A fire occurred on plaintiffs’ lumber docks, which consumed certain tramways and docks and a large quantity of lumber. This suit is brought to^ recover the value of the property destroyed, upon the theory that the fire was occasioned by a spark from one of defendant’s tugs by reason of defendant’s negligence. Under the testimony the court should have directed a verdict for defendant.
The declaration contained eight counts, alleging negligence as follows:
1. That defendant “failed to supply the tug with a spark-arrester on its smoke-stack, or with any other *638appliance or device sufficient to prevent the escape of sparks, burning cinders, and brands from its smoke-stack, and without using any adequate means to prevent the escape of sparks and burning cinders and brands as aforesaid.”
2. That the tug was “provided with a spark-arrester in its smoke-stack, so constructed that it could be opened or closed, as might be desired, increasing the draught when open, but at the same time allowing the sparks and burning cinders and brands t.o' escape from the smokestack; and on, to wit, the 19th day of July, 1888, while said defendant was using said tug in the operation of its business at and near the plaintiffs* docks and tramways, it willfully, carelessly, and negligently left said sparkarrester open a long time, to wit, for thirty minutes.”
3. That the spark-arrester was not sufficient to prevent the escape of sparks, and by reason of the defective condition of said spark-arrester.
4. That defendant used slabs made of pine, hemlock, and other woods, which, while burning, formed and threw off sparks, without taking any precautions to prevent the escape of sparks.
5. That, “while the said tug was lying at and near the .said docks and tramways of the plaintiffs, the said defendant willfully, carelessly, and negligently opened the furnace door of said tug, and left the same open for a long time, to wit, for the space of five minutes, at a time when the wind was blowing violently in a direction from said tug towards said docks, tramways, bottoms, and lumber of the plaintiffs, and thereby wrongfully, carelessly, and negligently largely increased the draught through the furnace and smoke-stack of the said tug, and •caused a large number of sparks and burning cinders and brands to be thrown from said smoke-stack, and the same were blown and carried by the wind upon and against docks, tramways, bottoms, and lumber, and ■ set fire to and ignited the same.”
6. That while said tug was lying at plaintiffs* docks the defendant “willfully, carelessly, negligently, and wrongfully turned its exhaust steam into and through its smoke-stack, thereby largely increasing the draught through said smoke-stack, and causing the same to emit and pour forth a large number of sparks and burning cinders and brands at a'time'when the wind was blowing violently in a direction from said tug towards said docks, tram*639ways, bottoms, and lumber; and by reason thereof said sparks and burning cinders and brands were blown upon ■and against said docks.”
7. That “said tug was so constructed that when in motion, and when the fire was burning in its furnace, a large number of sparks and burning cinders and brands were from time to time emitted from its smoke-stack, and were at times carried by the wind, maintaining their vitality so as to be able to ignite such combustible material as they should come in contact with; yet the -defendant, well knowing the character and condition of said tug, and its. liability to emit sparks and burning cinders and brands, on, to wit, the 19th day of July, 1888, when the wind was blowing violently, did willfully, ■carelessly, negligently, and wrongfully run said tug up to ■and near the docks, tramways, bottoms, and lumber of -said plaintiffs, and kept it there in such a position that the wind was blowing from said tug in a direction towards said docks, tramways, bottoms, and lumber, and while said tug was so placed kept the fire in its furnace ■burning.”
