff’s silence. All the-parties were equally cognizant of the facts with reference to the wife’s insanity. Love was her brother, and', knew all that Withers knew, and perhaps understood, even better than Withers the facts in reference to the-separate deeds.
There is a claim that valuable improvements were-made while Withers stood by, but the evidence shows that these were slight and that the possession of the land by Love was not different from the possession of his grantor, Alsop. They were partners and continued to keep partnership cattle upon the land. Plaintiff, besides, was not a business man, nor nearly so familiar with business matters as Alsop and Love. He tried vainly to discover why it was that he could not secure the other half of the proceeds of the sale, and clearly never knew his rights, as claimed now, until a short time prior to the beginning of this action. The strongest point against him, aside from the acceptance of half the purchase-money, is the lapse of time that intervened after his return and before the action was begun. During this lapse of time the situation of the parties remained practically the same.
It is insisted that because Love paid the balance of the purchase-price to the guardian he is in the same situation as though he had paid it to Withers, because the latter knew of and ratified the payment. It was never paid to any agent of Withers, even assuming that Mylius was his agent, for Mylius held it in. *159another capacity and refused to pay it to him. There is nothing in the contention that Withers should have instituted some proceeding to recover this money. It never belonged to him in law or equity. It was paid for the supposed interest of Mrs. Withers in the land when in law and fact she had no such interest, and Withers could not have established his right to it. The proceedings in the probate court for the sale of her supposed interest were void ab initio.
Plaintiff, therefore, was entitled to judgment for recovery of the land and for rents and profits, and the cause must be reversed for further proceedings. While it has been said that “it is not within the equitable power of courts in this state to declare any indebtedness a lien on a homestead” (Jenkins v. Simmons, 37 Kan. 496, 15 Pac. 522), plaintiff in open court here' and in his brief offers to do equity and to consent that defendant be given a lien upon the land for the $1250 plaintiff received from Mylius as purchase-money for the conveyance of half the land under the power of attorney, and to this offer plaintiff must be held.
The judgment, therefore, is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Greene, Burch, Mason, Smith, Graves, JJ., concurring.