delivered the opinion of the Court.
Ordinances were passed on the 8th of June, 1889, for the opening of Ann street, as laid down on Poppleton’s Plat, from Oliver street to North avenue, and of Register street, (formerly Argyle alley) between the same points. The appellant, who is the owner of the whole bed of Ann street between Townsend street and North avenue, and of one-half the bed of Register street between the same points, claimed pompensation therefor, but the Street Commissioners determined that these streets had been dedicated to public me, and allowed him nothing, or nominal damages onty. An appeal was taken in each case to Baltimore City Court, where they were tried together, and they come here upon exception taken to the rulings of that Court in granting and rejecting certain prayers offered on either side.
It has been decided by this Court in a number of cases, that in order to make out a dedication, an intent on the part of the owner to dedicate his land to the particular use alleged, is absolutely essential, and unless such intention is clearly proved by the facts and circumstances of the particular case, no dedication exists. The evidence of such intention is furnished in various ways; but as dedication will be presumed where the facts and circumstances of the case clearly warrant it, so that presumption may be rebutted and altogether prevented from arising by circumstances incompatible with the supposition that any dedication was intended. One of the modes by which dedication may be evidenced is where a street is designated on a plat made by authority, or by the .party himself, as passing over certain lands, and the owner subsequently conveys lots fronting or bind*333ing on such street, he remaining the owner of the fee in the bed of the street; this is held to be dedication of the land over which the street passes to the public use, and on opening the street the owner of the fee will be entitled to nominal damages only as compensation. In such case the sale and conveyance of lots so bounded upon the street, in the plan of a town or city imply a grant or covenant to the purchaser that the street thus indicated and called for, shall be and remain forever open to the use of the public, free from all claim or interference of the proprietary of the "estafe therein, inconsistent with such use. It is supposed the existence of the street, either present or jtrospective, entered into the consideration of the purchase, and thus the grantor of the lot or lots sold, has been compensated for the public use of the street, and is therefore estopped to make any further claim for such use as against the public. But the implication' of such a covenant may be rebutted in many ways, as by other express cove - nants or agreements between the parties, or by the fact that the call for the street was made merely for the purpose of convenient description of boundaries as in case of the partition of an estate among heirs, or by any other facts and circumstances showing the absence of an intention to dedicate to public use. As sustaining these propositions we refer to the cases of White vs. Flannigain, 1 Md., 539; Moale vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 5 Md., 314; Hawley, et al. vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 33 Md., 270; McCormick, et al. vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 45 Md., 512; Tinges vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 51 Md., 600; Hall vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 56 Md., 187; Mayor, &c. of Baltimore vs. White & Shipley, 62 Md., 362, and Glenn vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 67 Md., 390. The present cases, so far as the question of dedication is involved, must he disposed of "by application of the principles estaplished by these authorities.
*334The record shows that a large tract of land in the northwestern part of Baltimore City, partly within and partly beyond the then city limits, was sold in 1853, by Malcolm and Talbott, trustees, under certain deeds of trust, for the benefit of creditors. On this tract was a mansion or dwelling house, and the trustees, in order to sell it to the best advantage, had a plat made of the whole tract, dividing it into sections, each of which was subdivided into building lots. On this plat there were located Ann street, Argyle alley, and several other then unopened streets laid down on Poppleton’s Plat, and also many alleys apparently laid out by the trustees, on all of which building lots were delineated as fronting or binding. The part of this estate sold by these trustees to John Boyd, is that with which this controversy is mainly concerned. In the advertisement of sale, sections 22, 27, 33 and 34, were described as containing “about six acres, on which is a large and commodious dwelling, with all the necessary outbuildings, and about six acres of ground attached thereto, fronting on Northern avenue, Ann and Wolfe streets. This was formerly the country seat of Dr. Dunkel, and is now ready for the occupation of any purchaser desiring a first class house. The beds of the streets included in the said six acres will be sold with the house, and the streets are to be held by the purchaser until the same are legally opened.” These six acres were not sold at public sale, but were subsequently sold at private sale, including the adjoining’ sections 23 and 26, extending on the south as far as Townsend street, -to John Boyd for $12,000, and the deed to him from the trustees, which was executed on the 19th of August, 1857, conveys the six acres with the two additional sections as one lot. The outlines, so far as it is necessary to refer to them, run “ westwardly along the middle or centre of Townsend street to intersect a line drawn north and south along *335the middle or centre of Argyle alley, thence northwardly along the middle of Argyle alley to the centre of North avenue.” The deed makes no mention of Ann street, but the whole bed of it, between Townsend street and North avenue, is included within the outlines just mentioned. It conveys the land within these outlines, “subject to the rights of the purchasers of the other portions of the trust estate, to the use of all the streets, avenues, lanes and alleys in any manner intersecting or bounding upon the above described parcel of land whenever the same shall he legally condemned and opened.”