8. That it “was the duty ot the said defendant to use such appliances on its said tugs, and employ such means in operating them, as would not endanger the safety of the mills, docks, and lumber on said Muskegon lake and river, and would not subject them to any needless risk and danger from fire; and it also became and was the duty of the said defendant to take extraordinary precautions in times of high wind in the management •of its said tugs, so as not to endanger said mills, docks, tramways, and lumber, or to subject them to any risk of taking fire from said tugs; yet the said defendant, not regarding its said duty, but contriving and intending to injure the said plaintiffs, would not and did not use proper appliances on its tugs, and would not and did not •employ such means as would not endanger the safety of the mills, docks, and lumber on said Muskegon lake and river, and would not subject them to risk and danger from fire, but, on the contrary, * * * failed and neglected to 'supply its said tugs with proper spark-arresters or other proper or suitable device for preventing the escape of sparks and burning cinders and brands from said tugs, and has failed, neglected, and refused to employ proper means in operating said tugs in this, to wit: that it has continuously, persistently, carelessly, *640negligently, and wrongfully used and employed on said' tugs, as fuel for general steam use therein, pine, hemlock, and other slabs, which are utterly unfit for said purpose, as they make and cause large quantities of light sparks and burning cinders and brands to be thrown off, capable of being carried long distances by the wind before they are extinguished, and seriously endangering the safety of the docks, lumber, and mills on said lake and river; and on, to wit, the 19th day of July, 1888, the said defendant, still disregarding its said duty, but contriving and intending to injure the plaintiffs, while a very high wind: was blowing, carelessly, negligently, and wrongfully moved one of its said tugs, which it had failed to supply with a spark-arrester or other suitable device for preventing the escape of sparks and burning cinders and brands, in which it was then burning as fuel pine, hemlock, and other slabs, up to and against certain other docks, tramways, bottoms, and lumber.”
The testimony as to the fire cause was circumstantial.' Plaintiffs’ mill was located about 850 feet southerly from their dock line. There were three other mills in the same locality, — the McGraft mill, situated 1,000 feet northeast from the point where the fire took; the Blodgett mill, located about SI'S feet west-south-west; and theShippey mill, which was about 1,200 feet distant in a-southerly direction. Bach of these mills had large refuse burners attached, and several fires had been caused by fires from these burners. The wind was blowing fresh from the north-west, and the tug passed the docks about 15 minutes before the fire was noticed. No sparks were-seen coming from the tug, although she was seen to pass-by several witnesses. There was no testimony tending to-show that the tug had before that time set any fires; on the contrary, it was shown that she had not.
While negligence in providing proper means for the-prevention of fires and in the management of the apparatus and fires might be inferred from the size and quantity of sparks or cinders .emitted, when those things are-shown, negligence will not in any ease be presumed from *641the mere fact of a fire, when the testimony as to the cause of the fire is purely circumstantial.
The defendant had business with the plaintiffs, and the tug was in the vicinity of plaintiffs’ docks in the course of that business. The testimony clearly showed that the smoke-stack of said tug was supplied with a sparkarrester. There was no testimony tending to show that the spark-arrester was defective, or that it was not regarded as sufficient, or that it was not of the kind ordinarily used for that purpose, or that it was not as efficient as any other apparatus, or that it was not operated, or that the furnace door had been opened or left open for any time, or that the construction of the fire apparatus or smoke-stack of said tug was defective, or that defendant was not taking the ordinary precautions to prevent the escape of sparks, or that any other or more efficient apparatus or means to prevent the escape of sparks were in use by others. The proofs showed that defendant used slabs for fuel, but there was no testimony tending to show that the use of slabs for fuel was unusual in that locality.
It is alleged that defendant did not -use adequate means to prevent the escape of sparks; but, as already said, it was shown that a spark-arrester was provided and in use. Negligence is the want of ordinary care. Negligence in the conduct of a tug is the failure to use the care ordinarily used by careful men. It is well known that the escape of sparks cannot be absolutely prevented by the use of any appliance yet invented. Defendant cannot be held responsible upon the ground of negligence for not doing what it is practically impossible to do. Michigan Central R. R. Co. v. Burrows, 33 Mich. 6; Batterson v. Railway Co., 49 Id. 184. Science has as yet been able to reduce the danger in the use of steam as a motive power *642to the minimum only; and when a party using steam has availed himself of the means used generally for the protection of property, he cannot be held liable because the means are not always effective or adequate. He is only liable when he neglects to use or carelessly and negligently uses those appliances which science and ingenuity have invented to reduce the probabilities of fire.
The testimony was speculative and conjectural. The only testimony having the slightest bearing upon the allegation that the furnace door was open or left open was that of the engineer who subsequently operated the tug, who, speaking with reference to tugs generally, said that, if the damper and furnace door were closed, and the exhaust on the outside, no sparks would be thrown out, because there would be no draught. But the' declaration does not charge as negligence an open damper, nor does it appear that the tug could be operated without any draught. The same witness was asked, “What was the character of that tug for throwing off sparks?” and replied: “Well, she was like all other small boats with small boilers. If the engine — if you. are crowding her-— she has got to throw sparks.” There was no testimony that she was being crowded at plaintiffs* docks. He was then asked,—
“Q. Did she throw off sparks while you were on her?
