The opinion of the court was delivered by
Porter, J.:Numerous errors are complained of, but we shall consider only the claim that the damages allowed are excessive. The deceased was by occupation a farmer, interested as a partner with his nephews and their mother in the ownership of twenty-five hogs and ten head of cows, and in the operations of a farm, which was leased land. The farming was very limited, only thirty acres of the place being tillable. In addition, he had twenty head of horses of his *251own and some farming implements. He owned no land, and possessed no other property of any kind. There is nothing in the evidence showing the kind, quality or value of the live stock in which he was-interested, or the amount of sales of stock or produce, or the amount of earnings from his personal exertions in his business or occupation. One witness testified that the earnings of deceased from his business or occupation amounted to from $1500 to $2000 a year ; but this was a mere conclusion of the witness, which is disputed by the testimony in reference to the slight farming operations carried on, and the small possessions which the deceased had accumulated.
Where income is taken as a test or standard of the measure of damages, in a case of this kind, the income considered must be that which was derived from the personal exertions of the deceased in his business or occupation, as distinguished from income arising from property owned or investments of capital. (Railway Co. v. Posten, 59 Kan. 449, 453, 53 Pac. 465; Railway Co. v. Scheinkoenig, 62 Kan. 57, 61 Pac. 414.) The theory of the law is that those who inherit from the deceased acquire his property and investments, and are enabled to secure for themselves the ordinary income therefrom. (D. & R. G. R. R. Co. v. Spencer, 25 Colo. 9, 52 Pac. 211; 4 Suth. Dam., 3d ed., § 1267; Gulf, Col. and S. F. Ry. v. Younger, 90 Tex. 387, 38 S. W. 1121; Pym v. G. N. Railway Co., 2 B. & S. [Eng. Q. B.] 759.)
The loss which plaintiffs suffered by the death of their uncle was not the loss of something which they were legally entitled to receive; it was the loss of something which it was merely reasonably probable they would receive. It includes the loss by them of any pecuniary benefit which they might reasonably have expected to receive during the lifetime of the deceased by gift, and also the loss of any accumulations which it is probable that he would have added to his estate had he lived his natural life, and which they *252probably would have received by inheritance. The recovery is based upon evidence of pecuniary benefits conferred by deceased in his lifetime, the continuance of which might reasonably have been expected, together with evidence showing the probability that deceased would have accumulated property had he lived which would probably have gone by inheritance to plaintiffs. (Tiffany, Death by Wrongful Act, § 158.) The measure of damages, therefore, is what the deceased would probably have accumulated in his business or occupation for the probable period of his life. (Balt. & Ohio R. R. Co. v. Wightman’s Adm’r, 29 Gratt. [Va.] 431, 26 Am. Rep. 384; Pym v. G. N. Railway Co., 2 B. & S. [Eng. Q. B.] 759; Railroad Co. v. Barron, 72 U. S. 90, 18 L. Ed. 591; McAdory v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 94 Ala. 272, 10 South. 507.) The action is for pecuniary compensation only. (A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Weber, Adm’r, 33 Kan. 543, 6 Pac. 877, 52 Am. Rep. 543; Railway Co. v. Ryan, 62 Kan. 682, 64 Pac. 603; Railway Co. v. Moffatt, 60 Kan. 113, 55 Pac. 837.) In Railroad Company v. Sweet, 60 Ark. 550, 31 S. W. 571, the proper way to estimate the damages was said to be:
“By taking into consideration the age, health, habits, occupation, expectation of life, mental and physical capacity for and disposition to labor, and the probable increase or diminution of that ability with the lapse of time; deceased’s earning power, rate of wages, and the care and attention which one of his disposition and character may be expected to give his family — all these are proper elements for the consideration of the jury in determining the value of the life taken. From the amount thus ascertained the personal expenses of the deceased should be deducted, and the balance, reduced to its present value, should be the amount of the verdict. (4 Suth. Dam., 3d ed., § 1268; Central Railroad v. Rouse, 77 Ga. 393, 3 S. E. 307; Balt. & O. R. Co. v. Wightman, 29 Gratt. [Va.] 431, 26 Am. Rep. 384; Field, Dam. § 632; Mansfield &c. Co. v. McEnrey, 91 Pa. St. 185, 36 Am. Rep. 662.)”
