The opinion of the court was delivered by
West, J.:The defendant appeals from a conviction of failure to support his minor child. In 1915, he and the complaining witness were husband and wife, living at Pittsburg, when she was divorced from him and given the care, custody and.control of their minor child, an attorney’s fee of $400, and certain real estate was set apart to her and for her sole use, support, alimony and maintenance. Afterwards the decree was amended to show that the alimony allowed the plaintiff was for her permanent alimony and for the support and maintenance of the child. The wife testified that the prop-' erty thus allowed her was worth about $11,000. The defendant in the divorce action continued to live in Pittsburg, but the plaintiff lived elsewhere, at various places, and in January, 1921, located in Bourbon county where she was boarding with her child, a daughter about six years old, suffering from some sort of spinal difficulty with/ which she had been afflicted from birth. While living in Oklahoma, *232the mother brought an action against the husband for $1,500 for maintenance of the child, but testified that she did not know what had become of that suit. The information charged failure to support the child from January, 1921, she being in destitute and necessitous circumstances. The court charged, among other things, that the jury must be' satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did unlawfully, feloniously and willfully and without lawful excuse neglect and refuse to provide for the child then in destitute and necessitous circumstances, and that the word “necessitous” means needing the necessaries of life, and that his liability would not be changed by the fact, if it were a fact, that she was furnished the necessities of life by her mother or other persons. It was further charged that it was not material which of the parties was at fault in the divorce action, and that if they found that the property awarded had been exhausted and that the child was now destitute, the fact of having contributed such property would be no defense in this action. The defendant was convicted and sentenced to pay the complaining witness $100 on the 14th day of May, 1912, and each month thereafter for two years, and to execute a bond in the sum of $3,500 for the fulfillment of such order. The specifications of error are the denial of a motion for a new trial, refusal to instruct a verdict of not guilty, and giving and refusing certain other instructions.
The defendant’s chief contentions are that the venue was improperly laid and that the wife having been divorced on account of the fault and' aggression of the husband, and having been given thr custody of the child, and the husband having paid her $11,000 a' mony for the support of both, he cannot be prosecuted criminally under the desertion act, but could at most be subjected to a change in the decree of the court awarding the alimony.
Some complaint is made touching the alleged necessitous condition of the child and the help of other persons, but in these respects the court followed the decisions already made under the desertion act, and committed no error in respect thereto. The question of venue is well covered by the decisions and citations in The State v. Gillmore, 88 Kan. 835, 129 Pac. 1123; In re Fowles, 89 Kan. 430, 131 Pac. 598; and The State v. Wellman, 102 Kan. 503, 170 Pac. 1052, and reference thereto makes further discussion needless.
That the district court of Crawford county might on proper application and showing further amend its decree is true. (Walrath v. Walrath, 27. Kan. 395, 399, 400, Miles v. Miles, 65 Kan. 676, 70 *233Pac. 631; Rogers v. Rogers, 93 Kan. 114, 143 Pac. 410; In re Petitt, 84 Kan. 637, 114 Pac. 1071; Greenwood v. Greenwood, 85 Kan. 303, 116 Pac. 828; Riggs v. Riggs, 91 Kan. 593, 138 Pac. 628; Purdy v. Ernst, 93 Kan. 157, 143 Pac. 429; Combs v. Combs, 99 Kan. 626, 628, 162 Pac. 273.)
Counsel, who naturally feels that an injustice has been done his client, cites Burritt v. Burritt, 29 Barb. (N. Y.) 124; Brown v. Smith, 19 R. I. 319; Hall v. Green, 87 Maine, 122, and Spencer v. Spencer, 97 Minn. 56, on the proposition that when the decree of divorce fixes the award for the support of the wife and children, the father is released from all liability for the support of the child unless by change of the decree. In the Burritt case the last paragraph of the syllabus is:
“To make the father thus liable in a case where a divorce has been decreed, and the care and custody of the child are awarded to the mother, and alimony is given to the wife, there must be special circumstances averred in the complaint, or appearing in the evidence, from which the obligation must arise, or may be reasonably inferred.”
In the Hall case it was said that—
“When a divorce is granted to a wife and as a consequence of it she has committed to her the care and custody of her minor child, it follows that the father becomes entirely absolved from the common-law obligation which previously rested upon him to support such child; and that the only obligation of the kind afterwards resting upon him consists in such terms and conditions in respect to alimony and allowances as the court may impose on him in the decree of divorce or in some subsequent decree in the same proceeding.” (p. 123.)
It was held, therefore, that a common-law action in assumpsit by the wife would not lie against the husband. To the same effect is Brown v. Smith, supra. In Spencer v. Spencer, the legal obligation of the father was held to be not impaired by a decree of divorce at the suit of the wife which gave her the custody of the children, but was silent as to their support, and it was held that—
“If under such circumstances he refuses or neglects to support them, she may recover from him in an original action a reasonable sum for necessaries furnished by her for their support after such decree.” (Syl.)
So it will readily be observed that in each of these instances a civil action by the wife was involved, not one by the state to which she^was not a party. True, it was held, as suggested by counsel, in Harris v. Harris, 5 Kan. 46, that an action by the wife, who had been awarded the custody of the three minor children, would not lie *234to recover against the former husband for the support of a fourth child born two days after the decree was rendered; that her only relief was to open up the decree. That was in 1869. In 1914, this decision was thus interpreted:
“It did not decide that a divorced wife to whom the custody of children has been awarded may not recover from her former husband for advancements made toward the maintenance of children subsequent to the divorce. On the other hand, the right of the mother and the obligation of the father were expressly recognized, the language being, 'do such full justice as the case requires, havirig reference to advancements already made.’ Neither was it decided that the remedy lay with the divorce court alone. . . . The court did not have in mind the case of a father who absconds from the jurisdiction of the divorce court and so precludes the burdened mother from resorting to it for relief. . . . But since the obligation does exist, and exists in favor of the mother, the law is not so impotent as to leave her remediless.” (Riggs v. Riggs, 91 Kan. 593, 597, 598, 138 Pac. 628.)
Still more pointedly may it be said that in none of the foregoing decisions did the court have in mind a criminal prosecution.
The desertion act proceeds upon the theory that the state may compel a father to support his minor child whenever in destitute or necessitous circumstances, either as a public duty lawfully imposed by law, or as a means to prevent the state or the public from having to assume the burden of such support. In The State v. Wellman, 102 Kan. 503, 170 Pac. 1052, Mr. Justice Mason, speaking for the court said:
“We. think that whether the defendant is answerable to the Kansas courts depends upon whether he owed this state a duty to support his children while they were with their mother. . Although he was divorced from her, they were still his children, and, except for special circumstances, he was under an obligation to support them.” (p. 511.)
One case has been found which holds in line with the defendant’s contention—State v. Coolidge, 72 Wash. 42, decided in 1913. The wife had procured a divorce and the custody of the minor child and the husband had been decreed to pay $20 a month for its maintenance, which he failed to do, and was prosecuted under the Washington desertion act, and adjudged to pay $2.50 a week and give a bond to secure his compliance with the judgment. The statute punishes “ 'every person who shall willfully and without lawful excuse desert, or willfully neglect or refuse to provide for the support and maintenance of his wife, or child under the age of sixteen years.’ ” (p. 46.) One peculiar feature of the case was that instead of asking for a change in the decree and that the husband be *235compelled to comply with it, the wife began a criminal action in the same court. In discussing this matter it was said:
“The trial judge evidently treated this case as a proceeding in aid of the divorce decree, for he had made an order which in effect modifies that decree, but without reference thereto. This it would seem he should not do, for defendant is now subject to two orders of the same court, one calling for the payment of a certain sum, and the other calling for a different sum. He is subject to a citation for contempt on the civil side, and to a judgment on the verdict and sentence on the criminal side.” (p. 45.)
It was decided that this was an unfair usage of the criminal statute and that “ 'such a practice is neither in the interest of the parties nor in the interest of society at large.’ ” (p. 45.), It was further observed that no case had been found holding that—
“When the duty of the father has been measured in money by a court of competent jurisdiction, with power to enforce its decrees, an independent action can be maintained against him, or that appellant may be coerced by .a criminal proceeding. . The remedy lies in the court of first jurisdiction, to which defendant is answerable, for by its order he has become primarily liable to the court rather than to his former spouse.” (p. 45.)
After quoting the statute already referred to it was said:
“It then provides a procedure and punishment, indicating that the legislature had in mind'only those cases where a husband deserts or refuses to provide for his wife or a child then in his custody and under his control; that it was not the intention of the legislature to cover by this law any case where the custody and control of the child had been taken away from the parent by the due processes of the law, or where the obligation of the husband to the wife or child had been defined and fixed with penalty by a court of competent jurisdiction.” (p. 46.)