“A. She would throw off sparks, of course, according to the way you fired her, — -according to the distance. If .you put in a fire to Blodgett & Byrne’s, and run as far as Hackley’s, or run as Jar as Hamilton’s, and not put in any fire, and you jar aga:nst a dock, no matter whether the exhaust is in or out, she will throw fire, providing they don’t put in any fresh fire. * * *
“Q. Are sparks apt to be thrown when she stops and starts?
“A. Well, not when she stops. When she is backing up, if you run up to a dock at a nice little gait,- — that *643is the way they express themselves (tug-men), a nice little gait, — if you run pretty fast up to a dock, and you stop and back up, whether the exhaust is in or out, it' don’t make any difference, she will throw sparks just ■the same.
‘'Q. What is the effect when the exhaust is in the stack ?
“A. The effect is, she throws it further, harder, and more fire.
“Q. What kind of sparks will she throw' when the ■exhaust is in?
“A. When the exhaust is in? According to the fire. If you have got a green fire, she won’t throw as many sparks as if you run your fire off five minutes. She will ■throw more sparks when you run your fire five minutes than a green fire. A green fire is a fire of fresh slabs ■or any kind of wood.”
On cross-examination the witness was asked:
“You sa!d something about this particular boat throwing sparks in case she run up and hit a dock?
“A. Nothing about a particular boat. I said any boat.
“Q. They are all alike in that respect?
“A. Well, they are all alike of those burning wood.”
There was no testimony tending to show that the tug touched or jarred the dock; none that any fuel had or had not been put in; none that she was run up to the ■dock at a nice little gait, or pretty fast; and none that the exhaust was in the stack. The testimony was that ■she ran up slowly to within 8 or 10 feet of the dock, and one of the men on board handed an oar to an ■employé who was engaged in booming logs at that point. There was the testimony of one witness that she backed a little, to get out, after the oar was delivered; but none that it was carelessly or unnecessarily done, or with the spark-arrester open. One witness, who had been a fireman on the tug, was asked if he ever knew the tug to -throw sparks, and he answered, “Yes.” He was then .asked if she was “in the habit of throwing sparks,” and *644answered, “Yes;” but no time, place, or conditions were-asked for or given. It was not shown whether the arrester was in use at the time, or at what i-ate of speed she was going, or where she was at the time or times.
The use of the word “willfully” in the 2d, 5th, 6th, and 7th counts involves design and purpose. The allegation that defendant willfully left the spark-arresteropen, and thereby allowed sparks to escape and be carried by the wind upon plaintiffs’ docks, and set fire to them,, implies that the act was done with a set purpose to-accomplish the results which followed the act. It involves more than negligence; it implies malice. The word has no office in the count unless given its ordinary acceptation-There could be no recovery under the evidence upon-these counts.
It was held in Alpern v. Churchill, 53 Mich. 607, that—
“Negligence implies fault, and cannot be predicated of' a lawful and customary use of one’s own premises.”
Neither can it be predicated of a lawful and customary-use of a. water-way. As was said in Michigan Central R. R. Co. v. Coleman, 28 Mich. 440:
“The degree of care required in any business' must be-proportionate to its nature and risks; but the law does not require business to be conducted upon any unusual basis, though the business be one of great risks, and requiring great caution. All rules applied must be reasonable, and not oppressive, and must be applied with reference- to the-ordinary conduct of affairs.”
It is a matter of common knowledge that draught is-essential to the operation of a steam craft; that so far it has been found practically impossible to arrest all sparks and at the same time preserve the necessary draught; that sparks will escape, and fires will occasionally occur;- and it is only when the want of ordinary care is shown in the selection, care, and operation of appliances or in the management of fires on such craft, or where the-*645absence of proper appliances or neglect in their management or in the management of the fires can be inferred from peculiar circumstances, that those owning and operating such craft can be made liable.
The defendant is entitled to a verdict upon this record, and the judgment is therefore reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs of both courts to defendant.
The other Justices concurred.