After Boyd’s death, the trustees, under his will, sold and conveyed this property to John Kuper, George R. Clarke, and William M. Burgan for $30,000. The conveyance to them, which bears date March 3rd, 1888, describes the property as being the same ground that was conveyed to Boyd by Malcolm and Talbott by their deed of the 19th of August, 1857. It also contains the same description of the outlines as running along the middle of Townsend street and Argyle alley, and the land is conveyed to the grantees, “subject, however, to all the reservations and rights with reference to streets and alleys through the above mentioned grounds contained in the deed from Malcolm and Talbott to Boyd.”
Shortly afterwards, on the 20th of March, 1888, the grantees in the last mentioned deed executed to Erastus B. Tucker, a lease for ninety-nine years renewable forever, of one hundred and thirty-five lots of ground, “being parts of the whole lot of ground” conveyed to them by the deed of the 3rd of March, 1888. This instrument is a very long one. It describes each of the lotsj and whenever any of them bind or front on Ann street or Register street, these streets are duly called for in the description of its boundaries. It provides that alleys ten feet wide, Avhich are specially designated and are eleven in number, “shall be forever kept open *336for the use in common, not only of all lots bounding on each of said alleys respectively, but also of all the lots which bound on any other of said alleys which communicates with such alley in any manner whatsoever.” And in the concluding part there is this important clause : “And it is hereby expressly declared, that it is not intended by any thing herein contained to dedicate any of the streets or alleys mentioned and referred to in this lease, or the beds of the same, or any part thereof, the same being herein mentioned and referred to /or the purpose of location and description merely, and not for the purpose of dedication; and Register street being hereby intended to be widened for the benefit only of the parties claiming under this lease, and not for the benefit of the public; it not being intended to give the public any rights tuhatsoever in any of the streets or alleys mentioned, in this lease. ’ ’ This lease was signed both by the lessors and the lessee, and was duly recorded.
After this the affairs of the lessors were placed in the hands of receivers, who, acting under a decree in equity, sold the interest of the lessors in this property to Charles F. Pitts, Jr., the appellant, for $22,500. By their deed to Pitts, dated the 5th of June, 1889, the receivers state that they had sold to him for this sum “all the property, divided into one hundred and thirty-five lots, which is fully set forth on the plat annexed to their report of the said sale; the said sale including all the title and interest of the parties to the said proceedings, to one-half of the beds of North avenue, Durham, Townsend, and Register streets, bounding on the property, and the beds of all the other streets and alleys on the said plat, (the said sale comprehending therefore all the right, title and interest of the parties to the said cause, in and to all the ground bounded by, and included between the centre lines of North avenue, Townsend street, Durham street, and Register street,)” and the deed conveys the property *337thus described to the grantee “subject however to the lease to Tucker dated March 20th, 1888.”
We have thus traced the title to this property down to the appellant, giving the clauses of each conveyance hearing upon the question before us. It was also shown by parol proof that at the time of the sale by Malcolm and Talbott, and down to the time when the city opened North avenue from Greenmount avenue to Belair avenue, under an ordinance passed on the 8th day of November, 1873, the mansion house and the six acres attached thereto were continually occupied as a country residence; that the ground so occupied in connection with the house was enclosed by a fence; that nfeither Ann street, Argyle alley, North avenue, nor any other street or alley laid down on the plat made by Malcolm and Talbott, was at the time of the sale, or the date of the deed to Boyd, actually opened on the ground or used as a highway or road through the property so sold by them; that the ground so within said enclosure was used partly for lawn and garden purjposes, partly for pasture, and access to the house was by means of a lane or road not occupying the bed of any street or lane laid down on said plat; that as late as the 5th of June, 1889, only three days before the passage of the ordinances for their opening, no part of Ann street or of Register street, proposed to be opened by the proceedings in these cases, was actually opened or used as highways or roads; and that the ground in the beds of said streets was in such condition that it could not be used as a road or highway until graded.
We have carefully considered the terms of the advertisement of sale made in 1853, with those of all the subsequent conveyances, and, as we construe them, they not only fail to prove an intent on the part of the several owners to dedicate the beds of these streets to public use, hut clearly show a contrary intent. They, all *338of them, seem to have been carefully prepared and drawn for the very purpose of avoiding and preventing such dedication. The implication of a grant or covenant to that effect is thoroughly repelled. We are therefore clearly of opinion there was no dedication effected by these conveyances.
But it is said that, though there may have been no dedication of the beds of these streets to public use, yet under the lease of March 20th, 1888, the lessee and his assigns acquired easements in the beds of these streets, and became entitled to the use thereof for the use and benefit of the lots fronting or binding thereon, and the appellant therefore can only recover such damages as the jury may find he will sustain by the condemnation of these streets as public highways, taking into consideration the fact that he holds the beds of said streets subject to said easements. The Court below adopted- this view by granting the appellee's eighth prayer to that effect, and the result was-that the jury gave a verdict for nominal damages only.
