The plaintiff having taken passage on a street car of tbe defendant fell from tbe car and tbe wheels crushed bis elbow. He was between forty and fifty years ■old, a butcher and dealer in fat cattle, bad lived many years in Detroit, was familiar with street cars and with that which injured bim. He brought this action to recover for tbe injury and when tbe evidence was closed, tbe learned judge being of opinion that it was too obvious to be questioned that tbe plaintiff’s own negligence was tbe material if not tbe exclusive cause of bis being hurt directed a verdict for defendant. It is now urged that in view of the state of tbe evidence tbe plaintiff was entitled to bave tbe sense of tbe jury on it.
Tbe facts of negligence alleged as tbe cause of injury are claimed to present two separate grounds of recovery; and viewing tbe declaration under this theory, and as favorably as possible for tbe plaintiff, they may be stated substantially *500as — -first, assigning the plaintiff to a seat from which there was danger he would be thrown and injured in ease of a sudden jerk of the car and then causing such jerk by starting up the horse by a blow of the driver’s whip; and second, negligently running over the plaintiff after he had been thrown from the car to the track.
Whatever color is found in the case for the claim made by the plaintiff’s counsel for a submission to the jury on the ground first mentioned, is confined to the plaintiff’s own testimony. He entered the car at the rear end, passed right through to the front platform where the driver stood, and sat down, with his back out, on the driving-bar, a thin iron rail not exceeding an inch in thickness. The car Was moving at a moderate pace, and when it had gone a short distance only, the plaintiff fell off backward and the wheels passed over his arm.
There was no conductor except the driver and fare was paid at a box placed at the front door. Both doors were standing open, and the plaintiff, as he testified, went forward to pay his fare, at which the driver called him out and invited him to be seated on the bar and he seated himself accordingly. That there was abundance of unoccupied seating room inside the car and that he was not hindered by any one from sitting there. That the car had moved about one block when the driver struck the horse and “tipped” plaintiff over. That the blow caused the car to “jump him right off.” There is no evidence that the driving of the car was not according to the usual and proper mode.
This part of the case is not much pressed; but the point is understood as being, that granting the driving bar to have-been, as the plaintiff knew, a dangerous seat, and also admitting that the fact of his occupying it was a proximate contributory cause of his injury; yet as his sitting there was on the driver’s invitation it ought not to be reckoned as contributory negligence. There is no doubt that it has been laid down as a rule that an assignment of the passenger by the carrier to a position of danger may in case of injuryestop the carrier from setting up the occupation of that *501position as contributory negligence. But the rule is plainly not one of universal application.
Regard must be had to the passenger’s capacity to look out for himself ; to the opportunity there may be to get a safer position; to the distinctness, certainty and extent or degree of the peril, and so on.
Take the case of a child, and the case of a man every way qualified to take care of himself; the case where the position given seems tolerably safe and no better one is perceived; and the case where it is manifestly one full of danger and a safe one is known which is equally accessible. It would be very unreasonable to apply the rule equally to all. May the ■ordinary passenger, with his eyes open and with abundant accommodations before him which are safe, accept an invitation from the carrier to ride on the cow-catcher, and then, if injury arise from it, be allowed to set up the invitation .as a legal answer to the charge of contributory negligence ? To conclude that he might would be to permit a person of full capacity to exempt himself from the duty and responsibility appertaining to him as a moral being and in substance to stultify himself in order to cast a liability on another.
“ Judges cannot denude themselves of the knowledge of the incidents of railway traveling which is common to us all.” Siner v. Great W. Ry. Co. L. R. 4 Ex. 123 ; Dublin, Wicklow & Wexford Ry. Co. v. Slattery 3 App. Cas. 1155 : 24 Eng. 713; Lake S. & M. S. R. R. Co. v. Miller 25 Mich. 274. And in the example put the negligence would be so obvious and its commission so palpably and certainly inexcusable that a court would not be justified in treating the question of the. passenger’s responsibility as an open one. A direct charge would be called for.
Other cases may be supposed where from the nature of the circumstances a blind acceptance of the carrier’s suggestion, however hazardous, would not so clearly reveal the passenger’s disregard of that primary .duty which rests on every one to exert his own will and judgment to guard against needless perils, as to justify the judge in taking the matter from the jury. No doubt the riding on a cow-catcher, *502would, to ordinary apprehension if not in fact, be an exposure to consequences more serious than any at all probable to arise from riding on the driver’s bar of a street car in the way in which the plaintiff rode on this occasion; but the unfitness of the situation and the fact that it involves great risk of some injury more or less severe and is therefore one of extreme danger, is just as conspicuous in the one case as in the other.
Indeed the proposition is a plain one that different exposures • to material bodily injury may be equally great, whilst the severity of the injuries threatened by the exposures may be entirely different.
Was there any proper case to be submitted on the second ground? The position taken here is that supposing the plaintiff’s fall to have arisen from his own carelessness, yet that the defendant w'as then bound to use ordinary care to avoid hurting him, and that there was evidence before the jury tending to show that he did not. The argument for this view concedes that the evidence given for the plaintiff affords no basis for it, and that the record contains nothing to countenance it except the testimony of IVIr. Whiting, a witness for the defendant. The various witnesses had different opportunities for seeing what took place, some noticing one incident and some another, and each has explained in his own style how matters looked to him, in his position and under his state of mind and attention. But as to the point under consideration the testimony of no one derogated from the current tendency.
We shall not pause to examine the right of a trial judge to step aside from the plaintiff’s evidence and take up .and put to the jury as an account on which a finding for the plaintiff would be regular the statements of a witness on the other side who assumes to give only a part of the transaction and shows that he was not in a situation to see the rest and did not see it and whose testimony as far as it goes is reconcilable with the other evidence for the defence. The inquiry is unnecessary because the case may be well disposed of on the theory of plaintiff’s counsel.
*503What were the circumstances so far as indicated by Mr. Whiting ? He sat on the front seat next to the platform and with his back towards it and on the same side from which the plaintiff fell. He was engaged in conversation with Mr. Dyer. His position enabled him by a “side glance” -to look out the window. The plaintiff fell backward from the rail and a noise occurred and the witness made a “side glance” and looking through the window saw the plaintiff clinging with both hands to the “ dash-board.” He was dragging on the ground nearly under the car and was so dragged about ten feet. The witness did not look towards the platform and did not see the attempt by the driver, as explained by other witnesses, to extricate or save the plaintiff. What he saw was by looking through the window and he did not see the driver. He says the car was going quite slow and when he discovered the plaintiff clinging to the “ dash-board” the brake was on and the car under check and he thought the car was stopped as quick as possible. When we consider that the plaintiff was a heavy man, that he fell off backwards, that the driver had his horse and the brake to attend to, and actually caught hold of the plaintiff and tried to rescue him, and that the space of time between the fall and the injury could not have exceeded five seconds, it is impossible to say that there were any facts on which the jury could find that the defendant, after the plaintiff’s fall, omitted to do, anything which a street railway company of ordinary care would have done in the like circumstances.
I think the judge committed no error in ordering a verdict for the defendant, and that the judgment should be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred.