The opinion of the court was delivered by
Burch, J.:The action was one for damages for depriving the plaintiff of his government homestead, by means of a sale under execution to satisfy a debt contracted prior to issuance of the patent. The defendant prevailed, and the plaintiff appeals.
*169The petition tendered other issues than the one stated. They were either waived by the plaintiff, or were properly adjudicated against him, and will receive no further attention.
The plaintiff made final proof under his homestead entry, and received a final receipt on November 22, 1912. The patent followed on March 25, 1913. On December 2, 1912, judgment was rendered by a justice of the peace in favor of the defendant and against the plaintiff, on a grocery bill then more than six months overdue. A transcript of the judgment was filed in the district court on December 4. On January 29, 1915, the defendant caused execution to issue, which the sheriff levied on the land in controversy. The land was sold to the defendant, the sale was confirmed, and a sheriff’s deed was duly issued and recorded. Immediately after receiving the sheriff’s deed the defendant sold the building on the land, and later sold and conveyed the land itself. The defendant testified that at the time he filed the transcript in the district court he knew the plaintiff had filed on the land, as a government homestead, had made final proof, and had received his final receipt. The plaintiff testified that at the time the legal proceedings described were taken he was absent from the state, and knew nothing of them until after the sheriff’s deed was recorded.
The plaintiff’s position is that the proceedings were perfectly regular, in the sense they were conducted according to all the statutory formalities; but that the defendant abused legal process, and thereby deprived the plaintiff of his homestead, contrary to the express prohibition of the federal statute:
“No lands acquired under the provisions of this chapter shall in any event become liable to the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to the issuing of the patent therefor.” (U. S. Rev. Stat., § 2296.)
The defendant’s position is that confirmation of the sheriff’s sale constituted an adjudication that the land was subject to sale and lawfully sold; and that the plaintiff is not at liberty to attack that adjudication collaterally, as by the present action.
The statute provides that lands “not exempt by law” shall be subject to payment of debts, and shall be liable to be taken on execution and sold in the manner prescribed (Civ. Code, § 440, Gen. Stat. 1915, § 7344). The phrase “not exempt by law” includes federal as well as state law.
*170The federal statute is open to interpretation. Under certain circumstances a government homestead may be sold to satisfy debts contracted before patent, notwithstanding the declaration that “no lands . . . shall in any event become liable,’’ etc. In applying the statute, questions of fact arise: When was the debt created, and when was the patent issued ? There is abundant room, therefore, for exercise of the judicial function, and if, in exercise of that function, it has been adjudicated that homesteaded land was subject to sale on execution, it is of no consequence that the court erred. The adjudication cannot be attacked except by direct proceeding in the same court, or by appeal. Was confirmation of the sheriff’s sale in this case such an adjudication?
In considering the question just stated, the distinction between a judicial sale proper and a sale by virtue of a general execution must be kept in mind. (Norton v. Reardon, 67 Kan. 302, 72 Pac. 861; Carter v. Hyatt, 76 Kan. 304, 91 Pac. 61.) In the case of a judicial sale, the court actually or presumptively adjudicates every matter essential to the propriety and validity of the sale decree. Powers which the court possessed at the time of entering the decree may be exercised at the time of confirmation; and in a given instance it may be presumed that this occurred. In the case of a sale under general execution the sheriff does not act as the agent of the court. The court has not specified the property or adjudicated the lien, and has not otherwise been concerned with the course which the sheriff shall pursue. In executing the process the sheriff has no guidance but the law, and takes his chance of finding and levying on property which is not exempt.
The purchaser at a sheriff’s sale is not an innocent purchaser. He knows the limitations on the sheriff’s power, and buys what the sheriff can sell, and no more. When the sheriff’s return of sale comes before the court for confirmation, the proceeding may be, and commonly is, ex parte. Confirmation may take place on the motion of the sheriff, or of the purchaser, or on the court’s own motion, and at any time, without notice to anybody. Confirmation usually follows an inspection of the writ and the return, and so far as the record discloses confirmation in this instance was typical. The order of confirmation is, indeed, an adjudication of all the facts involved *171in the inquiry (Carter v. Hyatt, 76 Kan. 304, 306, 91 Pac. 61); but how does the question of the exempt character of land seized and sold get into the case at that time?
Formerly, the statute relating to confirmation read as follows :
. “If the court, upon the return of any writ of execution, for the satisfaction of which any lands or tenements have been sold, sháll, after having carefully examined the proceedings of the officer, be satisfied that the sale has, in all respects, been made in conformity to the provisions of this article, the court shall direct the clerk to make an entry on the journal that the court is satisfied of the legality of such sale, and an order that the officer make to the purchaser a deed for such lands and tenements . . (Gen. Stat. 1868, ch. 80, § 458.)
The present statute, enacted in 1909, reads as follows:
‘‘The sheriff shall at once make a return of all sales made under this act to the court; and the court, if it finds the proceedings regular and in conformity with law and equity, shall confirm the same, and direct that the clerk make an entry upon the journal that the court finds that the sale has in all respects been made in conformity to law, and order that the sheriff make to the purchaser the certificate of sale or deed provided for in this act." (Civ. Code, § 500, Gen. Stat. 1915, § 7404.)
Under the old law, if the proceedings were regular, that is, if the machinery of the law had been manipulated according to rule, the court was obliged to confirm the sale. Thus, inadequacy of price, unless so gross as to indicate no real sale, was not ground for setting aside a sale., The present statute was designed to give the court larger authority and larger discretion in dealing with sheriffs’ sales, in order to promote justice.