To the same effect see Railway. Co. v. Moffatt, 60 *253Kan. 113, 55 Pac. 837, and K. P. Rly. Co. v. Cutter, 19 Kan. 83.
Counsel for defendants in error justify the verdict by arguing that the expectancy of deceased was ten and one-half years, and that his gross income would amount to ten and one-half times $1500 to $2000, or from $16,000 to $21,000. The calculation leaves out all consideration of the probable diminution in the ability of the deceased, by reason of advancing age, to earn by' personal exertions. In four years deceased would have reached the usual limit of strenuous life. Granting that he had the income which one witness said he had, is it a reasonable presumption that he would have continued to earn as much in his seventy-sixth year? As before stated, the testimony of the witness who placed these earnings at these figures is a mere conclusion, unsupported by any evidence, and contradicted by all the facts and circumstances in the case. It, has been held error to refuse to instruct the jury in similar cases to consider the probable diminution by reason of advancing age in the power and ability to accumulate. (4 Suth. Dam., 3d ed., § 1268; The Central Railroad and Banking Co. v. Roach, 64 Ga. 635.)
There is one way to determine approximately what the accumulations of the deceased would probably have amounted to for the period of his expectancy, and that is by reference to what he had already accumulated. We know how long he had lived; we know his expectancy; we know what he had accumulated. The unknown quantity can best be determined by proportion. If in a lifetime of sixty-six years he had gathered together and possessed only the amount of property shown by the testimony, upon what theory can it be claimed that in the period of his expectancy and naturally declining powers he would probably have accumulated $7000? It must be apparent that the jury in arriving at this verdict went some distance into the realm of imagination, and were not controlled by *254the evidence. It has often been said by the courts that in determining the measure of damages in this class of cases much must, of necessity, be left to the discretion of the jury. No fixed and certain rules for the measurement of such damages can be laid down, but the jury must find a substantial basis in the'evidence for any allowance they make. They must not guess at it.- They must use a' reasonable discretion. Damages out of reasonable proportion to the expectation of pecuniary profit to be justly anticipated cannot be upheld. (A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Brown, Adm’r, 26 Kan. 443; Coal Co. v. Limb, 47 Kan. 469, 28 Pac. 181; Walker v. Railway Co., 104 Mich. 606, 62 N. W. 1032.) In an action for the benefit of a brother and sister, where the deceased had accumulated nothing, it was held that only nominal damages should be awarded. (Howard v. Delaware & H. Canal Co., 40 Fed. 195, 6 L. R. A. 75.)
It is seriously urged that plaintiffs suffered damages by being deprived of the counsel, advice and fatherly care of their uncle. In cases where the facts warrant a recovery for the loss of a parent’s counsel and services it is held that the damages must be limited to such as would be of pecuniary value. (Demarest v. Little, 47 N. J. Law, 28; 13 Cyc. 371.) When we consider the ages of these women, from twenty-three to forty, each married, in comfortable circumstances, and living at some distance from the uncle, and the ages of the men, one twenty-one, the other twenty-nine, living with their mother, and the circumstances in which they were at the time of the death of this bachelor uncle, it is obvious that the probability of any of them suffering pecuniary loss by being deprived of the physical care and intellectual and moral training of the deceased is quite far-fetched.
The deceased was sixty-six years old, with but a small amount of property, the net accumulations of almost a lifetime. He was without wife or child, or any person legally dependent upon him. As was said *255in A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Brown, Adm’r, 26 Kan. 443, 458, “where one dies without wife or child, with no one legally dependent upon him, and with only remote relatives as his next of kin, there is only a remote probability that his earnings, whatever they may be, would inure to such next of kin.”
Taking the view of the testimony most favorable to plaintiffs with reference to his earnings and the casual benefactions he made to them, and conceding that they would have inherited from him whatever accumulations he would have made during the period of his expectancy, if he had lived, we are of the opinion that the amount of the verdict is unwarranted by the evidence and the facts in the case, and that the trial court should have set it aside.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
All the Justices concurring.