The granting of this prayer involves the proposition that, though both lessors and lessee expressly agreed by the lease, that the reference to the streets in describing the boundaries of the several lots, was made “for the purpose of location and description merely,'' yet by such-reference and description the lessors have granted, and the lessee has acquired, perpetual easements over them in favor of the lots, which amounts practically to the same thing, so far as the owners of the beds of them are concerned, as if they had been dedicated to public use. We think it clear it was not the intention of the parties to this instrument to create any such easements, and it is very doubtful, to say the least, whether its legal construction involves the grant of any easement whatever in favor of these lots. If any was thereby granted, it was one of a temporary character merely, or the right to *339use the streets until they were condemned, and opened as public highways. It was evidently the purpose of the lessors as well as the lessee to secure to the former full and substantial compensation for the beds of the streets, whenever they should he thus condemned and opened. It is a material part of the lease, and we cannot strike the clause down by sustaining the position now taken by the city. In none of the many cases of street openings that have come before this Court has this proposition been asserted, though in several of them the facts, as here, woxild have allowed its presentation. Indeed, the strong language used by the Court in McCormick, et al. vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, and in Mayor, &c. of Baltimore vs. White and Shipley, would seem to be conclusive .of the question. In the former the Court said: “a party should not be deprived of his property without compensation, unless there has been some clear and decisive act of dedication;” and in the latter there was an éxpress covenant in the deed of partition that the “parties,, and all others claiming under them, shall have free ingress and egress through any and all of the streets and alleys laid down on Poppleton’s Plat of Baltimore, which run through the land hereby conveyed,” and the Court held that the right reserved by that covenant “was simply intended to cover the interval, which might be a very long one, until the streets should be actually opened through this property by the city authorities,” and, when the streets were thus opened, the owners of the beds of them were entitled to full and just compensation for the same. In Allen vs. City of Boston, 137 Mass., 319, specially relied on by counsel for the appellees, the land was conveyed by a deed executed in 1822 to” the grantee under whom the petitioners claimed title, and that deed contained a provision or restriction to the effect that no building, except of a particular character and devoted to a particular use, should ever be erected *340on the property thereby conveyed. The Court instructed the jury that in their estimation of the fair market value of the whole estate, they might take into account the effect, if any, of this provision in that deed, as tending to throw a cloud upon the title, which might diminish the fair market value of the estate proposed to he taken for the street opening. In that case, as we understand it, the Court held that this restriction was permanent in its character, and was still binding upon any part of the estate not taken for the street. We can well understand how a restriction of this character, which clouds the title, or a permanent easement which diminishes the market value of the property, may he taken into consideration in such cases. But that is not the case before us. Here the easement, if any existed, was, as we have said, of a temporary character, to continue only until the streets were opened when it would he superseded and extinguished. In fact it is obvious from the face of the lease itself that the parties to it, lessee as well as lessors, contemplated when they executed it, that ordinances for the opening of these streets would soon he passed. There is no proof that the lessee ever sold any of these building lots or ever erected any buildings upon-them. The proof shows moreover that the beds of these streets were in such condition that the supposed easements would have been of no value to any such building. In our opinion, therefore, there was error in granting this eighth prayer.
The Court also granted a prayer of the appellees to the effect that the whole bed of Argyle alley south of the six acre lot, to Townsend street, was dedicated, and the appellant can therefore recover only nominal damages for that part of this alley, now Register street. This prayer is founded upon a different state of facts and a different deed. It appears from the record that the trustees, Malcolm and Talbott, sold another part of this *341same estate to Alexander B. Ellis, and conveyed it to him hy deed dated the 23rd of April, 1856. In that deed the property is described in part as “ beginning for the same on the south side of North avenue at the distance of eighty-two feet easterly from the corner formed by the intersection of the south side of said avenue and the east side of Broadway, and running thence easterly bounding on said avenue one hundred and seventy-five feet to Argyle alley; thence southerly bounding on said alley two hundred feet to a twenty foot alley extending from Broadway to Ann street, embracing the seven lots numbered from four to ten, inclusive, in section twenty-nine, as designated and distinguished on the sale plat, aforesaid.” In the advertisement of this part of the property there is no such reference to the beds of streets as that contained in the advertisement of the six acre lot, nor does the deed make any reference thereto. The sale to Ellis was made at public auction, under the advertisement and sale plat, and the deed to him was executed more than eighteen months before that to Boyd. We find nothing in the record to prevent this deed, on the doctrine of an implied grant or covenant, from effecting the dedication contended for. No intention of the parties to it, to the contrary, is discoverable. The subsequent deed to Boyd, so far as it conveys property outside of the six acre lot, can have no effect in preventing such dedication, because no subsequent act of the common grantors of both Ellis and Boyd could revoke such prior dedication. That the dedication extends from the limits of the six acre lot south to Townsend street is, we think, conclusively settled hy the decision in Tinges vs. Mayor, &c. of Baltimore, 51 Md., 600. We therefore find no error in the granting of this prayer, nor in the rejection of the appellant’s first prayer in the Register street case,
It results from what we have said that there was error in granting the appellee’s eighth prayer, and in reject*342ing the appellant’s first prayer in the Ann street case. No exception was taken to the rulings of the Court upon the other prayers, and .they are not before us for review.
(Decided 16th January, 1891.)Judgments reversed, and new trials awarded.