It is impossible to say that the statute of 1909 enlarged the issues presented by a motion to confirm to include the subject under consideration. The subject is purely one of legal and not of equitable cognizance, and is of precisely the same character as it was before 1909. The sheriff is forbidden to subject exempt property to execution process. The execution debtor’s right is a legal right, and neither the creditor nor the purchaser, nor any one else, has any equities in the matter. The result is, we are still confronted by the old question, in the old form: What does confirmation of a sheriff’s sale, made under a general execution, adjudicate?
The decisions of this court are uniform and unanimous to the *172effect that confirmation of an execution sale does not adjudicate the fact that the land sold was lawfully subject to seizure and sale. The sheriff may sell land not subject to execution, because it belongs to a person other than the execution debtor. In that event confirmation adjudicates nothing against the owner. (Capital Bank v. Huntoon, 35 Kan. 577, syl. ¶ 1, 11 Pac. 369.) Indeed, the owner is not even concluded by denial of his motion to set aside the sale, interposed before confirmation. (White-Crow v. White-Wing, 3 Kan. 276; Harrison & Willis v. Andrews, 18 Kan. 535, syl. ¶ 3; Mills v. Pettigrew, 45 Kan. 573, syl. ¶ 2, 26 Pac. 33.)
The case last cited is instructive. Pettigrew claimed title under a deed executed by the receiver of a railroad company. Mills claimed title by virtue of a sale made under an execution issued to collect a judgment against the railroad company. Pettigrew tried to enjoin the sale, but the proceeding failed otherwise than on the merits. Pettigrew then contested the sale by motion to set it aside, was defeated, and the sale was confirmed. Pettigrew then commenced an action of ejectment against Mills, and the decision of this court was that he was not concluded by the adjudication denying his motion and confirming the sale.
The principle just discussed applies when exempt property is sold. The sheriff suffers from a defect of power. He has no more authority to seize and sell property of the judgment debtor which is exempt than he has to seize and sell property of a stranger. He cannot create a lien, to be adjudicated by confirmation, by simply seizing and selling land withdrawn by law from the scope of his official activity. The .issues on confirmation are precisely the same in one instance as in the other. The judgment of confirmation adjudicates no more in one case than in the other, and this court has so decided. (Gapen v. Stephenson, 17 Kan. 613, syl. ¶ 3.)
In the case just cited, land was attached for the debt of Gapen, who moved to discharge the'attachment on the ground the property was the homestead of himself and wife. The motion was denied, and after judgment a decree was entered for sale of the property to satisfy the judgment. After sale, Gapen and his wife joined in a motion to set aside the sale, on the ground the land was their homestead. The motion was *173denied. In this court the wife’s appearance was disregarded, and the appeal was disposed of as if G-apen alone had moved to set aside the sale. It was said the motion to' set aside the sale was in effect a renewal of the motion to discharge the attachment, and so was virtually, but not strictly, governed by the doctrine of res judicata. Since, however, the motion had once been denied, and because the decision on the motion would “not affect .the ultimate rights of the parties in a regular suit involving the same issues” (p. 618), the court saw no reason to interfere with the decision of the district court overruling the motion on the point presented, that the land was a homestead.
In the case of Treptow v. Buse, 10 Kan. 170, judgment was rendered against Treptow by a justice of the peace, an abstract of the judgment was filed in the district court, execution was issued, and land was sold. Treptow’s wife moved to .set aside the sale, on two grounds: first, that she owned the property, and second, that it was the homestead of herself and husband. The motion was denied, and a counter motion to confirm was allowed. In the opinion the court said:
“We cannot say that the district court abused its discretion when it decided to let the question go before a jury in an action of ejectment: It . must be remembered that this decision on the motion is not conclusive as to the facts. If the conveyance was in good faith, and for a valuable consideration, or if the property is her homestead, these facts can be shown in defense to an action of ejectment by the purchaser. No writ of assistance runs to put him in possession. He must bring his action at law, and either party will then be entitled to a jury.” (p. 180.)
There is no reason for saying that adjudication of the motion to set aside and to confirm would have been more inclusive, or of more force against Treptow, if he had presented the homestead question instead of his wife. Very clearly, adjudication of the motion to confirm would not have foreclosed, further litigation if the confirmation had been ex parte and the homestéad question had not been presented at- all.
The defendant cites the case of Watkins v. Mullen, 62 Kan. 1, 61 Pac. 385, in which an administrator’s sale and deed of a government homestead were collaterally attacked by a motion to set aside a subsequent sheriff’s sale. The probate court, having jurisdiction over the subject, had adjudicated liability of the land to appropriation for payment of debts, and it was held the adjudication, even if erroneous, could not be col*174laterally impeached. The defendant also cites the case of White v. Houser, 98 Kan. 645, 158 Pac. 1123. In that case Krouse obtained a judgment against White. Land was attached, the attachment was confirmed, the land sold, and the sale was duly made and confirmed. Houser was subrogated to the rights of Krouse. The land sold in the Krouse case was White’s government homestead. The sale was upheld, not because the confirmation adjudicated the homestead question adversely to White, but because liability of the land to seizure and sale had been determined in the principal judgment, and the sheriff, in making the sale, acted pursuant to an order of the court itself establishing the lien and directing the sale.
The court concludes that the order confirming the sheriff’s sale did not adjudicate that the land was lawfully subject to appropriation to satisfy the judgment on which the execution was issued.
The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.