But we have before us a much different situation from that presented to the Washington court, and under the facts presented here we are impelled to the conclusion that the state can maintain this prosecution. It may be that a criminal proceeding should not have been begun.and that the wife ought to have gone to Crawford county to procure a further change in the decree, but a condition had arisen regardless of the question who was to blame, in which a little invalid girl was found to be in destitute a,nd necessitous circumstances, and it would seem that the mother was unable to provide for her, supposedly having spent the proceeds of the property set aside therefor, and it must be assumed that the father refused to make further provisions. The question then arose whether the state should enforce its statute covering the desertion by fathers of their minor children or leave the wife subject to the possible outcome of *236a possible attempt by her to have the decree in the divorce case further changed. It would seem from what we know of the divorce case which was before us and the records therein, that the father is a business man able to make suitable provision for his child, and it would also seem so by the judgment rendered by the court below in this proceeding. If this is true, then it is apparent that he could have avoided prosecution by making suitable provision; and having neglected and refused to do so, we can find nothing in the statute or authorities cited to justify any sufficient reason for holding that the state as a party could not proceed against him as was done in this case.
Marriage is voluntary, a status usually sought by the suitor. To bring children into the world is a responsibility graver and more momentous than some persons realize. The rules of the' law and the dictates of present civilization demand that the father take care of his offspring. It seems strange that so natural and tender a duty should need to be enjoined and even enforced, and happily such need does not exist with reference to the great majority. But unfortunately there are those who become lost to,the promptings of parental love, to the direful necessity of a neglected wife, the pitiable distress of a helpless child; and are unmoved by instincts which usually preclude one from braving the opinion of an outraged neighborhood. It is on account of such degraded specimens of humanity that such laws are enacted, and already the records of this court have repeatedly witnessed the need for such legislation. Being enacted, the act, like all others, must of necessity coyer cases- of the most shameless disregard of conjugal or parental duty, as well as those which merely come within its provisions by reason of circumstances over which the. one charged may have but very partial control. In this unfortunate case Mr. Miller was required to pay the costs and the' wife’s attorney fee and place in her the title to $11,000 worth of property, a sum which to many would seem not only large, but ample for future needs, if well managed. The wife with the afflicted child seems to have tried divers locations, finally settling in a county adjoining that»of the defendant. Whatever'her financial skill or experience may have been, it seems that in a few short years after the divorce she found herself with a little afflicted daughter to care for, and no means with which to give her the attention she so much needed. What then? She might doubtless have' gone to Crawford- county and asked the court to further amend the decree *237in view of the changed circumstances and conditions, and that would indeed seem to have been the proper thing to do. But, instead, she appealed to the county attorney who on behalf of the state began this prosecution, and it must be presumed that he investigated and deemed that the proper course to 'pursue. So the court below had, and this court has for consideration, a case between the state as plaintiff and the former husband as defendant, which must be treated in accordance with the charge made and the facts shown, regardless of what different action might have been brought by the complaining witness. There is no complaint that the able trial court proceeded to judgment without sufficient evidence or that any error was committed save as included within the theories of the situation advanced by the defendant’s counsel. While the possibility of penalty is exceedingly severe, the court treated the matter sensibly, and instead of subjecting the defendant — a business man— to imprisonment, ordered him to pay a certain sum monthly for the support- of his invalid child.
syllabus by the court. Criminal Law- — Neglect of Father to Support His Infant Child — Evidence— Erroneous Instruction — Interpretation of Statute. In a criminal prosecution of a divorced father under section 83 of the crimes act for neglect or refusal without lawful excuse to support his infant child which had been awarded to the custody of the divorced mother because of its tender age and not because of unfitness on the part of the divorced father to have its custody, it was error to instruct the jury as a matter of law that such failure.or neglect was without lawful excuse notwithstanding'the evidence that pursuant to the terms of the divorce decree the father had contributed $11,000 worth of property as alimony to the mother and for the support of the child, and after the mother had exhausted all this property the father offered to pay $25 per month toward its support, and offered to take the child and provide for its support and maintenance in his own'home, and offered to return with the mother to the court which awarded to her the custody of the child and submit to any further order made by that court touching such additional contribution as should be required of him .for the child’s support.*237Whether the improvidence of the wife or the medical attention required for the child; or both, absorbed the allowance made by the court in arranging for the support of the wife and child, the flight of a few years witnessed a plight which needed and demanded relief. The method under review was adopted by the state and approved by the trial court.
We have carefully examined the record and are unable to find any error therein, and the judgment is affirmed.